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The nitrogen in ammonia has 5 valence electrons and bonds with three hydrogen atoms to complete the octet. This would result in the geometry of a regular tetrahedron with each bond angle equal to cos(−) ≈ 109.5°. However, the three hydrogen atoms are repelled by the electron lone pair in a way that the geometry is dist... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Any nucleus with more than one unpaired nuclear particle (protons or neutrons) will have a charge distribution which results in an electric quadrupole moment. Allowed nuclear energy levels are shifted unequally due to the interaction of the nuclear charge with an electric field gradient supplied by the non-uniform dist... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fluid–structure interaction problems and multiphysics problems in general are often too complex to solve analytically and so they have to be analyzed by means of experiments or numerical simulation. Research in the fields of computational fluid dynamics and computational structural dynamics is still ongoing but the mat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Vitamins occur in a variety of related forms known as vitamers. The vitamers of a given vitamin perform the functions of that vitamin and prevent symptoms of deficiency of that vitamin. Vitamins are those essential organic molecules that are not classified as amino acids or fatty acids. They commonly function as enzyma... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
ASTM method D4007 or API Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards chapter 10.4 are commonly used to measure BS&W. These methods both consist of mixing equal volumes of solvent and crude oil then centrifuging in order to separate any solids, free water, or suspended particles.
More precise methods beyond BS&W are avail... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Another use of methylene blue is to treat ifosfamide neurotoxicity. Methylene blue was first reported for treatment and prophylaxis of ifosfamide neuropsychiatric toxicity in 1994. A toxic metabolite of ifosfamide, chloroacetaldehyde (CAA), disrupts the mitochondrial respiratory chain, leading to an accumulation of nic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Liu was born on 17 March 1931 in Changzhou, Jiangsu Province. After graduating from Changzhou Senior High School, he studied at the Department of Chemistry of East China Normal University in Shanghai, and earned his bachelor's degree in 1953. He was assigned to Beijing Normal University, where he worked and studied und... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The penetration of the IVF market in India is quite low, with only 2,800 cycles per million infertile people in the reproductive age group (20–44 years), as compared to China, which has 6,500 cycles. The key challenges are lack of awareness, affordability and accessibility. Since 2018, however, India has become a desti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
reacts with metal complexes. The cage remains intact in some cases but in other cases, it is degraded. reacts with Vaska's complex ( in an oxidative addition reaction to form a six coordinate iridium complex where the binds through two sulfur atoms and one nitrogen atom. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It was in 1993 that the Army Corps of Engineers analyzed the system. They determined that an ideal situation would be to "get the water right". In doing so there would be a better flow through the Everglades and a reduced number of canals and levees sending water to tide. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The raw materials mixture for glass melting is termed "batch". The batch must be measured properly to achieve a given, desired glass formulation. This batch calculation is based on the common linear regression equation:
with N and N being the molarities 1-column matrices of the batch and glass components respectively,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The crystal unit of the solid hexahydrate •6 contains the neutral molecule trans- and two molecules of water of crystallization. This species dissolves readily in water and alcohol.
The anhydrous salt is hygroscopic and the hexahydrate is deliquescent. The dihydrate, CoCl(HO), is a coordination polymer. Each Co center... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Prognostic biomarkers give intervention-independent information on disease status and outcome prediction. Prognostic biomarkers can signify individuals in the latent period of a diseases natural history, allowing optimal therapy and prevention until the diseases termination. Prognostic biomarkers give information on di... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The normal self-similar solution is also referred to as a self-similar solution of the first kind, since another type of self-similar exists for finite-sized problems, which cannot be derived from dimensional analysis, known as a self-similar solution of the second kind. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The metals of groups 8 and 9 feature the most extensive library of reactivity with yellow arsenic documented in the scientific literature, with particular focus on reactions of iron and cobalt complexes with As. Much like the chromium and molybdenum sandwich complexes, (CpFe(CO)] complexes of iron react with yellow ars... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the context of gene regulation: transactivation is the increased rate of gene expression triggered either by biological processes or by artificial means, through the expression of an intermediate transactivator protein.
