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In some situations in which a traditional treatment plant cannot fulfill required treatment (due to higher loading rates, stringent treatment requirements, etc.), the owner might opt to convert their traditional system into a multi-SBR plant. Conversion to SBR will create a longer sludge age, minimizing sludge handling... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Protein–protein interaction screening refers to the identification of Protein–protein interaction with high-throughput screening methods such as computer- and/or robot-assisted plate reading, flow cytometry analyzing.
The interactions between proteins are central to virtually every process in a living cell. Information... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Because the timescale for the development of reconstructions is so recent, most reconstructions have been built manually. However, now, there are quite a few resources that allow for the semi-automatic assembly of these reconstructions that are utilized due to the time and effort necessary for a reconstruction. An init... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Trust for Public Land is working in partnership with the City of Los Angeles Community Redevelopment Agency, Bureau of Sanitation, the University of Southern Californias Center for Sustainable Cities, and Jefferson High School by converting the existing 900 miles of alleys in the city to green alleys. The concept i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The term carbon sequestration is used in different ways in the literature and media. The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report defines it as "The process of storing carbon in a carbon pool". Subsequently, a pool is defined as "a reservoir in the Earth system where elements, such as carbon and nitrogen, reside in various chemica... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
To control pollutants found in surface runoff, permeable paving surfaces capture the stormwater in the soil or aggregate base below the road or pathway, and subsequently treat the runoff via percolation, which allows water to infiltrate, supporting groundwater recharge or contain the stormwater to be released back into... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Impact wrenches, pulse tools, torque wrenches, screwdrivers, drills, grinders, die grinders, sanders, dental drills, tire changers and other pneumatic tools use a variety of air motors. These include vane type motors, turbines and piston motors. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Khimera incorporates up to date achievements in the development of the wide range of models of elementary physicochemical processes; these models are of particular importance for hi-tech applications in:
*microelectronics
*materials science
*chemical industry
*automobile and aviation industry
*power engineering. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Solutions of methanesulfonic acid are used for the electroplating of tin and tin-lead solders. It is displacing the use of fluoroboric acid, which releases corrosive and volatile hydrogen fluoride.
Methanesulfonic acid is also a primary ingredient in rust and scale removers. It is used to clean off surface rust from ce... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For uniaxial extension in the -direction, the principal stretches are . From incompressibility . Hence .
Therefore,
The left Cauchy–Green deformation tensor can then be expressed as
If the directions of the principal stretches are oriented with the coordinate basis vectors, we have
If , we have
Therefore,
The enginee... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Traditionally, the recognition of protein-protein interactions was carried out through chemical cross-linking, that involved the use of moderately reactive bifunctional reagent, commonly attached to free amino groups. However, photochemical cross-linking is much more specific due to the short lifetime of the excited in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The heating (dry distilling) of wood causes tar and pitch to drip away from the wood and leave behind charcoal. Birchbark is used to make birch-tar, a particularly fine tar. The terms tar and pitch are often used interchangeably. However, pitch is considered more solid, while tar is more liquid. Traditionally, pitch th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Organosulfur chemistry is the study of the properties and synthesis of organosulfur compounds, which are organic compounds that contain sulfur. They are often associated with foul odors, but many of the sweetest compounds known are organosulfur derivatives, e.g., saccharin. Nature is abound with organosulfur compounds—... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carbon nanotubes and graphene-based materials can be used as electrocatalysts. The carbon surfaces of graphene and carbon nanotubes are well suited to the adsorption of many chemical species, which can promote certain electrocatalytic reactions. In addition, their conductivity means they are good electrode materials. C... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When inactive, the PKA apoenzyme exists as a tetramer which consists of two regulatory subunits and two catalytic subunits. The catalytic subunit contains the active site, a series of canonical residues found in protein kinases that bind and hydrolyse ATP, and a domain to bind the regulatory subunit. The regulatory sub... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The RNA-editing system seen in the animal may have evolved from mononucleotide deaminases, which have led to larger gene families that include the apobec-1 and adar genes. These genes share close identity with the bacterial deaminases involved in nucleotide metabolism. The adenosine deaminase of E. coli cannot deaminat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1955, S. Winstein and T. G. Traylor published a study of the mechanism of acetolysis of organomercury compounds. They propose a series of possible mechanisms for the process, which they rule out through based on their kinetic data. A concerted metalation deprotonation is considered, and they are unable to rule it ou... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Marschalk reaction in chemistry is the sodium dithionite promoted reaction of a phenolic anthraquinone with an aldehyde to yield a substituted phenolic anthraquinone after the addition of acid.
