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The most stable lactones are the 5-membered γ-lactones and 6-membered δ-lactones because, as in most organic cycles, 5 and 6 membered rings minimize the strain of bond angles. β-lactones appear in a number of natural products, but are only stable in artificial conditions (i.e. a test tube). αLactones can be detected a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
While the practice of immunisation can be traced back to the 12th century, in which ancient Chinese at that time employed the technique of variolation to confer immunity to smallpox infection, the modern era of vaccination has a short history of around 200 years. It began with the invention of a vaccine by Edward Jenne... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*[http://www.wiley.com/legacy/college/boyer/0470003790/animations/electron_transport/electron_transport.htm Animated diagrams illustrating oxidative phosphorylation] Wiley and Co Concepts in Biochemistry
*[http://www.life.uiuc.edu/crofts/bioph354/ On-line biophysics lectures] Antony Crofts, University of Illinois at Ur... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Increasing the substrate concentration increases the rate of reaction (enzyme activity). However, enzyme saturation limits reaction rates. An enzyme is saturated when the active sites of all the molecules are occupied most of the time. At the saturation point, the reaction will not speed up, no matter how much addition... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The early form of the rule derived from Harkins 1917 study of meteorites. He reasoned as others at the time, that meteorites are more representative of the cosmological abundance of the elements. Harkins observed that even atomic number (Z) elements were about 70 times more abundant than those with odd Z. The first sev... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
EpoRs role in lineage commitment is currently unclear. EpoR expression can extend as far back as the hematopoietic stem cell compartment. It is unknown whether EpoR signaling plays a permissive (i.e. induces only survival) or an instructive (i.e. upregulates erythroid markers to lock progenitors to a predetermined diff... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bluetongue virus (BTV), a member of Orbivirus genus within the Reoviridae family causes serious disease in livestock (sheep, goat, cattle). It is non-enveloped, double-stranded RNA virus. The genome is segmented. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves (Russian: Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Физика горения и взрыва) is the English-language translated version of the Russian peer-reviewed scientific journal, Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva. It covers the combustion of gases and materials, detonation processes, dispersal and transformation of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In nuclear medicine imaging, radiopharmaceuticals are taken internally, for example, through inhalation, intravenously, or orally. Then, external detectors (gamma cameras) capture and form images from the radiation emitted by the radiopharmaceuticals. This process is unlike a diagnostic X-ray, where external radiation ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lipofuscin accumulation in the eye, is a major risk factor implicated in macular degeneration, a degenerative disease, and Stargardt disease, an inherited juvenile form of macular degeneration.
In the peripheral nervous system, abnormal accumulation of lipofuscin known as lipofuscinosis is associated with a family of n... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Rutherford is known as "the father of nuclear physics" because his research, and work done under him as laboratory director, established the nuclear structure of the atom and the essential nature of radioactive decay as a nuclear process. Patrick Blackett, a research fellow working under Rutherford, using natural alpha... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Alkaline cleaners are classified as compounds with pH 7-14. Proteins are most effectively removed from surfaces by cleaners with a pH of 11 or higher. An example of a strong alkaline cleaning agent is sodium hydroxide, also called caustic soda. Although sodium hydroxide (NaOH) can cause corrosion on food contact sur... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tiny traces of ozone in the air will attack double bonds in rubber chains, with natural rubber, polybutadiene, styrene-butadiene rubber and nitrile rubber being most sensitive to degradation. Every repeat unit in the first three materials has a double bond, so every unit can be degraded by ozone. Nitrile rubber is a co... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many electrophiles are chiral and optically stable. Typically chiral electrophiles are also optically pure.
