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An older unit for the dose equivalent is the rem, still often used in the United States. One sievert is equal to 100 rem: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In this type of thermocell the electrolyte is some kind of salt with a relatively low melting point. Their use solves two problems. On one hand the temperature range of the cell is much larger. This is an advantage as these cells produce more power the larger the difference between the hot and cold sides. On the other ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The second law of thermodynamics is a statement on the irreversibility of dynamics or, the breakup of time reversal symmetry (T-symmetry). This should be consistent with the empirical direct definition: heat will flow spontaneously from a hot source to a cold sink.
From a static viewpoint, for a closed quantum system, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Developing technologies include:
* Ion-trap mass spectrometry
* Laser-induced immunofluorometric biosensors
* Magnetic levitation
* Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Glutaminolysis partially recruits reaction steps from the citric acid cycle and the malate-aspartate shuttle. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The coenzyme Q : cytochrome c – oxidoreductase, sometimes called the cytochrome bc complex, and at other times complex III, is the third complex in the electron transport chain (), playing a critical role in biochemical generation of ATP (oxidative phosphorylation). Complex III is a multisubunit transmembrane protein e... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A special numbering system is to be used for fluorinated alkanes, prefixed with Freon-, R-, CFC- and HCFC-, where the rightmost value indicates the number of fluorine atoms, the next value to the left is the number of hydrogen atoms plus 1, and the next value to the left is the number of carbon atoms less one (zeroes a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the gas networks simulation and analysis, matrices turned out to be the natural way of expressing the problem. Any network can be described by set of matrices based on the network topology. Consider the gas network by the graph below. The network consists of one source node (reference node) L1, four load nodes (2, 3... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 2010, Dunne was elected a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering (FREng). In 2016, he was awarded the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining (IoM3) Harvey Flower Titanium Prize. In 2017, Dunnes Engineering Alloys team shared the Imperial Presidents Award for Outstanding Research Team with Professor Chris Ph... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Kaede is a photoactivatable fluorescent protein naturally originated from a stony coral, Trachyphyllia geoffroyi. Its name means "maple" in Japanese. With the irradiation of ultraviolet light (350–400 nm), Kaede undergoes irreversible photoconversion from green fluorescence to red fluorescence.
Kaede is a homotetrameri... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* In the 2016 film Spectral, the US military battles mysterious enemy creatures fashioned out of Bose–Einstein condensates.
* In the 2003 novel Blind Lake, scientists observe sentient life on a planet 51 light-years away using telescopes powered by Bose–Einstein condensate-based quantum computers.
* The video game fran... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The alternative flatworm mitochondrial code (translation table 14) is a genetic code found in the mitochondria of Platyhelminthes and Nematodes. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fatty acids must be activated before they can be carried into the mitochondria, where fatty acid oxidation occurs. This process occurs in two steps catalyzed by the enzyme fatty acyl-CoA synthetase. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a single-stranded RNA molecule that is complementary to one of the DNA strands of a gene. An mRNA molecule transfers a portion of the DNA code to other parts of the cell for making proteins. DNA therapeutics needs access to the nucleus to be transcribed into RNA, and its functionality depends on... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The term pervaporation is a portmanteau of the two steps of the process: (a) permeation through the membrane by the permeate, then (b) its evaporation into the vapor phase. This process is used by a number of industries for several different processes, including purification and analysis, due to its simplicity and in-l... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the early 2000s, Zhao's group reported that visible light can accelerate the degradation of organic pollutants with aqueous
solutions of iron tetrasulfophthalocyanine ([Fe(PcS)]) and Hydrogen peroxide|. They also found out FeBR (Fe complex of 2,2′-bipyridine) is efficient in eliminating organic pollutants such as rh... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The North Australian Pastoral Company (NAPCO) is an Australian cattle company founded in 1877. It was originally established in the Barkly Tableland in the Northern Territory before expanding to Queensland as the company developed. It is one of Australia's oldest cattle companies and is today, a leading national beef p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A year after Oliver and Schafer, Władysław Szymonowicz (1869–1939) and Napoleon Cybulski of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków reported similar findings and conclusions. They found that blood from the adrenal veins caused hypertension when injected intravenously in a recipient dog, whereas blood from other veins did... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The divergence theorem gives an equivalent integral definition of a solenoidal field; namely that for any closed surface, the net total flux through the surface must be zero:
where is the outward normal to each surface element.
