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Nanofluids are primarily used for their enhanced thermal properties as coolants in heat transfer equipment such as heat exchangers, electronic cooling system(such as flat plate) and radiators. Heat transfer over flat plate has been analyzed by many researchers. However, they are also useful for their controlled optical... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Favipiravir, as an antiviral drug, has been authorized for treating COVID-19 in several countries including Japan, Russia, Serbia, Turkey, India, and Thailand, under emergency provisions. A rapid meta-review in September 2020 (analyzing four studies) noted that the drug led to clinical and radiological improvements; ho... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sulfoxides, especially DMSO, form coordination complexes with transition metals. Depending on the hard-soft properties of the metal, the sulfoxide binds through either the sulfur or the oxygen atom. The latter is particularly common. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The College Board's recommended preparation was a one-year college preparatory course in chemistry, a one-year course in algebra, and experience in the laboratory. However, some second-year algebra concepts (including logarithms) were tested on this subject test. Given the timed nature of the test, one of the keys of t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Office of the Administrator (also CDC Director)
* Office of the Director (also NCEH (National Center for Environmental Health) head)
** Office of Communications
** Office of Science
** Office of Management and Analytics
** Office of Policy, Partnerships, and Planning
* Office of the Associate Director
** Office of In... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
R-12 was used in most refrigeration and vehicle air conditioning applications prior to 1994 before being replaced by 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a), which has an insignificant ozone depletion potential. Automobile manufacturers started using R-134a instead of R-12 in 1992–1994. When older units leak or require repa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Within the realm of bioorganometallic chemistry is the study of the fates of synthetic organometallic compounds. Tetraethyllead has received considerable attention in this regard as has its successors such as methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl. Methylmercury is a particularly infamous case; this cation is p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This method uses in vivo and silico ctDNA fragment length selection to enrich the variant proportion in the plasma. The method is decided on size selection criteria based on blood ctDNA fragment length properties, so it may not generalize well for other non-invasive sampling methods. Furthermore, it employs supervised ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Retinal (also known as retinaldehyde) is a polyene chromophore. Retinal, bound to proteins called opsins, is the chemical basis of visual phototransduction, the light-detection stage of visual perception (vision).
Some microorganisms use retinal to convert light into metabolic energy. In fact, a recent study suggests m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fogbank (stylized as FOGBANK) is a code name given to a secret material used in the W76, W78 and W88 nuclear warheads that are part of the United States nuclear arsenal. The process to create Fogbank was lost by 2000, when it was needed for the refurbishment of old warheads. Fogbank was then reverse engineered by the N... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Experimental data on association reactions of H and HO suggest that radiative association involving atomic and diatomic neutral radicals may be considered as an effective mechanism for the production of small neutral molecules in the interstellar clouds. The formation of O occurs in the gas phase via the neutral exchan... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One form of Cannabis defense is the up-regulation of cannabinoids and specialized terpenes in response to differing biotic stressors in the environment such as pests and predation. In a study from 2019, tobacco hornworm larvae were fed on an artificial diet of wheat germ containing a cannabis agent. The results showed ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
About 860 communities in the US have combined sewer systems, serving about 40million people. Pollutants from CSO discharges can include bacteria and other pathogens, toxic chemicals, and debris. These pollutants have also been linked with antimicrobial resistance, posing serious public health concerns. The U.S. Environ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Spermatozoon is the male gamete. After ejaculation this cell is not mature, so it can not fertilize the oocyte. To have the ability to fertilize the female gamete, this cell suffers capacitation and acrosome reaction in female reproductive tract. The signaling pathways best described for spermatozoon involve these pro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Protein adsorption influences the interactions that occur at the tissue-implant interface. Protein adsorption can lead to blood clots, the foreign-body response and ultimately the degradation of the device. In order to counter-act the effects of protein adsorption, implants are often coated with a polymer coating to de... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many health departments require a percolation test ("perc" test) to establish the suitability of drain field soil to receive septic tank effluent. An engineer, soil scientist, or licensed designer may be required to work with the local governing agency to design a system that conforms to these criteria.