One such reagent is the fructose-derived organocatalyst used in the Shi epoxidation. The catalyst can accomplish highly enantioselective epoxidations of trans-disubstituted and trisubstituted alkenes. The Shi ca... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The type III granules are characterized by the fact that they contain several tubules with thick walls. The ferritin present in the granules is associated with filament-like features contained in them. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Liquid chromatography: Traditional chromatography columns were made of glass. Modern columns are mostly made of borosilicate glass, acrylic glass or stainless steel. To prevent the stationary phase from leaking out of the column interior a polymer, stainless steel or ceramic net is usually applied. Depending on the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sensible heat is heat exchanged by a body or thermodynamic system in which the exchange of heat changes the temperature of the body or system, and some macroscopic variables of the body or system, but leaves unchanged certain other macroscopic variables of the body or system, such as volume or pressure. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Besides the smelters named so far, the BBOC has been licensed to the operators of the Trail smelter in British Columbia, the Belledune smelter in New Brunswick, the Noyelles Godault smelter in France, the Korea Zinc zinc smelter in Onsan, South Korea, and the lead smelter at Chanderiya in India. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In antiquity, pewter was tin alloyed with lead and sometimes also copper. Older pewters with higher lead content are heavier, tarnish faster, and their oxidation has a darker, silver-gray color. Pewters containing lead are no longer used in items that will come in contact with the human body (such as cups, plates, or j... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Creatine-alpha-ketoglutarate is a salt formed from alpha-ketoglutaric acid (AKG) and creatine.
Creatine is a mass-produced fitness supplement that is supposed to increase the user's muscle mass, strength and power. Creatine requires a delivery system for cell uptake. An example is arginine alpha-ketoglutarate. Arginine... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Quinone methide itself arises by the degradation of tyrosine, leading ultimately to p-cresol. Various quinone methides are directly involved in the process of lignification (creation of complex lignin polymers) in plants.
Quinone methides have been implicated as the ultimate cytotoxins responsible for the effects of su... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Quantum dots (QDs) are nano-scale semiconductor particles on the order of 2–10 nm in diameter. They possess electrical properties between those of bulk semi-conductors and individual molecules, as well as optical characteristics that make them suitable for applications where fluorescence is desirable, such as medical i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Phenolic acids can be found in mushroom basidiomycetes species. For example, protocatechuic acid and pyrocatechol are found in Agaricus bisporus as well as other phenylated substances like phenylacetic and phenylpyruvic acids. Other compounds like atromentin and thelephoric acid can also be isolated from fungi in the A... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In grain-boundary strengthening, the grain boundaries act as pinning points impeding further dislocation propagation. Since the lattice structure of adjacent grains differs in orientation, it requires more energy for a dislocation to change directions and move into the adjacent grain. The grain boundary is also much mo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Because alkynes have two π bonds, alkynes can form stable complexes in which they bridge two metal centers. The alkyne donates a total of four electrons, with two electrons donated to each of the metals. And example of a complex with this bonding scheme is η-diphenylacetylene-(hexacarbonyl)dicobalt(0). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One improvement over the standard design of ceramic vacuum filter is to use serialized pore size distributions of non-fibrous porous ceramic filters. The porosity of this type of ceramic can be varied from 20% to 60% by volume, which allows a low-pressure drop of liquid and gas flow. Custom sizes from 1 mm diameter/0.5... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An example of photochlorination at low temperatures and under ambient pressure is the chlorination of chloromethane to dichloromethane. The liquefied chloromethane (boiling point -24 °C) is mixed with chlorine in the dark and then irradiated with a mercury-vapor lamp. The resulting dichloromethane has a boiling point o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ocean acidification can also have effects on marine fish larvae. It internally affects their olfactory systems, which is a crucial part of their early development. Orange clownfish larvae mostly live on oceanic reefs that are surrounded by vegetative islands. Larvae are known to use their sense of smell to detect the d... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Enamines act as nucleophiles that require less acid/base activation for reactivity than their enolate counterparts. They have also been shown to offer a greater selectivity with less side reactions. There is a gradient of reactivity among different enamine types, with a greater reactivity offered by ketone enamines tha... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
He studied chemistry at the Technical University of Munich from 1976 to 1982, receiving his diploma in 1982 with the thesis "Synthesis of anionic carbyne complexes", in the group of Professor Dr. E.O. Fischer.
In 1984 he completed his dissertation "New pathways of synthesis of anionic ketene- and carbyne complexes of 1... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Organic contamination comes from multiple sources throughout the semiconductor manufacturing process. Organic residues left on the device can have negative effect on the wafer quality and impact wafer yield. The organics can also be a source of food for bacteria in the ultrapure water system. Due to the quality requir... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cloxacillin is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections. This includes impetigo, cellulitis, pneumonia, septic arthritis, and otitis externa. It is not effective for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). It can be used by mouth and by injection.