The fundamental theorem of vector calculus states that any vector field can be expressed as... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
CAM photosynthesis is also found in aquatic species in at least 4 genera, including: Isoetes, Crassula, Littorella, Sagittaria, and possibly Vallisneria, being found in a variety of species e.g. Isoetes howellii, Crassula aquatica.
These plants follow the same nocturnal acid accumulation and daytime deacidification as ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Δ-capnellene, also referred to simply as capnellene in the literature, is a monounsaturated hydrocarbon of the molecular formula CH. It features a tricyclic skeleton, a geminal dimethyl group, a tertiary methyl group, and an exocyclic methylene group.
Capnellene is also a sesquiterpene, a class of terpenes that are nat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In combustion, Burke–Schumann limit, or large Damköhler number limit, is the limit of infinitely fast chemistry (or in other words, infinite Damköhler number), named after S.P. Burke and T.E.W. Schumann, due to their pioneering work on Burke–Schumann flame. One important conclusion of infinitely fast chemistry is the n... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A rusticle is a formation of rust similar to an icicle or stalactite in appearance that occurs deep underwater when iron-loving bacteria attack and oxidize wrought iron and steel. They may be familiar from underwater photographs of shipwrecks, such as the RMS Titanic and the German battleship Bismarck. They have also b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Biomedical implants should have low density for patient comfort and high porosity and surface area to facilitate vascularization and the ingrowth of new bone. Ideally, the implant will allow sufficiently easy fluid flow for cell nutrition and osteoblast multiplication as well as migration for cellular colonization of t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Iron smelting—the extraction of usable metal from oxidized iron ores—is more difficult than tin and copper smelting. While these metals and their alloys can be cold-worked or melted in relatively simple furnaces (such as the kilns used for pottery) and cast into molds, smelted iron requires hot-working and can be melte... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The GAIN domain (G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) autoproteolysis-inducing domain) is a protein domain found in a number of cell surface receptors, including adhesion-GPCRs and polycystic kidney disease proteins PKD1 and PKD2. The domain is involved in the self-cleavage of these transmembrane receptors, and has been s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Restaurants, schools, office businesses, and healthcare facilities use architectural acoustics to reduce noise for their customers. In the United States, OSHA has requirements regulating the length of exposure of workers to certain levels of noise.
For educators and students, improving the sound quality of an environme... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Atmospheric-pressure plasmas have been used for a variety of industrial applications, including volatile organic compound (VOC) removal, exhaust gas emission treatment and polymer surface and food treatment. For decades, non-thermal plasmas have also been used to generate ozone for water purification. Atmospheric press... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When the hydrogen atoms in an alkyl radical are displaced with deuterium, disproportionation proceeds at a slightly slower rate whereas the rate of recombination remains the same. Thus disproportionation is weakly affected by the kinetic isotope effect with k/k = 1.20 ± 0.15 for ethylene. Hydrogens and deuterons are no... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pseudogenes are mostly former genes that have become non-functional due to mutation but the term also refers to inactive DNA sequences that are derived from RNAs produced by functional genes (processed pseudogenes). Pseudogenes are only a small fraction of noncoding DNA in prokaryotic genomes because they are eliminate... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 2009, the Zimmerman group discovered a compound to target the trinucleotide repeat expanded RNA and DNA that cause DM1. Through rational design, they utilized a triaminotriazine recognition unit to target TT or UU mismatches through a Janus Wedge type binding mode, creating a base triplet with the mismatch. The comb... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
R. R. Schmidt and co-workers have described the selective anomeric activation of O-protected hexopyranoses (glucose, galactose, mannose, glucosamine, galactosamine), hexofuranoses and pentopyranoses with trichloroacetonitrile in the presence of a base, as well as glycosylations under acid catalysis.