The mechanism can be found in the book Named Reactions in Organic Chemistry, and its more intuitive version is provided be... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A variety of further synthetic procedures are particularly useful in opening carbocyclic and other rings, generally which contain a double bound or other functional group "handle" to facilitate chemistry; these are termed ring-opening reactions. Examples include:
* ring opening metathesis, which can also be used to acc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In biochemistry, a metabolon is a temporary structural-functional complex formed between sequential enzymes of a metabolic pathway, held together both by non-covalent interactions and by structural elements of the cell, such as integral membrane proteins and proteins of the cytoskeleton.
The formation of metabolons all... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lorentz force flowmeters are usually classified in several main conceptual setups. Some of them designed as static flowmeters where the magnet system is at rest and one measures the force acting on it. Alternatively, they can be designed as rotary flowmeters where the magnets are arranged on a rotating wheel and the sp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In contrast to the general similarity in structure and function of the electron transport chains in eukaryotes, bacteria and archaea possess a large variety of electron-transfer enzymes. These use an equally wide set of chemicals as substrates. In common with eukaryotes, prokaryotic electron transport uses the energy r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The history of aluminium was shaped by the usage of its compound alum. The first written record of alum was in the 5th century BCE by Greek historian Herodotus. The ancients used it as a dyeing mordant, in medicine, in chemical milling, and as a fire-resistant coating for wood to protect fortresses from enemy arson. Al... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Because many definitions of standard temperature and pressure differ in temperature significantly from standard laboratory temperatures (e.g. 0 °C vs. ~25 °C), reference is often made to "standard laboratory conditions" (a term deliberately chosen to be different from the term "standard conditions for temperature and p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are two types of target peptides directing to peroxisome, which are called peroxisomal targeting signals (PTS). One is PTS1, which is made of three amino acids on the C-terminus. The other is PTS2, which is made of a 9-amino-acid sequence often present on the N-terminus of the protein. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Consider a rectangular channel of width much longer than the height. Let the distance between the top and bottom wall be and choose the coordinates such that lies in the midway between the two walls, with points perpendicular to the planes. Let both walls be porous with equal velocity . Then the continuity equation ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In nuclear physics, transient equilibrium is a situation in which equilibrium is reached by a parent-daughter radioactive isotope pair where the half-life of the daughter is shorter than the half-life of the parent. Contrary to secular equilibrium, the half-life of the daughter is not negligible compared to parents hal... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Vinyl and aryl Grignard reagents couple with primary alkyl halides in the presence of a catalytic amount of a copper(I) halide salt. The use of LiCuCl rather than simple copper(I) halide salts (CuX) improves yields of these coupling reactions.
The addition of Grignard reagents to alkynes is facilitated by a catalytic a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In humans, two isoforms of glycogenin can be expressed: glycogenin-1, with a molecular weight of 37 kDa and codified by GYG1 gen, which is expressed mostly in muscles; and glycogenin-2, with a molecular weight of 66 kDa and codified by GYG2 gen, which is expressed mainly in liver, cardiac muscle and other types of t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Descaling agents are typically acidic compounds such as hydrochloric acid that react with the calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate compounds present in the scale, producing carbon dioxide gas and a soluble salt.
