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*2012 German Urban Planning Award – BUGA Koblenz, Germany
*2012 President's Design Award – Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park, Singapore
*2012 WAF Landscape of the Year – Kallang River Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park, Singapore
*2011 Green Dot Award Ecological City – Arkadien Winnenden, Germany
*2011 LivCom Environmental Best Practice Eco ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Abundance in weight: spectroscopic nucleic acid quantitation
*Absolute abundance in number: real-time polymerase chain reaction (quantitative PCR)
*High-throughput relative abundance: DNA microarray
*High-throughput absolute abundance: serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE)
*Size: gel electrophoresis | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Magnus effect explains commonly observed deviations from the typical trajectories or paths of spinning balls in sport, notably association football, table tennis, tennis, volleyball, golf, baseball, and cricket.
The curved path of a golf ball known as slice or hook is largely due to the ball's spin axis being tilte... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Malachite green is classified in the dyestuff industry as a triarylmethane dye and also using in pigment industry. Formally, malachite green refers to the chloride salt , although the term malachite green is used loosely and often just refers to the colored cation. The oxalate salt is also marketed. The anions have no ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The compressor flow and pressure range is shown with a carpet plot of engine constant rpm and constant torque lines superimposed on the map. OpenCourseWare material shows a carpet plot of engine speed and load for the airflow requirements of 4-stroke truck engine. Shahed shows lines of constant engine speed and engine ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Oligosaccharides are carbohydrates that are composed of several monosaccharide residues joined through glycosidic linkage, which can be hydrolyzed by enzymes or acid to give the constituent monosaccharide units. While a strict definition of an oligosaccharide is not established, it is generally agreed that a carbohydra... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Within the θ-β-M equation, a maximum corner angle, θ, exists for any upstream Mach number. When θ > θ, the oblique shock wave is no longer attached to the corner and is replaced by a detached bow shock. A θ-β-M diagram, common in most compressible flow textbooks, shows a series of curves that will indicate θ for eac... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*[https://archive.org/details/ElementosDeOrictognosiaODelConocimientoDeLosFosilesDispuestosSegun_165 Elementos de Orictognesia o del conocimiento de los fósiles], prepared for use in the Real Seminario de Mineria de México, 1795.
*Analyse des deux nouvelles espéces minérales composées de séléniure de zinc et de sulfure... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
After collection, sperm must be processed for storage. According to the Sperm Bank of California, sperm banks and clinics can use the unwashed or wash method to process sperm samples. The wash method includes removing unwanted particles and adding buffer solutions to preserve viable sperm. However, this approach can co... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
While capillary sequencing was the first approach to successfully sequence a nearly full human genome, it is still too expensive and takes too long for commercial purposes. Since 2005 capillary sequencing has been progressively displaced by high-throughput (formerly "next-generation") sequencing technologies such as Il... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An impeller, or impellor, is a driven rotor used to increase the pressure and flow of a fluid. It is the opposite of a turbine, which extracts energy from, and reduces the pressure of, a flowing fluid.
Strictly speaking, propellers are a sub-class of impellers where the flow both enters and leaves axially, but in many ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For transcription to take place, the enzyme that synthesizes RNA, known as RNA polymerase, must attach to the DNA near a gene. Promoters contain specific DNA sequences such as response elements that provide a secure initial binding site for RNA polymerase and for proteins called transcription factors that recruit RNA p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Both chemoenzymatic glycorandomization and neoglycorandomization use free reducing sugars and unprotected aglycons and are thereby a notable advance over classical glycosylation methods. A notable advantage of the enzymatic approach is the use of the corresponding genes encoding for the permissive kinases, nucleotidylt... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In pharmacology and medicine, vectorization of drugs refers to (intracellular) targeting with plastic, noble metal or silicon nanoparticles or liposomes to which pharmacologically active substances are reversibly bound or attached by adsorption.
CNRS researchers have devised a way to overcome the problem of multidrug r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The one-step Stöber process may be modified to manufacture porous silica by adding a surfactant template to the reaction mixture and calcining the resulting particles. Surfactants that have been used include cetrimonium bromide, cetyltrimethylammonium chloride, and glycerol. The surfactant forms micelles, small near-sp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Arnold Adolph Berthold was a German physiologist and zoologist, who, in 1849, had a question about the function of the testes. He noticed in castrated roosters that they did not have the same sexual behaviors as roosters with their testes intact. He decided to run an experiment on male roosters to examine this phenomen... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A submitochondrial particle (SMP) is an artificial vesicle made from the inner mitochondrial membrane. They can be formed by subjecting isolated mitochondria to sonication, freezing and thawing, high pressure, or osmotic shock. SMPs can be used to study the electron transport chain in a cell-free context.