Under kinetic contr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Side chain polyrotaxanes are formed by host–guest interactions of polymer side chains with cyclic molecules that are interlocked by bulky stoppers.
There are mainly three types of side chain polyrotaxanes:
(1) Polyaxis/rotor: Comb-like polymers assembled with the cyclic molecules that are not interlocked on the side ch... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When oxygen binds to the iron complex, it causes the iron atom to move back toward the center of the plane of the porphyrin ring (see moving diagram). At the same time, the imidazole side-chain of the histidine residue interacting at the other pole of the iron is pulled toward the porphyrin ring. This interaction force... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dipen Sinha of the Los Alamos National Laboratory developed ARS in 1989. Most published work in acoustics has been in the ultrasonic region and their instrumentation has dealt with propagation through a medium and not a resonance effect. One of the first, if not the first publication related to acoustic resonance was i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many tools and concepts have been developed to exploit the advantages of intramolecular cyclizations. For example, installing large substituents exploits the Thorpe-Ingold effect. High dilution reactions suppress intermolecular processes. One set of tools involves tethering as discussed below. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
At least one 1992 article suggests it is a slightly misconceived misconception to ascribe regelation to ice skating. The problem with matching the (large) magnitude of the water-ice p-V gradient above the triple point boundary with the magnitudes of prevailing temperature and pressure in the case of the ice skating con... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Future applications of this information could include:
* Constructing a more accurate and nuanced definition of the phenomenon of "death".
* Helping forensic pathologists (or biologists or veterinarians) establish a more precise time of death (for example, in an eco-health investigation, when the practitioner needs inf... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sodium amide is mainly used as a strong base in organic chemistry, often in liquid ammonia solution. It is the reagent of choice for the drying of ammonia (liquid or gaseous). One of the main advantages to the use of sodium amide is its relatively low nucleophilicity. In the industrial production of indigo, sodium amid... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Perennial plants whose leaves are shed annually are said to have deciduous leaves, while leaves that remain through winter are evergreens.
Leaves attached to stems by stalks (known as petioles) are called petiolate, and if attached directly to the stem with no petiole they are called sessile.
* Ferns have fronds.
* Co... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Most of the codes apply to arbitrary-shaped inhomogeneous nonmagnetic particles and particle systems in free space or homogeneous dielectric host medium. The calculated quantities typically include the Mueller matrices, integral cross-sections (extinction, absorption, and scattering), internal fields and angle-resolved... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
John William Gofman (21 September 1918 – 15 August 2007) was an American scientist and advocate. He was Professor Emeritus of Molecular and Cell Biology at the University of California at Berkeley.
Gofman pioneered the field of clinical lipidology, and in 2007 was honored by the Journal of Clinical Lipidology with the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Several points of high symmetry are of special interest – these are called critical points.
Other lattices have different types of high-symmetry points. They can be found in the illustrations below. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
DDM was introduced in 2008 and it was applied for characterizing the dynamics of colloidal particles in Brownian motion. More recently it has been successfully applied also to the study of aggregation processes of colloidal nanoparticles, of bacterial motions, of the dynamics of anisotropic colloids and of motile cili... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The genes that encode both the dihydroxy acid dehydrase used in the creation of α-ketoisovalerate and Transaminase E, as well as other enzymes are encoded on the ilvEDA operon. This operon is bound and inactivated by valine, leucine, and isoleucine. (Isoleucine is not a direct derivative of pyruvate, but is produced by... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Halohydrins react with base to give epoxides. The reaction is spontaneous because the energetic cost of introducing the ring strain (13 kcal/mol) is offset by the larger bond enthalpy of the newly introduced C-O bond (when compared to that of the cleaved C-halogen bond).
Formation of epoxides from secondary halohydri... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For two-dimensional potential flow, streamlines are perpendicular to equipotential lines. Taken together with the velocity potential, the stream function may be used to derive a complex potential. In other words, the stream function accounts for the solenoidal part of a two-dimensional Helmholtz decomposition, while th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1990, Waters was awarded the New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal. In the 1995 Queen's Birthday Honours, he was appointed a Knight Bachelor, for services to tertiary education.