Strongly acidic descaling agents are usually corrosive to the eyes and skin and can also attack and d... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sulfenamides are usually prepared by the reaction of sulfenyl chlorides and amines:
:RSCl + RNH → RSNR + HCl
The S-N bond formation generally obeys standard bimolecular nucleophilic substitution rules, with the basic nitrogen centre being the nucleophile. Primary sulfenamide formation as shown above occurs wit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In response to the arrival of food in the stomach and small intestine, the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system increases and the activity of the sympathetic nervous system decreases. This shift in the balance of autonomic tone towards the parasympathetic system results in a subjective state of low energy and... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many cofactors (non-protein-based helper molecules) feature thiols. The biosynthesis and degradation of fatty acids and related long-chain hydrocarbons is conducted on a scaffold that anchors the growing chain through a thioester derived from the thiol Coenzyme A. The biosynthesis of methane, the principal hydrocarbon ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dolomitization is a geological process by which the carbonate mineral dolomite is formed when magnesium ions replace calcium ions in another carbonate mineral, calcite. It is common for this mineral alteration into dolomite to take place due to evaporation of water in the sabkha area. Dolomitization involves substantia... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1977 the US Federal Drug Administration published a clinical trial guideline that excluded women of "childbearing potential" from the early phases of most clinical trials, which in practice led to their exclusion from later trial phases as well. This 1977 FDA guideline was implemented in response to a protectionist ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There may exist proxies for salinity, but to date the main way that salinity has been measured has been by directly measuring chlorinity in pore fluids. Adkins et al. (2002) used pore fluid chlorinity in ODP cores, with the paleo-depth estimated from nearby coral horizons. Chlorinity was measured rather than pure salin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chemical and geological evidence indicate that photosynthetic cyanobacteria existed about 2.6 billion years ago and anoxygenic photosynthesis had been taking place since a billion years before that. Oxygenic photosynthesis was the primary source of free oxygen and led to the Great Oxidation Event roughly 2.4 to 2.1 bil... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In Huntleys second approach, he holds that it is sometimes useful (e.g., in fluid mechanics and thermodynamics) to distinguish between mass as a measure of inertia (inertial mass'), and mass as a measure of the quantity of matter. Quantity of matter is defined by Huntley as a quantity only to inertial mass, while not ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Compressibility
*Mach number
*Diffusion
Gas dynamics is the overview of the average value in the distance between two molecules of gas that has collided with out ignoring the structure in which the molecules are contained. The field requires a great amount of knowledge and practical use in the ideas of the kinetic the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lithium enolates, one of the precursors to silyl enol ethers, can also be generated from silyl enol ethers using methyllithium. The reaction occurs via nucleophilic substitution at the silicon of the silyl enol ether, producing the lithium enolate and tetramethylsilane. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Langmuir adsorption model explains adsorption by assuming an adsorbate behaves as an ideal gas at isothermal conditions. According to the model, adsorption and desorption are reversible processes. This model even explains the effect of pressure i.e. at these conditions the adsorbate's partial pressure is related t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
London dispersion forces, named after the German-American physicist Fritz London, are weak intermolecular forces that arise from the interactive forces between instantaneous multipoles in molecules without permanent multipole moments. In and between organic molecules the multitude of contacts can lead to larger contrib... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carboxypeptidases hydrolyze peptides at the first amide or polypeptide bond on the C-terminal end of the chain. Carboxypeptidases act by replacing the substrate water with a carbonyl (C=O) group. The carboxypeptidase A hydrolysis reaction has two mechanistic hypotheses, via a nucleophilic water and via an anhydride.
In... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Selenium yeast is a feed additive for livestock, used to increase the selenium content in their fodder. It is a form of selenium currently approved for human consumption in the EU and Britain. Inorganic forms of selenium are used in feeds (namely sodium selenate and sodium selenite, which appear to work in roughly the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*A phase is a form of matter that is homogeneous in chemical composition and physical state. Typical phases are solid, liquid and gas. Two immiscible liquids (or liquid mixtures with different compositions) separated by a distinct boundary are counted as two different phases, as are two immiscible solids.
*The number ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
HNMT could be a potential target for the treatment of symptoms of methamphetamine overdose. It is a central nervous system stimulant, which can be abused up to the lethal consequences: numerous deaths related to methamphetamine overdoses have been reported. The reasoning behind this is that such overdose often leads to... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Flooding occurs when a watercourse is unable to convey the quantity of runoff flowing downstream. The frequency with which this occurs is described by a return period. Flooding is a natural process, which maintains ecosystem composition and processes, but it can also be altered by land use changes such as river enginee... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
If the fecal sludge is liquid enough, it is usually collected by using vacuum pumps or centrifugal style booster pumps. A variety of manual and motorized devices designed to excavate thick and viscous sludge and accumulated trash are also available in the market.
After sitting for years in septic tanks and pit latrines... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* [http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/50230 MIT Open Access Articles].
* (manuscript).
* In the foreword by the president of ENEA the belief is expressed that the cold fusion phenomenon is proved. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Rather than one large central plant, that has to be fed a large amount of feedstock, such as a refinery that can unload a tanker shipment of petroleum if located next to an ocean, the discipline of process miniaturization envisions the distribution of the process technology to areas where the feedstock is not readily t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The isothermal compressibility is generally related to the isentropic (or adiabatic) compressibility by a few relations:
where is the heat capacity ratio, is the volumetric coefficient of thermal expansion, is the particle density, and is the thermal pressure coefficient.