A more progres... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The 146 even-proton, even-neutron (EE) nuclides comprise ~58% of all stable nuclides and all have spin 0 because of pairing. There are also 24 primordial long-lived even-even nuclides. As a result, each of the 41 even-numbered elements from 2 to 82 has at least one stable isotope, and most of these elements have severa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* by drugs: pharmacotherapy, chemotherapy (also, medical therapy often means specifically pharmacotherapy)
* by medical devices: implantation
** cardiac resynchronization therapy
* by specific molecules: molecular therapy (although most drugs are specific molecules, molecular medicine refers in particular to medicine r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The collective effective dose, dose quantity S, is calculated as the sum of all individual effective doses over the time period or during the operation being considered due to ionizing radiation. It can be used to estimate the total health effects of a process or accidental release involving ionizing radiation to an ex... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sensor-based ore sorting is the terminology used in the mining industry. It is a coarse physical coarse particle separation technology usually applied in the size range for . Aim is either to create a lumpy product in ferrous metals, coal or industrial minerals applications or to reject waste before it enters producti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The rapid neutron capture process is believed to operate very close to the neutron drip line, though the astrophysical site of the r-process, while widely believed to take place in core-collapse supernovae, is unknown. While the neutron drip line is very poorly determined experimentally, and the exact reaction flow is ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
On blood tests, an elevated level of lactate dehydrogenase usually indicates tissue damage, which has multiple potential causes, reflecting its widespread tissue distribution:
*Hemolytic anemia
*Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia
*Infections such as infectious mononucleosis, meningitis, encephalitis, HIV/AIDS. It is notably... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Propionyl-CoA production through the catabolism of fatty acids is also associated with thioesterifcation. In a study concerning Aspergillus nidulans, it was found that with the inhibition of a methylcitrate synthase gene, mcsA, of the pathway described above, production of distinct polyketides was inhibited as well. Th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Gas kinetics is a science in the branch of fluid dynamics, concerned with the study of motion of gases and its effects on physical systems. Based on the principles of fluid mechanics and thermodynamics, gas dynamics arises from the studies of gas flows in transonic and supersonic flights. To distinguish itself from o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The cost of a study depends on many factors, especially the number of sites conducting the study, the number of patients involved, and whether the study treatment is already approved for medical use.
The expenses incurred by a pharmaceutical company in administering a Phase III orIV clinical trial may include, among ot... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Gowanus Canal, in Brooklyn, New York, is bounded by several communities including Park Slope, Cobble Hill, Carroll Gardens, and Red Hook. The canal empties into New York Harbor. Completed in 1869, the canal was once a major transportation route for the then separate cities of Brooklyn and New York City. Manufacture... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Kiick designs polymer nanostructures for targeted therapies and hydrogel matrices for regenerative medicine. She makes use of biomimetic self-assembly, bioconjugation and biosynthesis. In particular, Kiick has worked on polymer-peptide macromolecular structures that can engage cellular targets. These include the use of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Interferometric nanoparticle tracking analysis (iNTA) is the next generation of NTA technology. It is based on interferometric scattering microscopy (iSCAT), which enhances the signal of weak scatterers. In contrast to NTA, iNTA has a superior resolution based on a two-parameter analysis, including the size and the sca... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The intuitive concept of the SFMs led to different versions of the visualization method established in different domains of materials science.
Structure field map was first introduced in 1954 by MacKenzie L. Keith and Rustum Roy to classify structural prototypes for the oxide perovskites of the chemical formula ABO. It... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Long-range order has been observed in thin films of colloidal liquids under oil—with the faceted edge of an emerging single crystal in alignment with the diffuse streaking pattern in the liquid phase. Structural defects have been directly observed in the ordered solid phase as well as at the interface of the solid and ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Applications of dendrimers typically involve conjugating other chemical species to the dendrimer surface that can function as detecting agents (such as a dye molecule), affinity ligands, targeting components, radioligands, imaging agents, or pharmaceutically active compounds. Dendrimers have very strong potential for t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Clean agent FS 49 C2 is an environmentally engineered, human safe, fast acting Clean Agent fire extinguishing gas for gaseous fire suppression installed in a suited fire suppression system. The gas consists of tetrafluoroethane, pentafluoroethane and carbon dioxide.