Waters was conferred with honorary Doctor of Science degrees by the University of East Asia in 1986, and Massey University in 1996. He was e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Fossil-fuel power stations may also use a steam turbine generator or in the case of natural gas-fired power plants may use a combustion turbine. A coal-fired power station produces heat by burning coal in a steam boiler. The steam drives a steam turbine and generator that then produces electricity. The waste products... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Solute flow is driven by a difference in hydraulic pressure created from the unloading of solutes in the sink tissues. That is, as solutes are off-loaded into sink cells (by active or passive transport), the density of the phloem liquid decreases locally, creating a pressure gradient. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1944, Margaret Jennings determined how penicillin acts, and showed that it has no lytic effects on mature organisms, including staphylococci; lysis occurs only if penicillin acts on bacteria during their initial stages of division and growth, when it interferes with the metabolic process that forms the cell wall. Th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Methyl red displays pH dependent photochromism, with protonation causing it to adopt a hydrazone/quinone structure.
Methyl Red has a special use in histopathology for showing acidic nature of tissue and presence of organisms with acidic natured cell walls.
Methyl Red is detectably fluorescent in 1:1 water:methanol (pH ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gregorio Baró (June 19, 1928 - May 28, 2012) was an Argentine scientist. He was born in Santiago Temple, Córdoba and died in Buenos Aires. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A wide range of metals may be found in rivers from natural sources where metal ores are present in the rocks over which the river flows or in the aquifers feeding water into the river. However many rivers have an increased load of metals because of industrial activities which include mining and quarrying and the proces... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Carbonyl allylation has been employed in the synthesis of polyketide natural products and other oxygenated molecules with a contiguous array of stereocenters. For example, allylstannanation of a threose-derived aldehyde affords the macrolide antascomicin B, which structurally resembles FK506 and rapamycin, and is a po... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Transketolase is widely expressed in a wide range of organisms including bacteria, plants, and mammals. The following human genes encode proteins with transketolase activity:
* TKT (transketolase)
* TKTL1 (transketolase-like protein 1)
* TKTL2 (transketolase-like protein 2) | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Racivir is a racemic mixture of the two β-enantiomers of emtricitabine (FTC), (-)-FTC and (+)-FTC. Racivir has excellent oral bioavailability and has the advantage of needing to be taken only once a day. Racivir can be considered to be used in combination of two NRTIs and has shown promising antiviral activity when use... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lavoisier's fundamental contributions to chemistry were a result of a conscious effort to fit all experiments into the framework of a single theory. He established the consistent use of the chemical balance, used oxygen to overthrow the phlogiston theory, and developed a new system of chemical nomenclature which held t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Non-classical bioisosteres may differ in a multitude of ways from classical bioisosteres, but retain the focus on providing similar sterics and electronic profile to the original functional group. Whereas classical bioisosteres commonly conserve much of the same structural properties, nonclassical bioisosteres are much... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The N-terminal amino groups of valine residues in the α- and β-chains of deoxyhemoglobin exist as carbamates. They help to stabilise the protein when it becomes deoxyhemoglobin, and increases the likelihood of the release of remaining oxygen molecules bound to the protein. This stabilizing effect should not be confused... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hess’ law of constant heat summation, also known simply as Hess' law, is a relationship in physical chemistry named after Germain Hess, a Swiss-born Russian chemist and physician who published it in 1840. The law states that the total enthalpy change during the complete course of a chemical reaction is independent of t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A symmetry of a pattern is, loosely speaking, a way of transforming the pattern so that it looks exactly the same after the transformation. For example, translational symmetry is present when the pattern can be translated (in other words, shifted) some finite distance and appear unchanged. Think of shifting a set of ve... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
All syntheses start from the perxenates, which are accessible from the xenates through two methods. One is the disproportionation of xenates to perxenates and xenon:
: 2 + 2 OH → + Xe + O + 2 HO
The other is oxidation of the xenates with ozone in basic solution:
: + O + 3 OH → + O + 2 HO
Barium perxenate is reacted... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Homocitric acid is an organic compound with the formula HOC(COH)(CHCOH)(CHCOH). This tricarboxylic acid occurs naturally as a component of the iron-molybdenum cofactor of certain nitrogenase proteins. Biochemists often refer to this cofactor as homocitrate, which is the conjugate bases that predominate in neutral aqu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When comparing initiation in eukaryotes to prokaryotes, perhaps one of the first noticeable differences is the use of a larger 80S ribosome. Regulation of this process begins with the supply of methionine by a tRNA anticodon that basepairs AUG. This base pairing comes about by the scanning mechanism that ensues once th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Transition metals can serve as pro-oxidants. For example, chronic manganism is a classic "pro-oxidant" disease. Another disease associated with the chronic presence of a pro-oxidant transition-series metal is hemochromatosis, associated with elevated iron levels. Similarly, Wilsons disease is associated with elevat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The plasmon resonance displayed by nanoparticles, gold particles are most often used as an example, can be altered using the interfacial layer. When either anionic or cationic ligands bound to a nanoparticle made of gold for example are increased in length, the wavelength of the plasmon resonance will shift to red.
An... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The suffix -yl is used in organic chemistry to form names of radicals, either separate species (called free radicals) or chemically bonded parts of molecules (called moieties). It can be traced back to the old name of methanol, "methylene" (from , wine and , wood, forest), which became shortened to "methyl" in compou... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Factors IIa, Xa, VIIa, IXa and XIa are all proteolytic enzymes that have a specific role in the coagulation cascade. Factor Xa (FXa) is the most promising one due to its position at the intersection of the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway as well as generating around 1000 thrombin molecules for each Xa molecule which re... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The extent to which a solid is crystalline (crystallinity) has important effects on its physical properties. Sulfur, while usually polycrystalline, may also occur in other allotropic forms with completely different properties. Although crystallites are referred to as grains, powder grains are different, as they can be ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Concentrated fluoride solutions are corrosive. Gloves made of nitrile rubber are worn when handling fluoride compounds. The hazards of solutions of fluoride salts depend on the concentration. In the presence of strong acids, fluoride salts release hydrogen fluoride, which is corrosive, especially toward glass. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The efficiency of duplex sequencing depends on the final number of DCSs which is directly related to the number of reads in each family (family size). If the family size is too small then the DCS can not be assembled and if too many reads are sharing the same tag, the data yield will be low. Family size is determined b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Since then, biochemistry has advanced, especially since the mid-20th century, with the development of new techniques such as chromatography, X-ray diffraction, NMR spectroscopy, radioisotopic labelling, electron microscopy and molecular dynamics simulations. These techniques allowed for the discovery and detailed analy... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Benzene, toluene, and xylenes can be made by various processes. However, most BTX production is based on the recovery of aromatics derived from the catalytic reforming of naphtha in a petroleum refinery.
Catalytic reforming usually utilizes a feedstock naphtha that contains non-aromatic hydrocarbons with 6 to 12 carbon... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Capturing and reusing stormwater as a resource helps maintain a site's predevelopment hydrology while creating an additional supply of water for irrigation or other purposes. Rainwater harvesting is an LID practice that facilitates the reuse of stormwater. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A pragmatic, if not scientific, knowledge of fluid flow was exhibited by ancient civilizations, such as in the design of arrows, spears, boats, and particularly hydraulic engineering projects for flood protection, irrigation, drainage, and water supply. The earliest human civilizations began near the shores of rivers,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the Greek school at Alexandria, which flourished under the auspices of the Ptolemies, attempts were made at the construction of hydraulic machinery, and about 120 BC the fountain of compression, the siphon, and the forcing-pump were invented by Ctesibius and Hero. The siphon is a simple instrument; but the forcing-p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
eOn was a volunteer computing project running on the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) platform, which uses theoretical chemistry techniques to solve problems in condensed matter physics and materials science. It was a project of the Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences at the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The galvanic series (or electropotential series) determines the nobility of metals and semi-metals. When two metals are submerged in an electrolyte, while also electrically connected by some external conductor, the less noble (base) will experience galvanic corrosion. The rate of corrosion is determined by the electrol... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The term supramolecular chemistry is defined by Jean-Marie Lehn as "the chemistry of intermolecular bond, covering structures and functions of the entities formed by association of two or more chemical species" in his Nobel lecture in 1987, but the concept of supramolecular catalysis was started way earlier in 1946 by ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