In the context of receptor signaling, transactivation occurs when one or more receptors activat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Early TPV work focused on the use of silicon. Silicon's commercial availability, low cost, scalability and ease of manufacture makes this material an appealing candidate. However, the relatively wide bandgap of Si (1.1eV) is not ideal for use with a black body emitter at lower operating temperatures. Calculations indic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The formal journal of the IChemE was the “Transactions” which was initially an annual publication. In order to keep members informed a “Quarterly Bulletin- Institution of Chemical Engineers” was issued. When the Transactions became quarterly, the Bulletin was issued as a supplement. In 1956 both changed to bi-monthl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Kai Simons honours and awards include:
* 1975 Federation of European Biochemical Society Anniversary Prize
* 1984 Honorary Professor, University of Heidelberg, Germany
* 1989 Lamport Visiting Professor (Columbia, New York)
* 1990 Histochemical Society Lecture
* 1990 Keith R. Porter Lecture, American Society of Cell Bio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Interstitials modify the physical and chemical properties of materials.
* Interstitial carbon atoms have a crucial role for the properties and processing of steels, in particular carbon steels.
* Impurity interstitials can be used e.g. for storage of hydrogen in metals.
* The crystal lattice can expand with the concent... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Amphetamine and its enantiomers have been identified as potent full agonists of trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1), a GPCR, discovered in 2001, that is important for regulation of monoaminergic systems in the brain. Activation of TAAR1 increases cAMP production via adenylyl cyclase activation and inhibits the fu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Complexes containing CS are known but uncommon. The rarity of such complexes is partly attributable to the fact that the obvious source material, carbon monosulfide, is unstable. Thus, the synthesis of thiocarbonyl complexes requires indirect routes, such as the reaction of disodium tetracarbonylferrate with thiophosge... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Coarse bubble diffusers produce 1/4 to 1/2 inch (6.4 to 13 mm) bubbles which rise rapidly from the floor of a wastewater treatment plant or sewage treatment plant tank. They are typically used in grit chambers, equalization basins, chlorine contact tanks, and aerobic digesters, and sometimes also in aeration tanks. Gen... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Selenium also plays a role in the functioning of the thyroid gland. It participates as a cofactor for the three thyroid hormone deiodinases. These enzymes activate and then deactivate various thyroid hormones and their metabolites. It may inhibit Hashimotos disease, an auto-immune disease in which the bodys own thyro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cold spraying (or gas dynamic cold spraying) was introduced to the market in the 1990s. The method was originally developed in the Soviet Union – while experimenting with the erosion of the target, which was exposed to a two-phase high-velocity flow of fine powder in a wind tunnel, scientists observed accidental rapid ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A codon table can be used to translate a genetic code into a sequence of amino acids. The standard genetic code is traditionally represented as an RNA codon table, because when proteins are made in a cell by ribosomes, it is messenger RNA (mRNA) that directs protein synthesis. The mRNA sequence is determined by the seq... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The continuity and the (potential flow) momentum equations for unsteady flows are given by
The first integral of the (potential flow) momentum equation is given by
where is an arbitrary function. Without loss of generality, we can set since is not uniquely defined. Combining these equations, we obtain
Substituting ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 2009, Illumina released its first whole genome sequencers that were approved for clinical as opposed to research-only use and doctors at academic medical centers began quietly using them to try to diagnose what was wrong with people whom standard approaches had failed to help. In 2009, a team from Stanford led by Eu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bryostatins are a group of macrolide lactones from (bacterial symbionts of) the marine organism Bugula neritina that were first collected and provided to JL Hartwell’s anticancer drug discovery group at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) by Jack Rudloe. Bryostatins are potent modulators of protein kinase C. They hav... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The magnetic nanoparticles are typically made from iron oxide, which is fully biodegradable, using methods such as coprecipitation or microemulsion.