Side effects include nause... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In an Arabidopsis thaliana study, hundreds of different proteins demonstrated the possibility to bind to CaM in plants. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The MGAM gene –– which is located on chromosome 7q34 –– codes for the protein Maltase-Glucoamylase. An alternative name for Maltase-Glucoamylase is glucan 1,4-alpha-glycosidase. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Boroxine () is a 6-membered heterocyclic compound composed of alternating oxygen and singly-hydrogenated boron atoms. Boroxine derivatives (boronic anhydrides) such as trimethylboroxine and triphenylboroxine also make up a broader class of compounds called boroxines. These compounds are solids that are usually in equil... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The idea of microscopic reversibility was born together with physical kinetics. In 1872, Ludwig Boltzmann represented kinetics of gases as statistical ensemble of elementary collisions. Equations of mechanics are reversible in time, hence, the reverse collisions obey the same laws. This reversibility of collisions is t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Most sieve analyses are carried out dry. But there are some applications which can only be carried out by wet sieving. This is the case when the sample which has to be analysed is e.g. a suspension which must not be dried; or when the sample is a very fine powder which tends to agglomerate (mostly < 45 µm) – in a dry s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor also known as class E basic helix-loop-helix protein 32 or bHLHe32 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MITF gene.
MITF is a basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper transcription factor involved in lineage-specific pathway regulation of many types of cells including... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lampe-Önnerud is married to Per Önnerud, who she met in high school. She has two children, Anna-Maria and Mattias. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For cases where a very strong mechanical bond is required (such as for components that are going to be used to machine with) the components surface is often machined to create grooves for the coating to bond to. Dovetail grooves offer strong positive bonding but can be laboursome and costly. A cheaper method is to cut ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
TLRs are present in vertebrates as well as invertebrates. Molecular building blocks of the TLRs are represented in bacteria and in plants, and plant pattern recognition receptors are well known to be required for host defence against infection. The TLRs thus appear to be one of the most ancient, conserved components ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The reds, purples, and their blended combinations responsible for autumn foliage are derived from anthocyanins. Unlike carotenoids, anthocyanins are not present in the leaf throughout the growing season, but are produced actively, toward the end of summer. They develop in late summer in the sap of leaf cells, resulting... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Noboru Tokita (February 20, 1923 - October 31, 2014) was a Uniroyal and later Cabot scientist known for his work on the processing of elastomers. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Chemical Society was founded in 1841, but several attempts to allow the admission of women as fellows were unsuccessful. Attempts at change included a legal challenge based on the ambiguous language of the Society’s Charter in 1880, which was defeated because the issue of admitting women as fellows "was not expedie... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Normal energy requirement, and therefore normal energy intake, depends mainly on age, sex and physical activity level (PAL). The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations has compiled a detailed report on human energy requirements. An older but commonly used and fairly accurate method is the Harris-... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Virilization in females can manifest as clitoral enlargement, increased muscle strength, acne, hirsutism, frontal hair thinning, deepening of the voice, menstrual disruption due to anovulation, and a strengthened libido. Some of the possible causes of virilization in females are:
* Androgen-producing tumors of the
** o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Continuing her interest in the f-elements, Soderholm shifted her focus from solid-state materials to nanoparticles and solutions, taking advantage of advances in X-ray structural probes made available by synchrotron facilities. Building on her earlier work using neutron scattering, her team became the first to discove... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Directorate of Precious Metals & Gemstone Testing is one of fourteen directorates forming the Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Tourism. The directorate itself is composed of two sections that deal with assaying and gemmology and the three main functions of the directorate as a whole are:
1. Serving the trade and ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A powerful mixer is required for Dimetcote. To meet the high pressure requirement, the mixer should be powered by an explosion-proof electric motor or air motor. Workers can attain optimal spray characteristics by adjusting the tip size or pressure of the spray. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The photochlorination of hydrocarbon is unselective, although the reactivity of the C-H bonds is tertiary>secondary>primary. At 30 °C the relative reaction rates of primary, secondary and tertiary hydrogen atoms are in a relative ratio of approximately 1 to 3.25 to 4.43. The C-C bonds remain unaffected.
Upon radiation ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Concomitant or recent (previous fourteen days) monoamine oxidase inhibitor use can lead to hypertensive reactions, including hypertensive crises.