The process o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In general, most hydroamination catalysts require elevated temperatures to function efficiently, and as such, only the thermodynamic product is observed. The isolation and characterization of the rarer and more synthetically valuable kinetic allyl amine product was reported when allenes was used at the unsaturated subs... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Eli Lilly natural products group found that alkaloids of the Madagascar periwinkle (Vinca rosea), originally discovered in a screen for anti-diabetic drugs, blocked proliferation of tumour cells. The antitumour effect of the vinca alkaloids (e.g. vincristine) was later shown to be due to their ability to inhibit mi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Researchers believe that RNA and proteins encoded for by HERV genes should continue to be explored for putative function in cell physiology and in pathological conditions. This would make sense to examine in order to more deeply define the biological significance of the proteins synthesized. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many antagonists are reversible antagonists that, like most agonists, will bind and unbind a receptor at rates determined by receptor-ligand kinetics.
Irreversible antagonists covalently bind to the receptor target and, in general, cannot be removed; inactivating the receptor for the duration of the antagonist effects ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is the embrittlement caused by exposure to aqueous, corrosive materials. It relies on both a corrosive environment and the presence of tensile (not compressive) stress.
* Sulfide stress cracking is the embrittlement caused by absorption of hydrogen sulfide.
* Adsorption embrittlement i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A breakthrough curve in adsorption is the course of the effluent adsorptive concentration at the outlet of a fixed bed adsorber. Breakthrough curves are important for adsorptive separation technologies and for the characterization of porous materials. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Discontinuous assays are when samples are taken from an enzyme reaction at intervals and the amount of product production or substrate consumption is measured in these samples. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Compartmentalization was important in the origin of life. Membranes form enclosed compartments that are separate from the external environment, thus providing the cell with functionally specialized aqueous spaces. As the lipid bilayer of membranes is impermeable to most hydrophilic molecules (dissolved by water), moder... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Waste of the by-product heat is reduced if a cogeneration system is used, also known as a Combined Heat and Power (CHP) system. Limitations to the use of by-product heat arise primarily from the engineering cost/efficiency challenges in effectively exploiting small temperature differences to generate other forms of ene... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the nuclear plant field, steam generator refers to a specific type of large heat exchanger used in a pressurized water reactor (PWR) to thermally connect the primary (reactor plant) and secondary (steam plant) systems, which generates steam. In a boiling water reactor (BWR), no separate steam generator is used and w... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ethylene binds to it specific transmembrane receptor present on the cell membrane of endoplasmic reticulum. There are different ethylene receptor isoforms. Five isoforms are known in Arabidopsis thaliana which are named ethylene response/receptor 1 (ETR1), ethylene response sensor 1 (ERS1), ETR2, ERS2, and ethylene ins... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The use of optoelectronics tells us that previous optoelectronic structures were used to check the thermal efficiency of certain materials that were composite and inserted into the detection unit as a liner. This technique depends on the coupled fluid thickness scanning process (TWRC method). Two special composites wer... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chan is a founding member of the Democratic Party. He was elected as chairman of the New Territories East Branch in 1999, and later became the party's minister of organization affairs and central committee member. He ran for the chairmanship election in 2004 but lost to Lee Wing-tat. He was then elected vice-chairman o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nyāya (Sanskrit:न्यायः, nyāya), literally meaning "justice", "rules", "method" or "judgment", is one of the six orthodox (Āstika) schools of Hindu philosophy that affirm the Vedas. Nyāyas most significant contributions to Indian philosophy were systematic development of the theory of logic, methodology, and its treatis... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Metal chelate compounds are common components of fertilizers to provide micronutrients. These micronutrients (manganese, iron, zinc, copper) are required for the health of the plants. Most fertilizers contain phosphate salts that, in the absence of chelating agents, typically convert these metal ions into insoluble s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
1,3,5-Triheptylbenzene (also called sym-triheptylbenzene) is an aromatic organic compound with a chemical formula and molar mass 372.67 g/mol. It can be prepared by the hydrogenation reduction reaction of 1,1,1-(benzene-1,3,5-triyl)tris(heptan-1-one). Alternatively, 1-nonyne trimerizes to 1,3,5-triheptylbenzene when c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Principle : the pixel values along the field lines are strongly correlated, but orthogonally to them almost uncorrelated. As a result, the field lines stand out visually from the background and become visible.