The nanoparticles are then combined with gene vectors (DNA, siRNA, ODN, virus, etc.). One method involves linking viral particles to magnetic particles using an avidin-bio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Wind tunnels use an inviscid flow of air to test the aerodynamics of an object. Flow straighteners, which consist of many parallel ducts which limit turbulence, are used to produce inviscid flow. Entrance length must be considered in the design of wind tunnels, because the object being tested must be located in the ir... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sternhell was a Fellow, of the Australian Academy of Science and of the Royal Australian Chemical Institute. In 2001, he was awarded the Centenary Medal for his service to Australian society and science in organic chemistry and molecular engineering. In June 2018, he was made an Officer of the Order of Australia "for d... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Jones was born in New London, Maryland in a farming family and went to study chemistry at Johns Hopkins University, receiving a PhD in 1892 with studies under Harmon N. Morse. He then travelled to Europe where he worked for two years at the laboratories of Wilhelm Ostwald in Leipzig, Svante Arrhenius in Stockholm and J... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As listed by ECS:
* 1994 Hubert A. Gasteiger
* 1988 Jennifer A. Bardwell
* 1987 Joachim Maier
* 1975 Larry R. Faulkner
* 1971 M. Stanley Whittingham
* 1966 John Newman
* 1960 A. C. Makrides
* 1953 Jack Halpern
* 1948 Michael Streicher
* 1941 Edward Adler
* 1938 Nathaniel B. Nichols
* 1929 William C. Gardiner | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Corrosion engineering groups have formed around the world to educate, prevent, slow, and manage corrosion. These include the National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE), the European Federation of Corrosion (EFC), The Institute of Corrosion in the UK and the Australasian Corrosion Association. The corrosion eng... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The most commonly applied methods are MS and HPLC, in which the glycan part is cleaved either enzymatically or chemically from the target and subjected to analysis. In case of glycolipids, they can be analyzed directly without separation of the lipid component.
N-glycans from glycoproteins are analyzed routinely by hig... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Large-scale oceanic circulation has a direct impact on opal deposition. The Pacific (characterized by nutrient poor surface waters, and deep nutrient rich waters) and Atlantic Ocean circulations favor the production/preservation of silica and carbonate respectively. For instance, Si/N and Si/P ratios increase from the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The addition of a substituent to a homoaromatic compound has a large influence over the stability of the compound. Depending on the relative locations of the substituent and the homoconjugate linkage, the substituent can either have a stabilizing or destabilizing effect. This interaction is best demonstrated by looking... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Geological sequestration refers to the storage of CO underground in depleted oil and gas reservoirs, saline formations, or deep, coal beds unsuitable for mining.
Once CO is captured from a point source, such as a cement factory, it can be compressed to ≈100 bar into a supercritical fluid. In this form, the CO could be... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Supercritical fluids act as a new medium for the generation of novel crystalline forms of APIs (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients) named as pharmaceutical cocrystals. Supercritical fluid technology offers a new platform that allows a single-step generation of particles that are difficult or even impossible to obtain by... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The HIV protease is a C2-symmetric homodimeric enzyme consisting of two 99 amino acid monomers. Each monomer contributes an aspartic acid residue that is essential for catalysis, Asp-25 and Asp-25´. The HIV protease has the sequence Asp-Thr-Gly, which is conserved among other mammalian aspartic protease enzymes. An ext... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Quaternary muscle relaxants bind to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and inhibit or interfere with the binding and effect of ACh to the receptor. Each ACh-receptor has two receptive sites and activation of the receptor requires binding to both of them. Each receptor site is located at one of the two α-subunits of t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Emulsions are used to manufacture polymer dispersions – polymer production in an emulsion phase has a number of process advantages, including prevention of coagulation of product. Products produced by such polymerisations may be used as the emulsions – products including primary components for glues and paints. Synthet... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Almost all amine oxides are prepared by the oxidation of either tertiary aliphatic amines or aromatic N-heterocycles. Hydrogen peroxide is the most common reagent both industrially and in academia, however peracids are also important. More specialised oxidising agents can see niche use, for instance Caros acid or m'CPB... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Modifications can also happen in short non-coding RNAs, including small nuclear RNA (snRNA) and microRNA (miRNA). However, these modifications are less common than those in mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cryptococcus neoformans is a basidiomycetous fungus that grows as a budding yeast in culture and in an infected host. C. neoformans causes life-threatening meningoencephalitis in immune compromised patients. It undergoes a filamentous transition during the sexual cycle to produce spores, the suspected infectious agent.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Norman Hackerman (March 2, 1912 – June 16, 2007) was an American chemist, professor, and academic administrator who served as the 18th President of the University of Texas at Austin (1967–1970) and later as the 4th President of Rice University (1970–1985). He was an internationally known expert in metal corrosion. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dry basis is an expression of a calculation in chemistry, chemical engineering and related subjects, in which the presence of water (HO) (and/or other solvents) is neglected for the purposes of the calculation. Water (and/or other solvents) is neglected because addition and removal of water (and/or other solvents) are ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In November 1990, Çeçen joined the faculty at the Boğaziçi University Institute of Environmental Sciences as an instructor. She was promoted to assistant professor in March 1993, associate professor in October 1993, and full professor in June 1999.