The antihypertensive effects of methyldopa, mecamylamine, reserpine, and veratrum alkaloids may be reduced by sympathomimetics. Beta-adrenergic antagonists may also interact ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Poly(pentafluorophenyl acrylate) finds application in the synthesis of functional polymers by post-polymerization modification. Applications of the resulting polyacrylamides can be found in drug delivery, functional surfaces, and nanoparticles. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The terms "endothermic" and "endotherm" are both derived from Greek "within" and "heat", but depending on context, they can have very different meanings.
In physics, thermodynamics applies to processes involving a system and its surroundings, and the term "endothermic" is used to describe a reaction where energy is... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The sulfate anions reacting with different phases of the hardened cement paste (HCP) to form more voluminous reaction products can cause 3 types of expansive reactions called sulfate attack inside HCP:
# The delayed ettringite formation (DEF) also known as internal sulfate attack (ISA);
# The external sulfate attack ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
With the viscosity of a sol adjusted into a proper range, both optical and refractory ceramic fibers can be drawn which are used for fiber optic sensors and thermal insulation, respectively. Thus, many ceramic materials, both glassy and crystalline, have found use in various forms from bulk solid-state components to hi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most common method utilized for bottom-up fabrication is self-assembled monolayers (SAM). This method usually use biological materials to form a molecular monolayer on the substrate. Nano-channels can also be fabricated from the growth of carbon nanotubes (CNT) and quantum wires. The bottom-up methods usually give ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Stanley Robert Hart (born 20 June 1935 in Swampscott, Massachusetts) is an American geologist, geochemist, leading international expert on mantle isotope geochemistry, and pioneer of chemical geodynamics. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some phosphorus oxoacids have two or more P atoms in different oxidation states. One example is
* Isohypophosphoric acid, (or H(OH)(O)P−O−P(O)(OH)), a tetraprotic acid and isomer of hypophosphoric acid, containing P in oxidation state +3 and +5 | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In addition to the conventional neutron generator design described above several other approaches exist to use electrical systems for producing neutrons. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Multiomics currently holds a promise to fill gaps in the understanding of human health and disease, and many researchers are working on ways to generate and analyze disease-related data. The applications range from understanding host-pathogen interactions and infectious diseases, cancer, to understanding better chronic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
James Murray (1923–1961) was an organic chemist at the University of Otago. He was the first twentieth-century lichenologist in New Zealand. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry, a nuclear reaction is a process in which two nuclei, or a nucleus and an external subatomic particle, collide to produce one or more new nuclides. Thus, a nuclear reaction must cause a transformation of at least one nuclide to another. If a nucleus interacts with another nucleu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4) is a transcription factor belonging to the STAT protein family, composed of STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, STAT4, STAT5A, STAT5B, STAT6. STAT proteins are key activators of gene transcription which bind to DNA in response to cytokine gradient. STAT proteins are a common ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Two mechanisms have been proposed for lithium–halogen exchange.
One proposed pathway involves a nucleophilic mechanism that generates a reversible "ate-complex" intermediate. Farnham and Calabrese crystallized an "ate-complex" lithium bis(pentafluorophenyl) iodinate complexed with TMEDA.
The "ate-complex" further react... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Stephen Hales, called the creator of pneumatic chemistry, created the pneumatic trough in 1727. This instrument was widely used by many chemists to explore the properties of different airs, such as what was called inflammable air (what is modernly called hydrogen). Lavoisier used this in addition to his gasometer to co... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The electro-absorption is a type of Stark effect in the neutral polymer, it is predominant at the electrode edge since there is a strong voltage drop. Electro-absorption can be observed from the second harmonic charge modulation spectroscopy spectra. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Flow of ocean water is also largely geostrophic. Just as multiple weather balloons that measure pressure as a function of height in the atmosphere are used to map the atmospheric pressure field and infer the geostrophic wind, measurements of density as a function of depth in the ocean are used to infer geostrophic curr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In engineering applications, stable stratification or convection may or may not be desirable. In either case it may be deliberately manipulated.
Stratification can strongly affect the mixing of fluids, which is important in many manufacturing processes.
* Underfloor heating deliberately creates unstable stratification... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many isothiocyanates from plants are produced by enzymatic conversion of metabolites called glucosinolates. A prominent natural isothiocyanate is allyl isothiocyanate, also known as mustard oils.