In an extensive thermodynamic system, the a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Recent excavations in Middle Ganges Valley conducted by archaeologist Rakesh Tewari show iron working in India may have begun as early as 1800 BCE. Archaeological sites in India, such as Malhar, Dadupur, Raja Nala Ka Tila and Lahuradewa in the state of Uttar Pradesh show iron implements in the period between 1800 BCE-1... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Confusion between "grassed waterway" and "vegetative filter strips" should be avoided. The latter are generally narrower (only a few metres wide) and rather installed along rivers as well as along or within cultivated fields. However, buffer strip can be a synonym, with shrubs and trees added to the plant component, as... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Although antibodies exhibit nanomolar affinities toward protein antigens, the specificity against glycans is very limited. In fact, available antibodies may bind only <4% of the 7000 mammalian glycan antigens; moreover, most of those antibodies have low affinity and exhibit cross-reactivity. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The MIQE guidelines were created due to the low quality of qPCR data submitted to academic journals at the time, which was only becoming more common as Next Generation Sequencing machinery allowed for such experiments to be run for a cheaper cost. Because the technique is utilized across all of science in multiple fiel... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In alchemy, fixation is a process by which a previously volatile substance is "transformed" into a form (often solid) that is not affected by fire. It separates the substance or object and puts it back in the same or different shape at a subatomic level.
Fixation is sometimes listed as one of the processes required for... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemistry, the square planar molecular geometry describes the stereochemistry (spatial arrangement of atoms) that is adopted by certain chemical compounds. As the name suggests, molecules of this geometry have their atoms positioned at the corners. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Until recently, real-time monitoring of BOD was unattainable owing to its complex nature. Recent research by a leading UK university has discovered the link between multiple water quality parameters including electrical conductivity, turbidity, TLF and CDOM. These parameters are all capable of being monitored in real-t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Exorphins are exogenous opioid peptides, distinguished from endorphins, or endogenous opioid peptides.
Exorphins include opioid food peptides like gluten exorphin and microbial opioid peptides and any other opioid peptide foreign to a host that have metabolic efficacy for that host. Exorphins can be converted from plan... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In Europe and Australia, ductile iron pipe is typically manufactured with a zinc coating overlaid by either a bituminous, polymeric, or epoxy finishing layer. EN 545/598 mandates a minimum zinc content of 200 g/m (at 99.99% purity) and a minimum average finishing layer thickness of 70 μm (with local minimum of 50 μm). ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A range of bacteria can grow on sulfoquinovose or its glycosides as sole carbon source. E. coli can grow on sulfoquinovose, methyl α-sulfoquinovoside and α-sulfoquinovosyl glycerol. Growth on sulfoquinovosyl glycerol is both faster and leads to higher cell density than for growth on sulfoquinovose. Pseudomonas aerugino... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
While the MPT modulation has been widely studied, little is known about its structure. Initial experiments by Szabó and Zoratti proposed the MPT may comprise Voltage Dependent Anion Channel (VDAC) molecules. Nevertheless, this hypothesis was shown to be incorrect as VDAC mitochondria were still capable to undergo MPT. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the pedosphere it is safe to assume that gases are in equilibrium with the atmosphere. Because plant roots and soil microbes release CO to the soil, the concentration of bicarbonate () in soil waters is much greater than that in equilibrium with the atmosphere, the high concentration of CO and the occurrence of meta... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The basic mechanism of the Payne rearrangement involves deprotonation of the free hydroxyl group, invertive nucleophilic attack on the proximal epoxide carbon, and re-protonation of the newly freed alkoxide. Each step of the process is reversible.