Intuition:
* throwing paint in a river
* visualisation of magnetic field lines using randomly distributed iron... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In aqueous solution 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde exists in equilibrium with its hydrate (1,1,3-propanetriol), in which the aldehyde group converts to a geminal diol:
:HOCHCHCHO + HO → HOCHCHCH(OH)
The hydrate is also in equilibrium with its dimer (2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-hydroxy-1,3-dioxane), which dominates at high concent... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A DNA walker is a class of nucleic acid nanomachines where a nucleic acid "walker" is able to move along a nucleic acid "track". The concept of a DNA walker was first defined and named by John H. Reif in 2003.
A nonautonomous DNA walker requires external changes for each step, whereas an autonomous DNA walker progresse... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A meso compound or meso isomer is an optically inactive isomer in a set of stereoisomers, at least two of which are optically active. This means that despite containing two or more stereocenters, the molecule is not chiral. A meso compound is superposable on its mirror image (not to be confused with superimposable, as ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Natural streams, rivers and lakes have their own in-built purification system which consists of natural slopes, stones for biological growth and complex food web help in the purification process. This food web is nothing but utilization of one's waste by another as its own food. Nature has her own living machinery of d... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* geWorkbench is open-source software that can be downloaded and installed locally. A zip file of the released version Java source is also available.
* Prepackaged installer versions also exist for Windows, Macintosh, and Linux. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Gamma radiation as well as neutron radiation can cause RPMs to trigger an alarm procedure. Alarms caused by statistical fluctuations of detection rates are referred to as false alarms. Alarms caused by benign radioactive sources are referred to as nuisance alarms. Causes of nuisance alarms can be broken up into several... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the partial wave expansion the scattering amplitude is represented as a sum over the partial waves,
where is the partial scattering amplitude and are the Legendre polynomials. The partial amplitude can be expressed via the partial wave S-matrix element () and the scattering phase shift as
Then the total cross se... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Streeter–Phelps equation is used in the study of water pollution as a water quality modelling tool. The model describes how dissolved oxygen (DO) decreases in a river or stream along a certain distance by degradation of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). The equation was derived by H. W. Streeter, a sanitary engineer... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The recommended intravenous dosage in adults is 500 mg iv every 6 hours or 1000 mg every 12 hours, with modification to achieve a therapeutic range as needed. The recommended oral dosage in the treatment of antibiotic-induced pseudomembranous enterocolitis is 125 to 500 mg every 6 hours for 7 to 10 days.
Dose optimizat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A defining advantage of COFs is the exceptional porosity that results from the substitution of analogous SBUs of varying sizes. Pore sizes range from 7-23 Å and feature a diverse range of shapes and dimensionalities that remain stable during the evacuation of solvent. The rigid scaffold of the COF structure enables the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Radioisotopic labeling is a technique for tracking the passage of a sample of substance through a system. The substance is "labeled" by including radionuclides in its chemical composition. When these decay, their presence can be determined by detecting the radiation emitted by them. Radioisotopic labeling is a special ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When nascent hydrogen is produced by anaerobic corrosion of iron by the protons of water, the atomic hydrogen can diffuse into the metal crystal lattice because of the existing concentration gradient. After diffusion, hydrogen atoms can recombine into molecular hydrogen giving rise to the formation of high-pressure mic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Metal-nitrosyls are assumed to be intermediates in catalytic converters, which reduce the emission of from internal combustion engines. This application has been described as "one of the most successful stories in the development of catalysts."
Metal-catalyzed reactions of NO are not often useful in organic chemistry... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Phenol: The phenol used for biochemistry comes as a water-saturated solution with Tris buffer, as a Tris-buffered 50% phenol, 50% chloroform solution, or as a Tris-buffered 50% phenol, 48% chloroform, 2% isoamyl alcohol solution (sometimes called "25:24:1"). Phenol is naturally somewhat water-soluble, and gives a fuz... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It has been discovered that over 60 variations of INSTI mutations cause in vivo and in vitro resistance. Due to these mutations and development of resistance the inhibitors are less effective against the virus.