Çeçen researches water and wastewater treatment, environmental biotechn... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Reductive elimination generally occurs more rapidly from a more sterically hindered metal center because the steric encumbrance is alleviated upon reductive elimination. Additionally, wide ligand bite angles generally accelerate reductive elimination because the sterics force the eliminating groups closer together, whi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Studies published beginning in the late 2000s which explore the effect of varying the aspect ratio of the ferromagnetic particles have shown several improvements over conventional MR fluids. Nanowire-based fluids show no sedimentation after qualitative observation over a period of three months. This observation has bee... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Similar to cyclooctane, a cyclodecane ring exhibits several conformations with two lower energy conformations. The boat-chair-boat conformation is energetically minimized, while the chair-chair-chair conformation has significant eclipsing interactions.
These ground-state conformational preferences are useful analogies... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The primary modes themselves don't actually lead directly to breakdown, but instead lead to the formation of secondary instability mechanisms. As the primary modes grow and distort the mean flow, they begin to exhibit nonlinearities and linear theory no longer applies. Complicating the matter is the growing distortion ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
According to Planck, one may think of three main classes of thermodynamic process: natural, fictively reversible, and impossible or unnatural. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fine bubble diffusers produce a plethora of very small air bubbles which rise slowly from the floor of a wastewater treatment plant or sewage treatment plant aeration tank and provide substantial and efficient mass transfer of oxygen to the water. The oxygen, combined with the food source, sewage, allows the bacteria t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The SECEM factory in Cordoba was located to the west of the city, next to the route of the Cordoba-Seville and Cordoba-Malaga railway lines, which allowed its production to be transported by rail. For this purpose, an industrial branch and several sidings were set up within the industrial complex. Eventually SECEM acqu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Under prebiotic conditions, imidazole-4-acetaldehyde can be synthesized from erythrose, formamidine, formaldehyde, and ammonia. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An auxiliary protein unique to most eukaryotes is the E3 binding protein (E3BP), which serves to bind the E3 subunit to the PDC complex. In the case of human E3BP, hydrophobic proline and leucine residues in the BP interact with the surface recognition site formed by the binding of two identical E3 monomers. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fugacity is closely related to the chemical potential . In a pure substance, is equal to the Gibbs energy for a mole of the substance, and
where and are the temperature and pressure, is the volume per mole and is the entropy per mole. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1913 Weeks earned a bachelors degree in chemistry from Ripon College where she worked with Albert F. Gilman. In 1914 she received a masters degree from the University of Wisconsin–Madison where she worked with Joseph Howard Mathews.
For seven years (1914–1921), Weeks worked as a high school teacher and chemical tech... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The number of theoretical plates, or separation efficiency, in capillary electrophoresis is given by:
where is the number of theoretical plates, is the apparent mobility in the separation medium and is the diffusion coefficient of the analyte. According to this equation, the efficiency of separation is only limited... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An often used approximation of relative permeability is the Corey correlation
which is a power law in saturation. The Corey correlations of the relative permeability for oil and water are then
If the permeability basis is normal oil with irreducible water present, then .
The empirical parameters and are called curve ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* TUBA Prize of the Turkish Academy of Sciences (2015)
* Wittgenstein-Preis (2012)
* Honorary doctorate awarded by the University of Bucharest in Romania (2012)
* Honorary doctorate awarded by the Åbo Akademi in Finland (2011)
* Kardinal-Innitzer Award (2010)
* Humanity Medal of the City of Linz (2010)
* Austrians of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
THz radiation has several distinct advantages for use in spectroscopy. Many materials are transparent at terahertz wavelengths, and this radiation is safe for biological tissue being non-ionizing (as opposed to X-rays). Many interesting materials have unique spectral fingerprints in the terahertz range that may be used... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Much of the development of 3D optical data storage has been carried out in universities. The groups that have provided valuable input include:
*Peter T. Rentzepis was the originator of this field, and has recently developed materials free from destructive readout.