FS 49 C2 maintains breathable concentrations of oxy... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Push–pull perfusion is an in vivo sampling method most commonly used for measuring neurotransmitters in the brain. Developed by J.H. Gaddum in 1960,
this technique replaced the cortical cup technique for observing neurotransmitters. The advent of concentric microdialysis probes in the 1980s resulted in push-pull sampl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The CD family of co-receptors are a well-studied group of extracellular receptors found in immunological cells. The CD receptor family typically act as co-receptors, illustrated by the classic example of CD4 acting as a co-receptor to the T cell receptor (TCR) to bind major histocompatibility complex II (MHC-II). This ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Permeable pavements may give urban trees the rooting space they need to grow to full size. A "structural-soil" pavement base combines structural aggregate with soil; a porous surface admits vital air and water to the rooting zone. This integrates healthy ecology and thriving cities, with the living tree canopy above, t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sir Walter Norman Haworth FRS (19 March 1883 – 19 March 1950) was a British chemist best known for his groundbreaking work on ascorbic acid (vitamin C) while working at the University of Birmingham. He received the 1937 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C". The prize was shar... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
However, fluctuations that cause the correlations between pairs of atoms to decrease as their separation increases, causes the Bragg peaks in the structure factor of a crystal to broaden. To see how this works, we consider a one-dimensional toy model: a stack of plates with mean spacing . The derivation follows that i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lecithin ( ; from the Ancient Greek "yolk") is a generic term to designate any group of yellow-brownish fatty substances occurring in animal and plant tissues which are amphiphilic – they attract both water and fatty substances (and so are both hydrophilic and lipophilic), and are used for smoothing food textures, em... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Coagulation is one of the most important physio-chemical reactions used in water treatment. Ions (heavy metals) and colloids (organic and inorganic) are mostly held in solution by electrical charges. The addition of ions with opposite charges destabilizes the colloids, allowing them to coagulate. Coagulation can be ach... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The potential difference at each pole of the BPE (which may or may not be enough for electrochemical reactions).
Note that the solution potential is not directly controlled by a power source (e.g. potentiostat) because it depends also on the solution composition. Therefore, for electrons to transfer to reduce species i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
2-Phosphoglyceric acid (2PG), or 2-phosphoglycerate, is a glyceric acid which serves as the substrate in the ninth step of glycolysis. It is catalyzed by enolase into phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), the penultimate step in the conversion of glucose to pyruvate. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tammann was born in Yamburg (now Kingisepp, Leningrad Oblast). His father, Heinrich Tammann (1833–1864) was of Estonian peasant origin and his mother, Matilda Schünmann, was of German origin. Tammann graduated from University of Dorpat in chemistry. He came to Göttingen University in 1903 where he established the first... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Marques' father died when she was just eight years old. After high school she joined the University of Lisbon. From there she graduated in Physics and Chemistry from the Faculty of Sciences. Having turned down a chance to do geological work in Angola, she taught at the faculty after her graduation in 1926, where she wa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Salts of thioacetic acid such as potassium thioacetate can be used convert nitroarenes to aryl acetamides in one step. This is particularly useful in the preparation of pharmaceuticals, e.g., paracetamol. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The genome is the total genetic material of an organism and includes both the genes and non-coding sequences. Eukaryotic genes can be annotated using FINDER. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
If the "strange matter hypothesis" is true, then nuclear matter is metastable against decaying into strange matter. The lifetime for spontaneous decay is very long, so we do not see this decay process happening around us. However, under this hypothesis there should be strange matter in the universe:
# Quark stars (ofte... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The relative importance-measuring property of the PageRank link analysis algorithm could be used to identify new possible drug targets in proteins. A PageRank-based algorithm could identify important protein targets in the pathogen organism better than a method considering only the number of incoming edges (in-degree) ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A recent development in forensic science is the isotopic analysis of hair strands. Hair has a recognisable growth rate of 9-11mm per month or 15 cm per year. Human hair growth is primarily a function of diet, especially drinking water intake. The stable isotopic ratios of drinking water are a function of location, and ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The word comes from Ancient Greek θίξις thixis touch (from thinganein to touch) and -tropy, -tropous, from Ancient Greek -τρόπος -tropos of turning, from τρόπος tropos a turn, from τρέπειν trepein, to turn. Hence, it can be translated as something that turns (or changes) when touched. It was invented by Herbert Freund... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Recently, various carbonyls have been turned into organometallic reagent surrogates via hydrazone umpolung by C.-J. Li et al. In the presence of a catalyst, similar to organometallic reagents, hydrazones can undergo nucleophilic additions, conjugate additions, and transition-metal catalyzed cross-couplings with variou... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
James S. Robbins has argued that the advent of petroleum-refined kerosene saved some species of great whales from extinction by providing an inexpensive substitute for whale oil, thus eliminating the economic imperative for open-boat whaling, but others say that fossil fuels increased whaling with most whales being kil... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
HeSE has been used to construct empirical helium-surface scattering potentials through the measurement of selective adsorption resonances (bound state resonances) on the clean LiF(001) surface and the hydrogenated Si(111) surface. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The coupling of proton translocation and electron transport in Complex I is currently proposed as being indirect (long range conformational changes) as opposed to direct (redox intermediates in the hydrogen pumps as in heme groups of Complexes III and IV). The architecture of the hydrophobic region of complex I shows m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For a light scattering instrument composed of many detectors placed at various angles, all the detectors need to respond the same way. Usually, detectors will have slightly different quantum efficiency, different gains, and are looking at different geometrical scattering volumes. In this case, a normalization of the de... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
;Novels and poetry
*Davy is the subject of a humorous song by Richard Gendall, recorded in 1980 by folk-singer Brenda Wootton in the album Boy Jan Cornishman, the seven verses of which each recall a day of the week on which Davy purportedly made a particular discovery.
