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Queen's Metal, an alloy of nine parts tin and one each of antimony, lead, and bismuth, is intermediate in hardness between pewter and britannia metal. It was developed by English pewtersmiths in the 16th century; the recipe was initially a secret and was reserved for pieces made for the English royal family. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lawessons reagent (LR) is a chemical compound used in organic synthesis as a thiation agent. Lawessons reagent was first made popular by Sven-Olov Lawesson, who did not, however, invent it. Lawesson's reagent was first made in 1956 during a systematic study of the reactions of arenes with PS. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The mean daily BSi rate strongly depends on the region:
* Coastal upwelling: 46 mmol.m.d
* Sub-arctic Pacific: 18 mmol.m.d
* Southern Ocean: 3–38 mmol.m.d
* mid-ocean gyres: 0.2–1.6 mmol.m.d
Likewise, the integrated annual BSi production strongly depends on the region:
* Coastal upwelling: 3 × 10 mol.yr
* S... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
. The coordinate system has been chosen to move with the shock so that the particle velocities outside the shock are zero. The shock front does not change with time in a stationary shock.
Comment:
The graphs contain rarefaction shock wave (density behind the wave is less than that ahead of the jump); for normal gas ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chemical additives are small chemical compounds that are added to the crystallization process to increase the yield of crystals. The role of small molecules in protein crystallization had not been well thought of in the early days since they were thought of as contaminants in most case. Smaller molecules crystallize be... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tollens reagent (chemical formula ) is a chemical reagent used to distinguish between aldehydes and ketones along with some alpha-hydroxy ketones which can tautomerize into aldehydes. The reagent consists of a solution of silver nitrate, ammonium hydroxide and some sodium hydroxide (to maintain a basic pH of the reagen... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
MIKE 21C is a computer program that simulates the development in the river bed and channel plan form in two dimensions. MIKE 21C was developed by DHI. MIKE 21C uses curvilinear finite difference grids.
Simulated processes with MIKE 21C include bank erosion, scouring and shoaling brought about by activities such as cons... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Evangelista Torricellis original derivation can be found in the second book De motu aquarum of his Opera Geometrica (see ): He starts a tube AB (Figure (a)) filled up with water to the level A. Then a narrow opening is drilled at the level of B and connected to a second vertical tube BC. Due to the hydrostatic principl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Orotidine 5'-monophosphate (OMP), also known as orotidylic acid, is a pyrimidine nucleotide which is the last intermediate in the biosynthesis of uridine monophosphate. OMP is formed from orotate and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate by the enzyme orotate phosphoribosyltransferase.
In humans, the enzyme UMP synthase convert... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The apparent molar volume of salt is usually less than the molar volume of the solid salt. For instance, solid NaCl has a volume of 27 cm per mole, but the apparent molar volume at low concentrations is only 16.6 cc/mole. In fact, some aqueous electrolytes have negative apparent molar volumes: NaOH −6.7, LiOH −6.0, and... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Triazenes derived from primary amines engage in tautomerism. In the case of symmetric triazenes, the tautomers are identical.
Triazenes can be converted to diazonium salts.
Triazenes decompose in the presence of protonating or alkylating agents into quaternary amines and diazonium salts; as such triazenes have been u... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Consider a spherically outgoing Chapman–Jouguet detonation wave propagating with a constant velocity . By definition, immediately behind the detonation wave, the gas velocity is equal to the local sound speed with respect to the wave. Let be the radial velocity of the gas behind the wave, in a fixed frame. The detona... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A contig (from contiguous) is a set of overlapping DNA segments that together represent a consensus region of DNA.