Several observations suggest that this mechanistic picture is oversimpli... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
DPN is a direct write technique so it can be used for top-down and bottom-up lithography applications. In top-down work, the tips are used to deliver an etch resist to a surface, which is followed by a standard etching process. In bottom-up applications, the material of interest is delivered directly to the surface v... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Forgione, P., Bilodeau, F. et al. reported that heteroatoms containing a carboxylic acid also are tolerated by palladium monometallic systems and undergo decarboxylative cross coupling with aryl halides. In the proposed mechanism the initial step is oxidative addition of the aryl halide forming an aryl–palladium interm... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In interfacial shear rheology, the interfacial area remains the same throughout the measurement. Instead, the interfacial area is sheared in order to be able to measure the surface stress present. The equations are similar to dilatational interfacial rheology but shear modulus is often marked with G instead of E like i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cannabis Analytical Science Program (CASP) is a forum where the science of hemp and cannabis analysis can be discussed and cannabis standards and methods developed. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As series resistance increases, the voltage drop between the junction voltage and the terminal voltage becomes greater for the same current. The result is that the current-controlled portion of the I-V curve begins to sag toward the origin, producing a significant decrease in the terminal voltage V and a slight reducti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A number of computational tools have been developed for the prediction of the location of binding sites on proteins. These can be broadly classified into sequence based or structure based. Sequence based methods rely on the assumption that the sequences of functionally conserved portions of proteins such as binding si... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dioxane has affected groundwater supplies in several areas. Dioxane at the level of 1 μg/L (~1 ppb) has been detected in many locations in the US. In the U.S. state of New Hampshire, it had been found at 67 sites in 2010, ranging in concentration from 2 ppb to over 11,000 ppb. Thirty of these sites are solid waste land... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pre-synthesized LAGP powders can be sprayed on a substrate to form a LAGP film by means of aerosol deposition. The powders are loaded into the aerosol deposition chamber and purified air is used as the carrier gas to drive the particles towards the substrate, where they impinge and coalesce to generate the film. Since ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Synthetic molecular motors are molecular machines capable of continuous directional rotation under an energy input. Although the term "molecular motor" has traditionally referred to a naturally occurring protein that induces motion (via protein dynamics), some groups also use the term when referring to non-biological, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Asymmetric hydrogenation is a chemical reaction that adds two atoms of hydrogen to a target (substrate) molecule with three-dimensional spatial selectivity. Critically, this selectivity does not come from the target molecule itself, but from other reagents or catalysts present in the reaction. This allows spatial info... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
;In marine species of the food web
Bioaccumulation controls internal concentrations of pollutants, including PFAS, in individual organisms. When bioaccumulation is looked at in the perspective of the entire food web, it is called biomagnification, which is incredibly important to track because lower concentrations of p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Van Bekkum was born on 26 September 1932 in Rotterdam. He studied technological chemistry at Delft University of Technology and graduated in 1959. He subsequently worked two years for Royal Dutch Shell before returning to Delft University to work as lecturer. In 1971 he was named professor of Catalysis in Organic Chemi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Transition metal clusters use the d orbitals for bonding. Thus, they have up to nine bonding orbitals, instead of only the four present in boron and main group clusters. PSEPT also applies to metallaboranes | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which nitrogen is converted into multiple chemical forms as it circulates among atmospheric, terrestrial, and marine ecosystems. The conversion of nitrogen can be carried out through both biological and physical processes. Important processes in the nitrogen cycle inclu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For an amino acid with only one amine and one carboxyl group, the pI can be calculated from the mean of the pKas of this molecule.
The pH of an electrophoretic gel is determined by the buffer used for that gel. If the pH of the buffer is above the pI of the protein being run, the protein will migrate to the positive p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
2-Furoic acid crystals are highly transparent in the 200–2000 nm wavelength region, are stable up to 130 °C, and generally have low absorption in the UV, visible, and IR ranges. In optical and dielectric studies, 2-furoic acid crystals may act as paraelectrics in the temperature range < 318 K and ferroelectrics in temp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Terrestrial planets are believed to have come from the same nebular material as the giant planets, but they have lost most of the lighter elements and have different histories. Planets closer to the Sun might be expected to have a higher fraction of refractory elements, but if their later stages of formation involved c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A number of SRCD beamlines exist, or are being constructed (), around the world as listed in the table.