Resistance of INI corresponds to those of other ARV drugs. First IN resistance is caused by primary mutation... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The eIF4F complex is composed of three subunits: eIF4A, eIF4E, and eIF4G. Each subunit has multiple human isoforms and there exist additional eIF4 proteins: eIF4B and eIF4H.
eIF4G is a 175.5-kDa scaffolding protein that interacts with eIF3 and the Poly(A)-binding protein (PABP), as well as the other members of the eIF4... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Amino acid biosynthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) by which the amino acids are produced. The substrates for these processes are various compounds in the organism's diet or growth media. Not all organisms are able to synthesize all amino acids. For example, humans can synthesize 11 of the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chromosome III is the third smallest chromosome in S. cerevisiae; its size was estimated from pulsed-field gel electro- phoresis studies to be 300–360 kb
This chromosome has been the subject of intensive study, not least because it contains the three genetic loci involved in mating-type control: MAT, HML and HMR.
In Ma... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A hand boiler functions similar to the "drinking bird" toy: The upper and lower bulbs of the device are at different temperatures, and therefore the vapor pressure in the two bulbs is different. Since the lower bulb is warmer, the vapor pressure in it is higher. The difference in vapor pressure forces the liquid from... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The site was occupied by the pre-Roman Britons, likely as part of an iron working industry. It was continually occupied throughout the Roman era, and the scale of industrial activity increased over the period. It is clear that there was a focus of settlement activity near Bromsash, but the area appears to some archae... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many methods in ester synthesis can also be applied to that of lactones. Lactonization competes with polymerization for longer hydroxy acids, or the strained βlactones. γLactones, on the other hand, are so stable that 4-hydroxy acids (R-CH(OH)-(CH)-COH) spontaneously cyclise.
In one industrial synthesis of oxandrolone ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In Saxon settlements such as one identified in Northumberland as Bedes Ad Gefrin (now called Yeavering) the buildings were shown by an excavators reconstruction to have opposed entries. In barns a draught created by the use of these opposed doorways was used in winnowing.
The technique developed by the Chinese was not... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although fluorescent dyes may not have the same sensitivity as radioactive probes, they are able to show real-time activity of molecules in action. Moreover, radiation and appropriate handling is no longer a concern.
With the development of fluorescent tagging, fluorescence microscopy has allowed the visualization of s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
IPCs are finding applications in pharmaceutics in the design of novel dosage forms. They also are increasingly used to form various coatings using layer-by-layer deposition approach. Some IPCs were proposed for application as membranes and films. They also have been used for structuring of soils to protect from erosion... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Upon irradiation with UV light, diazirines form reactive carbene species. The carbene may exist in the singlet form, in which the two free electrons occupy the same orbital, or the triplet form, with two unpaired electrons in different orbitals. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Davy's lectures included spectacular and sometimes dangerous chemical demonstrations along with scientific information, and were presented with considerable showmanship by the young and handsome man.
Davy also included both poetic and religious commentary in his lectures, emphasizing that Gods design was revealed by c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Bernoulli equation for unsteady potential flow is used in the theory of ocean surface waves and acoustics. For an irrotational flow, the flow velocity can be described as the gradient of a velocity potential . In that case, and for a constant density , the momentum equations of the Euler equations can be integrate... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Halothane, sold under the brand name Fluothane among others, is a general anaesthetic. It can be used to induce or maintain anaesthesia. One of its benefits is that it does not increase the production of saliva, which can be particularly useful in those who are difficult to intubate. It is given by inhalation.