*Watt W. Webb codeveloped the two-photon microscope in ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The hardness of local water supplies depends on the source of water. Water in streams flowing over volcanic (igneous) rocks will be soft, while water from boreholes drilled into porous rock is normally very hard. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
# Cholesterol + oxygen --(enzyme cholesterol oxidase)--> cholestenone + hydrogen peroxide
# Hydrogen peroxide + 4-aminophenazone + phenol --(enzyme peroxidase)--> colored complex + water | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When it was discovered that the self-cleaning qualities of ultrahydrophobic surfaces come from physical-chemical properties at the microscopic to nanoscopic scale rather than from the specific chemical properties of the leaf surface, the possibility arose of using this effect in manmade surfaces, by mimicking nature i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although CoQ may be measured in blood plasma, these measurements reflect dietary intake rather than tissue status. Currently, most clinical centers measure CoQ levels in cultured skin fibroblasts, muscle biopsies, and blood mononuclear cells. Culture fibroblasts can be used also to evaluate the rate of endogenous CoQ b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The term kodecyte is used to describe cells with detectable Function-Spacer-Lipid (FSL) constructs, and in concert, the term kodevirion (pronounced co-da-virion), is used to describe virions with detectable FSL constructs.
The method for labeling virions with FSL constructs is simple, non covalent and only involves inc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first nucleotide to be expanded was the purine adenine. Nelson J. Leonard and colleagues synthesized this original x-nucleotide, which was referred to as "expanded adenine". xA was used as a probe in the investigation of active sites of ATP-dependent enzymes, more specifically what modifications the substrate could... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A Gilman reagent is a diorganocopper compound with the formula Li[CuR], where R is an alkyl or aryl. They are colorless solids. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The plot of against has often been called a "Michaelis–Menten plot", even recently, but this is misleading, because Michaelis and Menten did not use such a plot. Instead, they plotted against , which has some advantages over the usual ways of plotting Michaelis–Menten data. It has as dependent variable, and thus do... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Both bulk and depth analysis of solids may be performed with glow discharge. Bulk analysis assumes that the sample is fairly homogeneous and averages the emission or mass spectrometric signal over time. Depth analysis relies on tracking the signal in time, therefore, is the same as tracking the elemental composition in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) is a form of computer simulation in which atoms and molecules are allowed to interact at given rate that could be controlled based on known physics. This simulation method is typically used in the micro-electrical industry to study crystal surface growth, and it can provide accurate models sur... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some anionic nitrito complexes undergo acid-induced deoxygenation to give the nitrosyl complex.
The reaction is reversible in some cases. Thus, one can generate nitrito complexes by base-hydrolysis of electrophilic metal nitrosyls.
Nitro complexes also catalyze the oxidation of alkenes. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A variety of experimental concerns exist for IMHR reactions. Although most of the common Pd(0) catalysts are commercially available (Pd(PPh), Pd(dba), and derivatives), they may also be prepared by simple, high-yielding procedures. Palladium(II) acetate is cheap and may be reduced in situ to palladium(0) with phosphine... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gold(III) bromide is a dark-red to black crystalline solid. It has the empirical formula , but exists primarily as a dimer with the molecular formula in which two gold atoms are bridged by two bromine atoms. It is commonly referred to as gold(III) bromide, gold tribromide, and rarely but traditionally auric bromide, a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This book deals with assaying techniques. Various designs of furnaces are detailed. Then cupellation, crucibles, scorifiers and muffle furnaces are described. The correct method of preparation of the cupels is covered in detail with beech ashes being preferred. Various other additives and formulae are described, but Ag... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The EPA has stated that while some companies have reached certain conclusions related to PFASs, the EPA research is still ongoing and as of 2023, remains inconclusive as it relates to the certainty of detrimental effects on humans, according to the EPA: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
DamID is usually performed on around 10,000 cells, (although it has been demonstrated with fewer). This means that the data obtained represents the average binding, or probability of a binding event across that cell population. A DamID protocol for single cells has also been developed and applied to human cells. Single... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A Pake Doublet (or "Pake Pattern") is a characteristic line shape seen in solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. It was first described by George Pake.