As of 2022 components from former SRCD beamline CD12 (on [https://www.ibpt.kit.edu/kara.php KARA]) are now installed on the [https://www.synchrotron-soleil.fr/en/beamlines/disco DISCO] beamline
This facility also r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many of the species that form harmful algae blooms will undergo a dual-stage life system. These species will alternate between a benthic resting stage and a pelagic vegetative state. The benthic resting stage corresponds to when these species are resting near the ocean floor. In this stage, the species cells are waitin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The purpose of the USNCO is to stimulate all young people to achieve excellence in chemistry. Therefore, the focus of the exam is not necessarily to select the top twenty students, and instead to present a wide selection of basic questions. Therefore, the scope of the USNCO is different than the scope of what would be ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Forming a composite of a material with (ordinary) positive thermal expansion with a material with (anomalous) negative thermal expansion could allow for tailoring the thermal expansion of the composites or even having composites with a thermal expansion close to zero. Negative and positive thermal expansion hereby comp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
CRPF in India had tested skunk for possible usage in crowd control situations in India but the tests failed to meet the required standards. Testing the product on crowd consisting of police personnel and general public reportedly failed to convince the local police crowd control units on its effectiveness. The test sub... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Surfactin, like other surfactants, affects the surface tension of liquids in which it is dissolved. It can lower the waters surface tension from 72 mN/m to 27 mN/m at concentrations as low as 20 μM. Surfactin accomplishes this effect by occupying the intermolecular space between water molecules, decreasing the attracti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Owens/Wendt theory (after D. K. Owens and R. C. Wendt) divides the surface energy into two components: surface energy due to dispersive interactions and surface energy due to polar interactions. This theory is derived from the combination of Youngs relation, which relates the contact angle to the surface energies o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Depending on the field of physics, it may be advantageous to choose one or another extended set of dimensional symbols. In electromagnetism, for example, it may be useful to use dimensions of T, L, M and Q, where Q represents the dimension of electric charge. In thermodynamics, the base set of dimensions is often exte... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In contrast to selenonic and seleninic acids, selenenic acids are unstable with respect to a self-condensation reaction to form the corresponding selenoseleninates or disproportionation into corresponding seleninic acids and diselenides:
:2 RSeOH → RSe(O)SeR + HO
:2 RSeOH → RSeOH + 1/2 RSeSeR
Even the very bulky ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the Middle Ages the Imperial Free City of Nuremberg, an important trading place in the south of Germany, produced large amounts of nesting weight pieces to various European standards. In the 1540s, the first pharmacopoeia in the modern sense was also printed there. In 1555, a weight standard for the apothecaries pou... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP, isopentenyl diphosphate, or IDP) is an isoprenoid precursor. IPP is an intermediate in the classical, HMG-CoA reductase pathway (commonly called the mevalonate pathway) and in the non-mevalonate MEP pathway of isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis. Isoprenoid precursors such as IPP, and its ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The journal is able to be open-access, yet not have page or process charges levied against authors, due to sponsorship from the Education Division of the RSC. The RSC is a charity, as well as a learned society, and support for an open-access educational journal is seen as furthering its educational mission. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Butyryl phosphate is an intermediate in the fermentation of butyric acid. The glutamate oxidation of butyryl phosphate may provide the main source of energy for Clostridium tetanomorphum. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, nitrosamines (or more formally N-nitrosamines) are organic compounds with the chemical structure , where R is usually an alkyl group. They feature a nitroso group () bonded to a deprotonated amine. Most nitrosamines are carcinogenic in nonhuman animals. A 2006 systematic review supports a "positi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1925 in Germany, Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke, and Otto Berg reported that they detected the element in platinum ore and in the mineral columbite. They also found rhenium in gadolinite and molybdenite.
In 1928 they were able to extract 1 gram of the element by processing 660 kg of molybdenite. In 2020 a memorial medal... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Recombinant subunit vaccines are used in development for tuberculosis, dengue fever, soil-transmitted helminths, feline leukaemia and COVID-19.
Subunit vaccines are not only considered effective for SARS-COV-2, but also as candidates for evolving immunizations against malaria, tetanus, salmonella enterica, and other di... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bond forming reactions between carbon and nitrogen are the most widely used in dynamic covalent chemistry. They have been used more broadly in materials chemistry for molecular switches, covalent organic frameworks, and in self-sorting systems.
Imine formation takes place between an aldehyde or ketone and a primary ami... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
(born July 16, 1943) is a prominent organic chemist and currently a member of the faculty at the University of Chicago and professor of Chubu University. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The reaction center is in the thylakoid membrane. It transfers absorbed light energy to a dimer of chlorophyll pigment molecules near the periplasmic (or thylakoid lumen) side of the membrane. This dimer is called a special pair because of its fundamental role in photosynthesis. This special pair is slightly different ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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