Side eff... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For buffers in acid regions, the pH may be adjusted to a desired value by adding a strong acid such as hydrochloric acid to the particular buffering agent. For alkaline buffers, a strong base such as sodium hydroxide may be added. Alternatively, a buffer mixture can be made from a mixture of an acid and its conjugate b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The space groups in three dimensions are made from combinations of the 32 crystallographic point groups with the 14 Bravais lattices, each of the latter belonging to one of 7 lattice systems. What this means is that the action of any element of a given space group can be expressed as the action of an element of the app... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
After postdoctoral fellowships with P. J. Bailey at the University of Edinburgh, Keith Izod at Newcastle University as the Wilfred Hall Research Fellow, and Polly Arnold at the University of Nottingham, Liddle began his independent academic career at the University of Nottingham with a Royal Society University Research... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In vertebrate biology, iodine's primary function is as a constituent of the thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These molecules are made from addition-condensation products of the amino acid tyrosine, and are stored prior to release in an iodine-containing protein called thyroglobulin. T4 and T3... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Acid chlorides are useful for the preparation of amides, esters, anhydrides. These reactions generate chloride, which can be undesirable. Acyl chlorides hydrolyze, yielding the carboxylic acid:
This hydrolysis is usually a nuisance rather than intentional. Acyl chlorides are used to prepare acid anhydrides, amides and... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Polysaccharides with unprotected vicinal diols or amino sugars (where some hydroxyl groups are replaced with amines) give a positive periodic acid-Schiff stain (PAS). The list of polysaccharides that stain with PAS is long. Although mucins of epithelial origins stain with PAS, mucins of connective tissue origin have so... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The terms northern, western and eastern blotting are derived from what initially was a molecular biology joke that played on the term Southern blotting, after the technique described by Edwin Southern for the hybridisation of blotted DNA. Patricia Thomas, developer of the RNA blot which then became known as the norther... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Although as a general rule, dietary supplement labeling and marketing are not allowed to make disease prevention or treatment claims, the FDA has for some foods and dietary supplements reviewed the science, concluded that there is significant scientific agreement, and published specifically worded allowed health claims... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1997 France became the first country to ban minors from indoor tanning. Under-18s are similarly prohibited in Austria, Belgium, Germany, Ireland, Portugal, Spain, Poland and the United Kingdom. In addition, Ireland prohibits salons from offering "happy hour" discounts. Netherlands also forbid the usage of a tanning ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The shape of a micelle is directly dependent on the packing parameter of the surfactant. Surfactants with a packing parameter of ≤ 1/3 appear to have a cone-like shape which will pack together to form spherical micelles when in an aqueous environment (top in figure). Surfactants with a packing parameter of 1/3 ≤ 1/2... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Recognizing the habit can aid in mineral identification and description, as the crystal habit is an external representation of the internal ordered atomic arrangement. Most natural crystals, however, do not display ideal habits and are commonly malformed. Hence, it is also important to describe the quality of the shape... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although the phenomenon we now call dielectrophoresis was described in passing as far back as the early 20th century, it was only subject to serious study, named and first understood by Herbert Pohl in the 1950s. Recently, dielectrophoresis has been revived due to its potential in the manipulation of microparticles, na... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
n-BuLi exists as a cluster both in the solid state and in a solution. The tendency to aggregate is common for organolithium compounds. The aggregates are held together by delocalized covalent bonds between lithium and the terminal carbon of the butyl chain. In the case of n-BuLi, the clusters are tetrameric (in ethe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
RiAFP refers to an antifreeze protein (AFP) produced by the Rhagium inquisitor longhorned beetle. It is a type V antifreeze protein with a molecular weight of 12.8 kDa; this type of AFP is noted for its hyperactivity. R. inquisitor is a freeze-avoidant species, meaning that, due to its AFP, R. inquisitor prevents its b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Depending on the gas flow characteristics in the system there are two states that can be matter of simulation:
* Steady state – the simulation does not take into account the gas flow characteristics' variations over time and described by the system of algebraic equations, in general nonlinear ones.
* Unsteady state (tr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A chemical glycosylation reaction involves the coupling of a glycosyl donor, to a glycosyl acceptor forming a glycoside. If both the donor and acceptor are sugars, then the product is an oligosaccharide. The reaction requires activation with a suitable activating reagent. The reactions often result in a mixture of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Raoults law was first observed empirically and led François-Marie Raoult to postulate that the vapor pressure above an ideal mixture of liquids is equal to the sum of the vapor pressures of each component multiplied by its mole fraction. Taking compliance with Raoults Law as a defining characteristic of ideality in a ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Exposure of concrete structures to neutrons and gamma radiation in nuclear power plants, and high-flux material testing reactors, can induce radiation damage to their concrete structural components. Paramagnetic defects and optical centers are easily formed, but very high fluxes are necessary to displace a sufficiently... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In contrast to traditional combinatorial synthesis where a library of catalysts were first generated and later screened (as in the two above approaches), dynamic combinatorial library approach utilizes a mixture of multicomponent building blocks that reversibly form library of catalysts. With out a template, the librar... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Poolman was born in 1959 as the first son of Jelto Poolman and Neeltje Prinsse. In 1983 he married Heleen Stevenson (1959), with whom he has four children. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Oral levels in mice and rats are 3547–2545 mg/kg body weight (male and female) and 474–365 (male and female), respectively. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Synthesis of thalidomide has usually been performed as seen in scheme 1. This synthesis is a reasonably simplistic three step process. The downside of this process however is that the last step requires a high-temperature melt reaction which demands multiple recrystallizations and is not compliant with standard equipme... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One of the most widely used tools for probing glycan-protein interactions is glycan arrays. A glycan array usually is an NHS- or epoxy-activated glass slides on which various glycans were printed using robotic printing. These commercially available arrays may contain up to 600 different glycans, specificity of which ha... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Acid–base extraction is a subclass of liquid–liquid extractions and involves the separation of chemical species from other acidic or basic compounds. It is typically performed during the work-up step following a chemical synthesis to purify crude compounds and results in the product being largely free of acidic or bas... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the European Union, 0.8% of total energy consumption goes to wastewater treatment facilities. The European Union needs to make extra investments of €90 billion in the water and waste sector to meet its 2030 climate and energy goals.