In bottom-up sequencing projects, a contig refers to overlapping sequence data (reads); in top-down sequencing projects, contig refers to the overlapping clones that form a physical map of the genome that ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In nature, carbon fixation is done by green plants using the enzyme RuBisCO as a part of the Calvin cycle. RuBisCO is a rather slow catalyst compared to the vast majority of other enzymes, incorporating only a few molecules of carbon dioxide into ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate per minute, but does so at atmospheric pressure... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
After studying in Berlin with Carl Liebermann, he received his Ph.D at the University of Göttingen. Giesel worked at the Chininfabrik Braunschweig. Besides his work in the factory, Giesel's focus was on radiochemistry. Shortly after publication of the discovery of polonium in the summer of 1898, he started to isolate t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The ketone carbon is often described as sp hybridized, a description that includes both their electronic and molecular structure. Ketones are trigonal planar around the ketonic carbon, with C–C–O and C–C–C bond angles of approximately 120°. Ketones differ from aldehydes in that the carbonyl group (C=O) is bonded to two... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Analysis is usually made up of three steps
* Solving heat and material balances
* Sizing and costing the equipment and
* Evaluating the economic worth, safety, operability etc. of the chosen flow sheet | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Adhesion GPCRs appear capable to follow standard GPCR signaling modes and signal through Gαs, Gαq, Gαi, and Gα12/13. As of today, many of the adhesion GPCRs are still orphan receptors and their signalling pathways have not been identified. Research groups are working to elucidate the downstream signaling molecules util... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There may be a general misconception between the term corrosion inspection and corrosion monitoring, but inspection means frequent checkpoints to check for changes or deviations from predicted results, while corrosion monitoring is a continuous check to control and act quickly against change. In inspection, the purpose... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The ratio of H, also known as deuterium, to H has been studied in both plant and animal tissue. Hydrogen isotopes in plant tissue are correlated with local water values but vary based on fractionation during photosynthesis, transpiration, and other processes in the formation of cellulose. A study on the isotope ratios ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Trifluoromethylsulfur pentafluoride, CFSF, is a rarely used industrial greenhouse gas. It was first identified in the atmosphere in 2000. Trifluoromethylsulfur pentafluoride is considered to be one of the several "super-greenhouse gases". | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hydride generation techniques are specialized in solutions of specific elements. The technique provides a means of introducing samples containing arsenic, antimony, selenium, bismuth, and lead into an atomizer in the gas phase. With these elements, hydride atomization enhances detection limits by a factor of 10 to 100 ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The dynamic behavior of Min proteins has been reconstituted in vitro using artificial lipid bilayers, with varying lipid composition and different confinement geometry as mimics for the cell membrane. The first pattern to be reconstituted were spiraling waves of MinD chased by MinE, followed by the reconstitution of w... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Silver-thiosulfate complexes are produced by common photographic fixers. By dissolving silver halides the fixer stabilises the image. The dissolution process entails reactions involving the formation of 1:2 and 1:3 complexes (X = halide): Fixation involves these chemical reactions (X = halide, typically ):
Sodium aurot... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Alain-Edgard Berton (1912–1979) was a French chemical engineer who specialized in toxicology and in the analysis of air components in industrial environments. In the late 1950s he invented the "Osmopile", a measuring device, dubbed "the first artificial nose," which initiated, through the use of highly sensitive galvan... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The highest flux of solar neutrinos come directly from the proton–proton interaction, and have a low energy, up to 400 keV. There are also several other significant production mechanisms, with energies up to 18 MeV. From the Earth, the amount of neutrino flux at Earth is around 7·10 particles·cm·s . The number of neutr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* First position – primary direction – z direction, assigned to the higher-order axis.
* Second position – symmetrically equivalent secondary directions, which are perpendicular to the z-axis. These can be 2, m, or
* Third position – symmetrically equivalent tertiary directions, passing between secondary directions.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Since the Trinity test and excluding combat use, countries with nuclear weapons have detonated roughly 1,700 nuclear explosions, all but six as tests. Of these, six were peaceful nuclear explosions. Nuclear tests are experiments carried out to determine the effectiveness, yield and explosive capability of nuclear weapo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Glass containing two or more phases with different refractive indices shows coloring based on the Tyndall effect and explained by the Mie theory, if the dimensions of the phases are similar or larger than the wavelength of visible light. The scattered light is blue and violet as seen in the image, while the transmitted... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Protocol databases correlate results from bioassays to their metadata about experimental conditions and protocol designs. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Very analogous to ketones and aldehydes, primary imines are susceptible to attack by carbanion equivalents. The method allow for the synthesis of secondary amines:
:RC=NR + R"Li → RR"CN(Li)R
:RR"CN(Li)R + HO → RR"CNHR + LiOH | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff, “IV. Ueber das Verhältniß zwischen dem Emissionsvermögen und dem Absorptionsvermögen der Körper für Wärme und Licht,” Annalen der Physik 185(2), 275-301 (1860). (coinage of term “blackbody”) [On the relationship between the emissivity and the absorptivity of bodies for heat and light] | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bacterial populations interact in a similar manner to cells in tissue. They communicate through physical interactions and signaling molecules such as homoserine lactones and peptides as a means to control metabolism and regulate growth . A common example and one of the most studied forms of bacterial cell interactions... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Sommerfeld Number is typically defined by the following equation:
where:
: S is the Sommerfeld Number or bearing characteristic number
: r is the shaft radius
: c is the radial clearance
: µ is the absolute viscosity of the lubricant
: N is the speed of the rotating shaft in rev/s
: P is the load per unit of projec... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mice can distinguish close relatives from more distantly related individuals on the basis of scent signals, which enables them to avoid mating with close relatives and minimizes deleterious inbreeding.