Cruciferous vegetables, such as bok choy, broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, kale, and others, are rich sources of glucosinola... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Barium chlorate is toxic to humans and can also harm the environment. It is very harmful to aquatic organisms if it is leached into bodies of water. Chemical spills of this compound, although not common, can harm entire ecosystems and should be prevented. It is necessary to dispose of this compound as hazardous waste. ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Siderophores usually form a stable, hexadentate, octahedral complex preferentially with Fe compared to other naturally occurring abundant metal ions, although if there are fewer than six donor atoms water can also coordinate. The most effective siderophores are those that have three bidentate ligands per molecule, form... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A Surface Force Apparatus uses piezoelectric positioning elements (in addition to conventional motors for coarse adjustments), and senses the distance between the surfaces using optical interferometry. Using these sensitive elements, the device can resolve distances to within 0.1 nanometer, and forces at the 10 N level... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fields metal, also known as Fields alloy, is a fusible alloy that becomes liquid at approximately . It is named after its inventor, Simon Quellen Field. It is a eutectic alloy of bismuth, indium, and tin, with the following mass fractions: 32.5% Bi, 51% In, 16.5% Sn.
When prepared, Fields metal can be melted in hot wa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Adsorption Method for Sampling of Dioxins and Furans (AMESA) is an automatic system for continuous monitoring of emissions of dioxins and furans from industrial processes which require official approval in compliance with environmental regulations. Applications include refuse incinerators and hazardous material inciner... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The scaling relationship between the Richardson number and the Strouhal number is represented by the equation:
where a and b are constants depending on the condition.
For round helium buoyant jets and plumes:
When ,
When ,
For planar buoyant jets and plumes:
For shape-independent scaling: | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Predominant reaction in Mond Gas Process: C + 2HO = CO+ 2H
The Mond gas was composed of roughly:
* 12% CO (Carbon monoxide)
* 28% H (Hydrogen)
* 2.2% CH (Methane)
* 16% CO (Carbon dioxide)
* 42% N (Nitrogen) | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Encyclopædia Britannica, The New Encyclopædia Britannica, v.8 Macropaedia Ge-Hu, Encyclopædia Britannica, 1974,
* Parker, Sybil P., Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., (2003) - "photosensitive glass," ,
* Maluf, Nadim et al., Introduction to Microelectromechanical Systems Engin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Triglycerides are synthesized by esterification of fatty acids to glycerol. Fatty acid esterification takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells by metabolic pathways in which acyl groups in fatty acyl-CoAs are transferred to the hydroxyl groups of glycerol-3-phosphate and diacylglycerol. Three fatty acid chains... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Non-pathogenic species of the gram-positive Corynebacterium are used for the commercial production of various amino acids. The C. glutamicum species is widely used for producing glutamate and lysine, components of human food, animal feed and pharmaceutical products.
Expression of functionally active human epidermal gro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Both fluence rates and irradiance of light are important signals for plants and are detected by phytochrome. Exploiting different modes of photoreversibility in this molecule allow plants to respond to different levels of light. There are three main types of fluence rate governed responses that are brought about by dif... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In surface chemistry, the Hertz–Knudsen equation, also known as Knudsen-Langmuir equation describes evaporation rates, named after Heinrich Hertz and Martin Knudsen. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis assays can be used to measure the enzyme activity of microbes in a sample. A bright yellow-green glow is produced and is strongest when enzymatic activity is greatest. This can be quantified using a spectrofluorometer or a spectrophotometer. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Another kind of inverse beta decay is the reaction
The Homestake experiment used the reaction
to detect solar neutrinos. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemistry, a phosphate is an anion, salt, functional group or ester derived from a phosphoric acid. It most commonly means orthophosphate, a derivative of orthophosphoric acid, phosphoric acid .
The phosphate or orthophosphate ion is derived from phosphoric acid by the removal of three protons . Removal of one p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the context of biochemistry and drug development, a hybridization assay is a type of Ligand Binding Assay (LBA) used to quantify nucleic acids in biological matrices. Hybridization assays can be in solution or on a solid support such as 96-well plates or labelled beads.
Hybridization assays involve labelled nucleic ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hot tin-dipping is the process of immersing a part into a bath of pure molten tin at a temperature greater than 450 °F or 232 °C.