*English playwright Nick Darke wrote Laughing Gas ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A large compilation of Henry's law constants has been published by Sander (2023). A few selected values are shown in the table below: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1941, Kharash discovered that Grignard reagents add to cyclohexenone in presence of Cu(I) resulting in 1,4-addition instead of 1,2-addition. This work foreshadowed extensive studies on the conjugate additions to enones with organocuprates. Note that if a Grignard reagent (such as RMgBr) is used, the reaction with a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most frequently introduced forms are:where:
* is the absolute pressure of the gas,
* is the volume of the gas,
* is the amount of substance of gas (also known as number of moles),
* is the ideal, or universal, gas constant, equal to the product of the Boltzmann constant and the Avogadro constant,
* is the Bolt... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Speculation on the power of systems that have been called "molecular assemblers" has sparked a wider political discussion on the implication of nanotechnology. This is in part due to the fact that nanotechnology is a very broad term and could include "molecular assemblers". Discussion of the possible implications of fa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although originally referred to as AT-AC introns, not all these introns are delimited by AT-AC dinucleotides. Some of them have GT-AG or AT-AG ends, at least. Thus, it is more correct to speak about the splicing machinery which is used to process them, differentiating between U2-type (canonical or major) and U12-type (... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cholesterol, glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids are major constituents of the cell membrane and in certain cases function as second messengers in cell proliferation, apoptosis and cell adhesion in inflammation and tumor metastasis. Far-eastern blot was established as a method for transferring lipids from an HPTLC p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
To derive an energy equation, note that the advective acceleration term may be decomposed as:where is the vorticity of the flow and is the Euclidean norm. This leads to a form of the momentum equation, ignoring the external forces term, given by:Taking the dot product of with this equation leads to:This equation wa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An open path detector usually costs more than a single point detector, so there is little incentive for applications that play to a point detector's strengths: where the point detector can be placed at the known location of the highest gas concentration, and a relatively slow response is acceptable. The open path detec... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Genes are regulated so that they are expressed only when the product is needed, since expression draws on limited resources. A cell regulates its gene expression depending on its external environment (e.g. available nutrients, temperature and other stresses), its internal environment (e.g. cell division cycle, metaboli... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
These reagents were discovered by Henry Gilman and coworkers. Lithium dimethylcopper (CH)CuLi can be prepared by adding copper(I) iodide to methyllithium in tetrahydrofuran at −78 °C. In the reaction depicted below, the Gilman reagent is a methylating reagent reacting with an alkyne in a conjugate addition, and the neg... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The test was originally developed by Ludwig Wilhelm Winkler, in later literature referred to as Lajos Winkler, while working at Budapest University on his doctoral dissertation in 1888. The amount of dissolved oxygen is a measure of the biological activity of the water masses. Phytoplankton and macroalgae present in th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One of the worst disasters caused by stress corrosion cracking was the fall of the Silver Bridge, WV in 1967, when a single brittle crack formed by rusting grew to criticality. The crack was on one of the tie bar links of one of the suspension chains, and the whole joint failed quickly by overload. The event escalated ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pseudotropine (3β-tropanol, ψ-tropine, 3-pseudotropanol, or PTO) is a derivative of tropane and an isomer of tropine. Pseudotropine can be found in the Coca plant along with several other alkaloids | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Crystalline thin-films from non-spherical colloids were produced using convective assembly techniques. Colloid shapes included dumbbell, hemisphere, disc, and sphero-cylinder shapes. Both purely crystalline and plastic crystal phases could be produced, depending on the aspect ratio of the colloidal particle. The low as... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Restriction enzymes likely evolved from a common ancestor and became widespread via horizontal gene transfer. In addition, there is mounting evidence that restriction endonucleases evolved as a selfish genetic element. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The reaction steps are:
* hydrogenation of -glucose to -sorbitol, an organic reaction with nickel as a catalyst under high temperature and high pressure.