In addition to mice, two species of bumblebee, in particular Bombus bifarius and Bombus frigidus, have been observed t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some substances that appear to be solid, can be shown to instead be extremely viscous liquids, because they form drops and display droplet behavior. In the famous pitch drop experiments, pitch – a substance somewhat like solid bitumen – is shown to be a liquid in this way. Pitch in a funnel slowly forms droplets, each ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Carbon catabolite repression, or simply catabolite repression, is an important part of global control system of various bacteria and other microorganisms. Catabolite repression allows microorganisms to adapt quickly to a preferred (rapidly metabolizable) carbon and energy source first. This is usually achieved through... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
On 24 April 1939, Paul Harteck and his assistant, Wilhelm Groth, had written to Reich Ministry of War, alerting it to the possibility of the development of an atomic bomb. In response, the Army Weapons Branch (HWA) had established a physics section under nuclear physicist Kurt Diebner. After World War II broke out on 1... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In situ, controlled perturbation experiments, often conducted over weeks to months, can provide inference concerning the response of natural communities to ocean acidification that is difficult or impossible to derive from laboratory experiments. Studies conducted in situ can include the effects of potentially importan... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The fossil record for lichens is poor. The extreme habitats that lichens dominate, such as tundra, mountains, and deserts, are not ordinarily conducive to producing fossils. There are fossilized lichens embedded in amber. The fossilized Anzia is found in pieces of amber in northern Europe and dates back approximately 4... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
EVB has been successfully applied to calculating reaction free energies of enzymes. More recently it has been looked at as a tool to study enzyme evolution and to assist in enzyme design. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Research has indicated that MFGM, or components thereof, may potentially play roles in brain development and cognitive function, immunity and gut health, and cardiovascular health.
MFGM has a set of proteins and lipids unique to breast milk: lactoferrin, Immunoglobulin G, sialic acid, cholesterol, phospholipids, sphing... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Any of the thermodynamic potentials may be held constant during a process. For example:
* An isenthalpic process introduces no change in enthalpy in the system. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Block copolymers are a well-studied and versatile class of self-assembling materials characterized by
chemically distinct polymer blocks that are covalently bonded. This molecular architecture of the
covalent bond enhancement is what causes block copolymers to spontaneously form nanoscale
patterns. In block copolymers,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ambergris is relatively nonreactive to acid. White crystals of a terpenoid known as ambrein, discovered by Leopold Ružička and Fernand Lardon in 1946, can be separated from ambergris by heating raw ambergris in alcohol, then allowing the resulting solution to cool. Breakdown of the relatively scentless ambrein through ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Myristamine oxide is an amine oxide based zwitterionic surfactant with a C (tetradecyl) alkyl tail. It is used as a foam stabilizer and hair conditioning agent in some shampoos and conditioners. Like other amine oxide based surfactants it is antimicrobial, being slightly more effective than lauryldimethylamine oxide ag... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lasers are used to couple each ion's internal and external motional degrees of freedom. The Coulomb interaction between the two ions couples their motion. This allows the internal state of one ion to be transferred to the other. An auxiliary "logic ion" provides cooling, state preparation, and state detection for the c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are two main non-correlation alternatives to FCS that are widely used to study the dynamics of fluorescent species. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
C (peak levels) occurs approximately 2 to 3 hours after modafinil administration. Food slows absorption of modafanil, but does not affect the total AUC. In vitro measurements indicate that 60% of modafinil is bound to plasma proteins at clinical concentrations of the drug. This percentage changes very little when the c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gag/pol translational readthrough site (or Retroviral readthrough element) is a cis-regulatory element found in retroviruses. The readthrough site facilitates the mechanism of translation readthrough of the stop codon at the gag-pol junction producing the gag and pol fusion protein in certain retroviruses.