It arises from dipolar coupling between isolated two spin-1/2 nuclei, or from transitions in quadrupolar nuclei such a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The moving-boundary electrophoresis apparatus includes a U-shaped cell filled with buffer solution and electrodes immersed at its ends. The sample applied could be any mixture of charged components such as a protein mixture. On applying voltage, the compounds will migrate to the anode or cathode depending on their char... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Aromatic compounds play key roles in the biochemistry of all living things. The four aromatic amino acids histidine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine each serve as one of the 20 basic building-blocks of proteins. Further, all 5 nucleotides (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil) that make up the sequ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In analytical chemistry, argentometry is a type of titration involving the silver(I) ion. Typically, it is used to determine the amount of chloride present in a sample. The sample solution is titrated against a solution of silver nitrate of known concentration. Chloride ions react with silver(I) ions to give the insolu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Like organolithium compounds, Grignard reagents are useful for forming carbon–heteroatom bonds.
Grignard reagents react with many metal-based electrophiles. For example, they undergo transmetallation with cadmium chloride (CdCl) to give dialkylcadmium: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Silicon wafers are treated with solutions of electronic-grade hydrofluoric acid in water, buffered water, or alcohol. One of the relevant reactions is simply removal of silicon oxides:
:SiO + 4 HF → SiF + 2 HO
The key reaction however is the formation of the hydrosilane functional group.
atomic force microscope ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
These density differences caused by temperature and salinity ultimately separate ocean water into distinct water masses, such as the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) and Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW). These two waters are the main drivers of the circulation, which was established in 1960 by Henry Stommel and Arnold B. ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sulphur powder is sprinkled into a test tube with three millilitres of urine and if the test is positive, the sulphur powder sinks to the bottom of the test tube. Sulphur powder sinks because bile salts decrease the surface tension of urine. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The double-helix model of DNA structure was first published in the journal Nature by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953, (X,Y,Z coordinates in 1954) based on the work of Rosalind Franklin and her student Raymond Gosling, who took the crucial X-ray diffraction image of DNA labeled as "Photo 51", and Maurice Wilkins,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Suzuki was born on September 12, 1930, in Mukawa, Hokkaidō, his father died when he was in high school. He studied chemistry at Hokkaido University (Hokudai) and after receiving his PhD while he worked there as assistant professor. He initially wanted to major in mathematics, as his favorite subject in childhood was ar... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Orgel proposed a novel solution to a problem with Juan Oro's proposed mechanism of nucleobase synthesis on the early Earth, which relied on the reaction of five molecules of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) to form adenine. The problem with this was that it would require much more concentrated hydrogen cyanide than evidence sugg... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gelation of polymers can be described in the framework of the Erdős–Rényi model or the Lushnikov model, which answers the question when a giant component arises. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The dendrimer is assembled from a multifunctional core, which is extended outward by a series of reactions, commonly a Michael reaction. Each step of the reaction must be driven to full completion to prevent mistakes in the dendrimer, which can cause trailing generations (some branches are shorter than the others). Suc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Another variety of transposons, discovered in 2001, which can also potentially capture host DNA. Helitrons are thought to replicate via a "rolling circle", in which transposase links the helitron to two distinct regions of the genome at once, using a helicase, ligase, and nuclease in the process to unravel the strands ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In biochemistry, the KIX domain (kinase-inducible domain (KID) interacting domain) or CREB binding domain is a protein domain of the eukaryotic transcriptional coactivators CBP and P300. It serves as a docking site for the formation of heterodimers between the coactivator and specific transcription factors. Structurall... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mikael Bols was born and grew up in Copenhagen, Denmark. He attended high school (Gentofte Statskole) from 1977 to 1980, and took a degree as chemical engineer at the Technical University of Denmark from 1980 to 1985. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
4-Nitrophenol (also called p-nitrophenol or 4-hydroxynitrobenzene) is a phenolic compound that has a nitro group at the opposite position of the hydroxyl group on the benzene ring. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Zinc-finger nucleases consist of DNA binding domains that can precisely target a DNA sequence. Each zinc-finger can recognize codons of a desired DNA sequence, and therefore can be modularly assembled to bind to a particular sequence. These binding domains are coupled with a restriction endonuclease that can cause a do... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The copper-based and NiTi-based shape-memory alloys are considered to be engineering materials. These compositions can be manufactured to almost any shape and size.
The yield strength of shape-memory alloys is lower than that of conventional steel, but some compositions have a higher yield strength than plastic or alum... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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