* Microbial oxidation or fermentation of sorbitol to -sorbose with acetobacter at pH 4-6 and 30 °C.
* protection of the 4 hydroxyl groups in sorbose by formation of t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Definitive mechanistic studies of rhodium-catalyzed cyclopropanation are lacking. However, the mechanism has been rationalized based on product distribution and stereoselectivity. Attack of the diazo compound on the metal center generates a zwitterionic metal alkyl complex, which expels nitrogen gas to afford a metal c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Also known as retrotransposons, these employ a strategy of self-copying via RNA transcriptase and subsequently inserting themselves into a new site within the host genome. The presence or absence of transcriptase (the enzyme which allows for self-copying) within the coding of the transposon defines class I elements as ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1970, lithium was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of bipolar disorder, which remains its primary use in the United States. It is sometimes used when other treatments are not effective in a number of other conditions, including major depression, schizophrenia, disord... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A Rotary Vacuum Filter Drum consists of a cylindrical filter membrane that is partly sub-merged in a slurry to be filtered. The inside of the drum is held lower than the ambient pressure. As the drum rotates through the slurry, the liquid is sucked through the membrane, leaving solids to cake on the membrane surface wh... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Based on the NPS and schedule of a pipe, the pipe outside diameter (OD) and wall thickness can be obtained from reference tables such as those below, which are based on ASME standards B36.10M and B36.19M. For example, NPS 14 Sch 40 has an OD of and a wall thickness of . However, the NPS and OD values are not always eq... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sarah Elaine B. Petrie is a Canadian and American physical chemist who worked for the research laboratories of Eastman Kodak and became known for her research on the thermal properties of glasses, polymers, and liquid crystals.
Petrie earned a Ph.D. in chemistry in 1957 from the University of Toronto, with the disserta... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Olefin and alkyne metathesis refers to a carbon–carbon bond forming reaction. In the case of olefin metathesis, the bond forms between two sp-hybridized carbon centers. In alkyne metathesis it forms between two sp-hybridized carbon centers. Ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) can be used in polymerization and... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Bionic Leaf is a biomimetic system that gathers solar energy via photovoltaic cells that can be stored or used in a number of different functions. Bionic leaves can be composed of both synthetic (metals, ceramics, polymers, etc.) and organic materials (bacteria), or solely made of synthetic materials. The Bionic Le... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It was in Munich (1928–1938) that Schwab started systematic work on heterogeneous catalysis which marked the rest of his career. Among the catalysis-related topics he studied in Munich were the kinetics of heterogeneously catalysed reactions, the nature of the heat of adsorption, the poisoning of catalysts and the spat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
All bacterial luciferases are approximately 80 KDa heterodimers containing two subunits: α and β. The α subunit is responsible for light emission. The luxA and luxB genes encode for the α and β subunits, respectively. In most bioluminescent bacteria, the luxA and luxB genes are flanked upstream by luxC and luxD and dow... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This proof of the Hellmann–Feynman theorem requires that the wave function be an eigenfunction of the Hamiltonian under consideration; however, it is also possible to prove more generally that the theorem holds for non-eigenfunction wave functions which are stationary (partial derivative is zero) for all relevant varia... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dithiocarbamates are described by invoking resonance structures that emphasize the pi-donor properties of the amine group. This bonding arrangement is indicated by a short C–N distance and the coplanarity of the NCS core as well as the atoms attached to N.