Retroviruses... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first method to detect A-to-I RNA modifications, developed in 1997, was inosine-specific cleavage. RNA samples are treated with glyoxal and borate to specifically modify all G bases, and subsequently enzymatically digested to by RNase T1, which cleaves after I sites. The amplification of these fragments then allows... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A bioassay is an analytical method to determine the potency or effect of a substance by its effect on living animals or plants (in vivo), or on living cells or tissues (in vitro). A bioassay can be either quantal or quantitative, direct or indirect. If the measured response is binary, the assay is quantal; if not, it i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tissue clearing refers to a group of chemical techniques used to turn tissues transparent. This allows deep insight into these tissues, while preserving spatial resolution. Many tissue clearing methods exist, each with different strengths and weaknesses. Some are generally applicable, while others are designed for spec... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Camphorsultam, or Oppolzer's sultam, is a classic chiral auxiliary.
In the total synthesis of manzacidin B, Ohfune group utilized camphorsultam to construct the core oxazoline ring asymmetrically. Comparing with oxazolidinone as the chiral auxiliary, camphorsultam had a significant (2S,3R)-selectivity.
Camphorsultam al... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Along with anti-siphon valves, anti-siphoning devices also exist. The two are unrelated in application. Siphoning can be used to remove fuel from tanks. With the cost of fuel increasing, it has been linked in several countries to the rise in fuel theft. Trucks, with their large fuel tanks, are most vulnerable. The anti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sour crude oil has high natural sulphur content (at least 0.5%). Extra treatment is required in the refining process; impurities are removed to refine the crude into gasoline. Due to the greater cost associated, it is more commonly refined into fuel oil and diesel - less valuable outputs than products of sweet crude oi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The force of viscosity on a small sphere moving through a viscous fluid is given by:
where (in SI units):
* is the frictional force – known as Stokes' drag – acting on the interface between the fluid and the particle (newtons, kg m s);
* (some authors use the symbol ) is the dynamic viscosity (Pascal-seconds, kg m s)... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The use of an ideal high quality biomaterial with the inherent properties of biocompatibility is the most crucial factor that governs the long term efficiency of this technology. An ideal biomaterial for cell encapsulation should be one that is totally biocompatible, does not trigger an immune response in the host and ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sieve tray towers use a similar process to packed towers, but instead of packed materials being evenly distributed, the materials are separated into several trays with holes that allow water to drip through them. An electric air compressor is typically positioned at the bottom of the system where the air from the fans ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Despite having been integrated into genomes of vertebrates for millions of years, ERVs represent an intermediate stage between exogenous viruses and the host genome; it is suggested that immunological tolerance to HERV-derived proteins and peptides is imperfect due to the epigenetic silencing of HERV in the thymus and ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Biofiltration was first introduced in England in 1893 as a trickling filter for wastewater treatment and has since been successfully used for the treatment of different types of water. Biological treatment has been used in Europe to filter surface water for drinking purposes since the early 1900s and is now receiving m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Leachate treatment plants are used to treat leachate from landfills. Treatment options include: biological treatment, mechanical treatment by ultrafiltration, treatment with active carbon filters, electrochemical treatment including electrocoagulation by various proprietary technologies and reverse osmosis membrane fil... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Thermal desorption: the adsorbent material is flash-heated so that all adsorbed VOCs are carried away from the adsorbent and injected into the separation system. This is how work injectors in gas chromatography machines, which literally volatilize introduced samples. For VOCs adsorbed on bigger amount of adsorbent ma... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Following his retirement, he pursued his interest in the history of chemistry. He wrote a history of the chemistry department at Victoria University, first published in 2012, with later editions in 2014 and 2018, and a collection of short biographies of notable chemists from Lancashire, published in 2015 as A legacy of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A biofilter is a bed of media on which microorganisms attach and grow to form a biological layer called biofilm. Biofiltration is thus usually referred to as a fixed–film process. Generally, the biofilm is formed by a community of different microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, yeast, etc.), macro-organisms (protozoa, worms... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The key terms involved in redox can be confusing. For example, a reagent that is oxidized loses electrons; however, that reagent is referred to as the reducing agent. Likewise, a reagent that is reduced gains electrons and is referred to as the oxidizing agent. These mnemonics are commonly used by students to help memo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* (Paris: Chez Durand, Didot, Esprit, 1774). ([https://archive.org/details/opusculesphysiq00goog Second edition, 1801])
* Lart de fabriquer le salin et la potasse, publié par ordre du Roi, par les régisseurs-généraux des Poudres & Salpêtres' (Paris, 1779).