In October 2021, British Members of Parliament voted to continue allowing untreated ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Levetiracetam is effective as single-drug treatment for newly diagnosed focal epilepsy in adults. It reduces focal seizures by 50% or more as an add-on medication. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Both carburetors and fuel injector components of internal combustion engines benefit from detergents in the fuels to prevent fouling. Concentrations are about 300 ppm. Typical detergents are long-chain amines and amides such as polyisobuteneamine and polyisobuteneamide/succinimide. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fenton's reagent is used as a sewage treatment agent.
Fenton's reagent can be used in different chemical procesess that supply hydroxyl ion or oxidize certain compounds:
* The first stage of Fenton’s reaction (oxidation of Fe with hydrogen peroxide) is used in Haber–Weiss reaction
* Fenton's reagent can be used in orga... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
dPCR rose out of an approach first published in 1988 by Cetus Corporation when researchers showed that a single copy of the β-globin gene could be detected and amplified by PCR. This was achieved by diluting DNA samples from a normal human cell line with DNA from a mutant line having a homozygous deletion of the β-glob... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
While the chlorophyll concentration decreases, leaves have more leaf mass per unit leaf area, and as a result the chlorophyll content per unit leaf area is relatively unaffected. This is also true for the light absorptance of a leaf. Leaf light reflectance goes up and leaf light transmittance goes down. Per unit leaf a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Application of solar cells as an alternative energy source for vehicular applications is a growing industry. Electric vehicles that operate off of solar energy and/or sunlight are commonly referred to as solar cars. These vehicles use solar panels to convert absorbed light into electrical energy that is then stored in ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some can be useful in measuring rates of metabolic processes (for example, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid or 3-aminoisobutyrate).
Because they can represent unnatural points of entry into natural metabolic pathways, some (such as AICA ribonucleotide) are of interest to researchers in developing new therapies. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Possible biomedical-oriented applications of this technique are related to the study of the myelin and myelopathies. Myelin is a highly ordered structure, in which many lipid-
enriched, densely compacted phospholipid bilayers are spirally rolled up around the
cylindrical axons. The linear acyl chains of the phospholipi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A chemical library or compound library is a collection of stored chemicals usually used ultimately in high-throughput screening or industrial manufacture. The chemical library can consist in simple terms of a series of stored chemicals. Each chemical has associated information stored in some kind of database with infor... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dendrosomes have been explored as vectors in gene delivery and genetic immunization.
Poly (propyleneimine) dendrosome based genetic immunization against Hepatitis B was found to be highly effective as compared to Dendrimer-Plasmid DNA complex. It has been postulated that in dendrosomes, the poly (propyleneimine) dendri... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nitrite is detected and analyzed by the formation of a red pink colour upon treatment of a nitrite-containing sample with the Griess reagent, which consists of two components in an acidic solution: an aniline derivative and a coupling agent. The most common arrangements use sulfanilamide and N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediami... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An example of an autocrine agent is the cytokine interleukin-1 in monocytes. When interleukin-1 is produced in response to external stimuli, it can bind to cell-surface receptors on the same cell that produced it.
Another example occurs in activated T cell lymphocytes, i.e., when a T cell is induced to mature by bindin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Optoelectrowetting (OEW) is a method of liquid droplet manipulation used in microfluidics applications. This technique builds on the principle of electrowetting, which has proven useful in liquid actuation due to fast switching response times and low power consumption. Where traditional electrowetting runs into challen... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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