Because of the pi-donation from nitrogen, dithiocarbamates are ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Piping components can be bolted together between flanges. Flanges are used to connect pipes with each other, to valves, to fittings, and to specialty items such as strainers and pressure vessels. A cover plate can be connected to create a "blind flange". Flanges are joined by bolting, and sealing is often completed wit... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One of the most critical processes determining cyanobacterial eco-physiology is cellular death. Evidence supports the existence of controlled cellular demise in cyanobacteria, and various forms of cell death have been described as a response to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, cell death research in cyanobacteria ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ordering is the regularity in which atoms appear in a predictable lattice, as measured from one point. In a highly ordered, perfectly crystalline material, or single crystal, the location of every atom in the structure can be described exactly measuring out from a single origin. Conversely, in a disordered structure su... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A cyanohydrin reaction is an organic chemical reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone reacts with a cyanide anion or a nitrile to form a cyanohydrin. This nucleophilic addition is a reversible reaction but with aliphatic carbonyl compounds equilibrium is in favor of the reaction products. The cyanide source can be pota... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In Chapter 12 of The Conservation of Orbital Symmetry, entitled "Violations," Woodward and Hoffmann famously stated:This pronouncement notwithstanding, it is important to recognize that the Woodward–Hoffmann rules are used to predict relative barrier heights, and thus likely reaction mechanisms, and that they only take... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Depending on the type of end-products produced, the zinc cathodes coming out of the electro-winning plant can undergo an additional transformation step in a foundry. Zinc cathodes are melted in induction furnaces and cast into marketable products such as ingots. Other metals and alloy components may be added to produce... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
During the process of lake stratification, shallow areas generally become stratified before deeper areas. In large lakes this condition may persist for weeks, during which a temperature front known as a thermal bar forms between the stratified and unstratified areas of the lake. The thermal bar generally forms parallel... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thiolactones are a class of heterocyclic compounds in organic chemistry. They are analogs of the more common lactones in which an oxygen atom is replaced with a sulfur atom. The sulfur atom is within the ring system and adjacent to a carbonyl group. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Metals and metal working had been known to the people of modern Italy since the Bronze Age. By 53 BC, Rome had expanded to control an immense expanse of the Mediterranean. This included Italy and its islands, Spain, Macedonia, Africa, Asia Minor, Syria and Greece; by the end of the Emperor Trajan's reign, the Roman Em... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In addition to philosophy, Boyle devoted much time to theology, showing a very decided leaning to the practical side and an indifference to controversial polemics. At the Restoration of the king in 1660, he was favourably received at court and in 1665 would have received the provostship of Eton College had he agreed to... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Photosensitizers are light absorbers that alter the course of a photochemical reaction. They usually are catalysts. They can function by many mechanisms, sometimes they donate an electron to the substrate, sometimes they abstract a hydrogen atom from the substrate. At the end of this process, the photosensitizer retu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Stark effect originates from the interaction between a charge distribution (atom or molecule) and an external electric field.
The interaction energy of a continuous charge distribution , confined within a finite volume , with an external electrostatic potential is
This expression is valid classically and quantum-... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cholesterol regulates the function of several membrane proteins associated with lipid rafts. It does so by controlling the formation or depletion of lipid rafts in the plasma membrane. The lipid rafts house the membrane proteins and forming or depleting the lipid rafts moves the proteins in or out of the raft environme... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A high pressure jet is a stream of pressurized fluid that is released from an environment at a significantly higher pressure than ambient pressure from a nozzle or orifice, due to operational or accidental release. In the field of safety engineering, the release of toxic and flammable gases has been the subject of many... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Most (but not all; see minimalist channels) synthetic channels have chemical structures substantially larger than typical small molecules (molecular weights ~1-5kDa). This originates from the need to be amphiphilic, that is, have both sufficient hydrophobic portions to allow partitioning into lipid bilayer, as well as... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A simple body or a complex thermodynamic system can also be in a stationary state with non-zero rates of flow and chemical reaction; sometimes the word "equilibrium" is used in reference to such a state, though by definition it is not a thermodynamic equilibrium state. Sometimes, it is proposed to consider Le Chatelier... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the vast majority of accidents, and in all atomic bomb blasts, the threat due to beta and gamma emitters is greater than that posed by the alpha emitters in the fallout. Alpha particles are identical to a helium-4 nucleus (two protons and two neutrons), and travel at speeds in excess of 5% of the speed of light. Alp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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