* Instruction sur les moyens de suppléer à la disette des four... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The flow velocity of a fluid effectively describes everything about the motion of a fluid. Many physical properties of a fluid can be expressed mathematically in terms of the flow velocity. Some common examples follow: | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are several options of introducing an acetoxy functionality in a molecule from an alcohol (in effect protecting the alcohol by acetylation):
* Acetyl halide, such as acetyl chloride in the presence of a base like triethylamine
* Activated ester form of acetic acid, such as a N-hydroxysuccinimide ester, although t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Marc Julia (23 October 1922 – 29 June 2010) was a French chemist and the winner of the 1990 CNRS Gold Medal in chemistry. He discovered the Julia olefination reaction in 1973. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Recombinant DNA is widely used in biotechnology, medicine and research. Today, recombinant proteins and other products that result from the use of DNA technology are found in essentially every western pharmacy, physician or veterinarian office, medical testing laboratory, and biological research laboratory. In addition... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The program may run with fixed input data for the number of years determined by the user. This option can be used to predict future developments based on long-term average input values, e.g. rainfall, as it will be difficult to assess the future values of the input data year by year.
The program also offers the possibi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Wein filter. In Wien filter mass separation is done with crossed homogeneous electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to ionized cluster beam. The net force on a charged cluster with mass M, charge Q, and velocity v vanishes if E = Bv/c. The cluster ions are accelerated by a voltage V to an energy QV. Passing through... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Walter was one of the youngest students of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, where he studied history and chemistry in 1825–28. Subsequently, he studied at Berlin University, receiving a Ph.D. with his dissertation On Combination of Oxalic Acid and Alkali. Simultaneously he served as assistant to Professor Eilhard... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Capacitance sensors (or Dielectric sensors) use capacitance to measure the dielectric permittivity of a surrounding medium.
The configuration is like the neutron probe where an access tube made of PVC is installed in the soil; probes can also be modular (comb-like) and connected to a logger. The sensing head consists ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* In the "Liquid Solar Fuel Production demonstration Project" in 2020 the large-scale production of renewable methanol with sun power with a 10 MW electrolyzer was demonstrated.
* More than 20 000 taxis are operated in China with methanol (as of 2020)
* End of 2021 in Henan province the world's largest plant for produc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In physical chemistry, Henrys law is a gas law that states that the amount of dissolved gas in a liquid is directly proportional to its partial pressure above the liquid. The proportionality factor is called Henrys law constant. It was formulated by the English chemist William Henry, who studied the topic in the early ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Alkyl groups have a low to zero value for F but sensible values for R. This is most commonly explained by hyperconjugation, meaning little to no inductive effects but partial resonance effects.
CF has a much higher R/F ratio than other substituents with high degrees of conjugation. This was studied in greater detail ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In surface science, surface energy (also interfacial free energy or surface free energy) quantifies the disruption of intermolecular bonds that occurs when a surface is created. In solid-state physics, surfaces must be intrinsically less energetically favorable than the bulk of the material (that is, the atoms on the s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Maintenance of pipelines includes checking cathodic protection levels for the proper range, surveillance for construction, erosion, or leaks by foot, land vehicle, boat, or air, and running cleaning pigs, when there is anything carried in the pipeline that is corrosive.
US pipeline maintenance rules are covered in Code... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The IChemE is licensed by the Engineering Council UK to assess candidates for inclusion on ECUK's Register of professional Engineers, giving the status of Chartered Engineer, Incorporated Engineer and Engineering Technician. It is licensed by the Science Council to grant the status of Chartered Scientist and Registered... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
William M. Williams (25 February 1927 – 28 January 2011) was a Welsh-born metallurgical engineer and Birks professor of metallurgy at McGill University. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sealed sources are categorised by the IAEA according to their activity in relation to a minimum dangerous source (where a dangerous source is one that could cause significant injury to humans). The ratio used is A/D, where A is the activity of the source and D is the minimum dangerous activity.