Tinplate made via hot-dipped tin plating is made by cold rolling steel or iron, pickling to remove any scale, annealing to remove any strain hardening, and then coating it with a thin layer ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Curing a thermosetting resin transforms it into a plastic, or elastomer (rubber) by crosslinking or chain extension through the formation of covalent bonds between individual chains of the polymer. Crosslink density varies depending on the monomer or prepolymer mix, and the mechanism of crosslinking:
Acrylic resins, po... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Grimm's Hydride Displacement Law is an early hypothesis, formulated in 1925, to describe bioisosterism, the ability of certain chemical groups to function as or mimic other chemical groups.
:“Atoms anywhere up to four places in the periodic system before an inert gas change their properties by uniting with one to four ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Richard Wilhelm, while a missionary in China, obtained a reprinted copy in Beijing in the 1920s from members said to be an "esoteric group". According to Wilhelm, the Chinese publisher (Zhanran Huizhenzi) relied on an incomplete 17th-century version of a woodblock he had discovered in a bookstore, which he later comple... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
FISH has been extensively studied as a diagnostic technique for the identification of pathogens in the field of medical microbiology. Although it has been proven to be a useful and applicable technique, it is still not widely applied in diagnostic laboratories. The short time to diagnosis (less than 2 hours) has been a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mitochondria (or related structures) are found in all eukaryotes (except the Oxymonad Monocercomonoides). Although commonly depicted as bean-like structures they form a highly dynamic network in the majority of cells where they constantly undergo fission and fusion. The population of all the mitochondria of a given cel... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
He Jiankui was planning to reveal his experiments and the birth of Lulu and Nana at the Second International Summit on Human Genome Editing, which was to be organized at the University of Hong Kong during 27–29 November 2018. However, on 25 November 2018, Antonio Regalado, senior editor for biomedicine of MIT Technolog... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are different enzymes to remove the glycans from the proteins or remove some part of the sugar chain.
* α2-3,6,8,9-Neuraminidase (from Arthrobacter ureafaciens): cleaves all non-reducing terminal branched and unbranched sialic acids.
* β1,4-Galactosidase (from Streptococcus pneumoniae): releases only β1,4-linked,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
PEA is generally considered safe, and without adverse drug reactions (ADRs) or drug interactions. A 2016 study assessing safety claims in sixteen clinical trials, six case reports/pilot studies and a meta‐analysis of PEA as an analgesic, concluded that for treatment periods up to 49 days, clinical data argued against s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Vorlesungen über mathematische Physik. 4 vols., B. G. Teubner, Leipzig 1876–1894.
** Vol. 1: Mechanik. 1. Auflage, B. G. Teubner, Leipzig 1876 ([http://archive.org/stream/vorlesungenberm02kircgoog#page/n7/mode/1up online]).
** Vol. 2: Mathematische Optik. B. G. Teubner, Leipzig 1891 (Herausgegeben von Kurt Hensel, [h... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Although periodic droplet deformation is widely studied for its practical industrial applications, its implementation poses significant safety issues and physical limitations due to the use of electric field. In order to induce periodic droplet deformation using an electric field, an extremely large amplitude electric ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (or DDQ) is the chemical reagent with formula CCl(CN)O. This oxidant is useful for the dehydrogenation of alcohols, phenols, and steroid ketones. DDQ decomposes in water, but is stable in aqueous mineral acid. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There is no antidote for palytoxin. Only the symptoms can be alleviated.
Animal studies have shown that vasodilators, such as papaverine and isosorbide dinitrate, can be used as antidotes. The animal experiments only showed benefit if the antidotes were injected into the heart immediately following exposure. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
RNA polymerase II is inhibited by α-Amanitin and other amatoxins. α-Amanitin is a highly poisonous substance found in many mushrooms. The mushroom poison has different effects on each of the RNA Polymerases: I, II, III. RNAP I is completely unresponsive to the substance and will function normally while RNAP III has a m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Polyethylene may be considered either as -[CH-CH-]- with a repeat unit of -[CH-CH]-, or as [-CH-]-, with a repeat unit of -[CH]-. Chemists tend to consider the repeat unit as -[CH-CH]- since this polymer is made from the monomer ethylene (CH=CH).
More complex repeat units can occur in vinyl polymers -[CH-CHR]-, if one ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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