Note that sources with s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Most electrofusion welding power supplies are constant voltage machines. Constant current machines would provide more consistent energy input due to the smaller fluctuations in current applied to the coils during welding. However, this additional consistency is generally not worth the higher cost of these machines. Whe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Biodegradable biomaterials refers to materials that are degradable through natural enzymatic reactions. The application of biodegradable synthetic polymers began in the later 1960s. Biodegradable materials have an advantage over other materials, as they have lower risk of harmful effects long term. In addition to ethic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
ATP is the phosphorylated version of adenosine diphosphate (ADP), which stores energy in a cell and powers most cellular activities. ATP is the energized form, while ADP is the (partially) depleted form. NADP is an electron carrier which ferries high energy electrons. In the light reactions, it gets reduced, meaning it... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thyroids secretory capacity (G, also referred to as thyroids incretory capacity, maximum thyroid hormone output, T4 output or, if calculated from serum levels of thyrotropin and thyroxine, as SPINA-GT) is the maximum stimulated amount of thyroxine that the thyroid can produce in a given time-unit (e.g. one second). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A SPARROW model is a SPAtially-Referenced Regression on Watershed attributes, which helps integrate water quality data with landscape information. More specifically the USGS used this model to display long-term changes within watersheds to further explain in-stream water measurement in relation to upstream sources, wat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Reduction of with aluminium results in one-electron reduction. The trichloride (Titanium(III) chloride|) and tetrachloride have contrasting properties: the trichloride is a colored solid, being a coordination polymer, and is paramagnetic. When the reduction is conducted in THF solution, the Ti(III) product converts to... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Apart from the end replication problem, in vitro studies have shown that telomeres accumulate damage due to oxidative stress and that oxidative stress-mediated DNA damage has a major influence on telomere shortening in vivo. There is a multitude of ways in which oxidative stress, mediated by reactive oxygen species (RO... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Oswald Helmuth Göhring, also known as Otto Göhring, (1889) was a German chemist who, with his teacher Kasimir Fajans, co-discovered the chemical element protactinium in 1913. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The purpose of single cell metabolomics is to gain a better understanding at the molecular level of major biological topics such as: cancer, stem cells, aging, as well as the development of drug resistance. In general the focus of metabolomics is mostly on understanding how cells deal with environmental stresses at the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In ancient alchemy, a protoscience that contributed to the development of modern chemistry and medicine, alchemists developed a structure of basic laboratory techniques, theory, terminology, and experimental methods. Sublimation was used to refer to the process in which a substance is heated to a vapor, then immediatel... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gas porosity is the formation of bubbles within the casting after it has cooled. This occurs because most liquid materials can hold a large amount of dissolved gas, but the solid form of the same material cannot, so the gas forms bubbles within the material as it cools. Gas porosity may present itself on the surface of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Aminosulfuranes are highly selective for the replacement of hydroxyl groups with fluoride, but in the absence of alcohol functionality, they have the ability to transform a wide array of substrates into the corresponding fluorides or acyl fluorides. For example, ketones are converted to geminal difluorides. However, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The hinges form the technological heart of the sea defence system. They constrain the gates to the housing structures, allow them to move and connect the gates to the operating plant.
The steel gates consist of a male element ( high and weighing ) connected to the gate, a female element ( high and weighing ) fastened t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Resulting from either naturally occurring isotopes or artificial isotopic labeling, isotopologues can be used in various mass spectrometry applications. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Yttrium oxalate is an inorganic compound, a salt of yttrium and oxalic acid with the chemical formula Y(CO). The compound does not dissolve in water and forms crystalline hydrates—colorless crystals. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A fermentation crock, also known as a gärtopf crock or Harsch crock, is a crock for fermentation. It has a gutter in the rim which is then filled with water so that when the top is put on an airlock is created, which prevents the food within from spoiling due to the development of surface molds. Ceramic weights may a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Compared with vertebrates, insects and crustaceans possess a number of structurally unusual hormones such as the juvenile hormone, a sesquiterpenoid. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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