# The slope ds/dT of the saturated vapour line in T–s diagram (see Chapter Classification of pure (single-component) working fluids) should be nearly zero, but never positive in the applied pressure ratio of the compressor. This prevents significant moisture (liquid droplet) formation or excessive superheat occurring d... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The rotary kilns maximum temperature ranges between 1,230 and 1,260 °C, which significantly exceeds the 1,000 to 1,050 °C threshold for iron oxide reduction. The main objective is to achieve a paste-like consistency of the ore gangue. The reduced iron agglomerates into 3 to 8 mm metal nodules called . If the infusibili... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For 1,2- and 1,4-disubstituted cyclohexanes, a cis configuration leads to one axial and one equatorial group. Such species undergo rapid, degenerate chair flipping. For 1,2- and 1,4-disubstituted cyclohexane, a trans configuration, the diaxial conformation is effectively prevented by its high steric strain. For 1,3-di... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics, Janzen–Rayleigh expansion represents a regular perturbation expansion using the relevant mach number as the small parameter of expansion for the velocity field that possess slight compressibility effects. The expansion was first studied by O. Janzen in 1913 and Lord Rayleigh in 1916. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In late 1920s von Neergaard identified the function of the pulmonary surfactant in increasing the compliance of the lungs by reducing surface tension. However the significance of his discovery was not understood by the scientific and medical community at that time. He also realized the importance of having low surface ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
SIMS is used to determine volatile and trace element concentrations by aiming an ion beam (O or Cs) at the melt inclusion to produce secondary ions that can be measured by a mass spectrometer. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A simple example illustrates the principle. Ozone (O) dissociates following ultraviolet excitation to yield an oxygen atom and an oxygen molecule. Although there are (at least) two possible channels, the principle products are O(D) and O(Δ); that is, both the atom and the molecule are in their first excited electroni... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fish generally use bioluminescence for camouflage to hide from predators. Endogenous photocytes are more commonly used for bioluminescence than other means like bacteria. Some fish may use the bioluminescence produced by their photocytes as a means of communication. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A charge density wave (CDW) is an ordered quantum fluid of electrons in a linear chain compound or layered crystal. The electrons within a CDW form a standing wave pattern and sometimes collectively carry an electric current. The electrons in such a CDW, like those in a superconductor, can flow through a linear chain c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, diazirines are a class of organic molecules consisting of a carbon bound to two nitrogen atoms, which are double-bonded to each other, forming a cyclopropene-like ring, 3H-diazirine (). They are isomeric with diazocarbon groups (), and like them can serve as precursors for carbenes by loss of a mo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2012, scientists at the University of New South Wales were able to use phosphine to precisely, deterministically eject a single silicon atom onto a surface of epitaxial silicon. This resulting adatom created what is described as a single-atom transistor. Thus, inasmuch as chemical empirical formulas pinpoint the lo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
To form an A-B-A-B-... hexagonal close packing of spheres, the coordinate points of the lattice will be the spheres centers. Suppose, the goal is to fill a box with spheres according to HCP. The box would be placed on the x-y-z' coordinate space.
First form a row of spheres. The centers will all lie on a straight line.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1950–1951 in the Soviet Union, Igor Tamm and Andrei Sakharov first discussed a tokamak-like approach. Experimental research on those designs began in 1956 at the Moscow Kurchatov Institute by a group of Soviet scientists led by Lev Artsimovich. The tokamak essentially combined a low-power pinch device with a low-pow... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Activation of PKC-θ by diacylglycerol may cause insulin resistance in muscle by decreasing IRS1-associated PI3K activity. Similarly, activation of PKCε by diacyglycerol may cause insulin resistance in the liver. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Xenin is a peptide hormone secreted from the chromogranin A-positive enteroendocrine cells called the K-cells in the mucous membrane of the duodenum and stomach of the upper gut. The peptide has been found in humans, dogs, pigs, rats, and rabbits.
In humans, xenin circulates in the blood plasma. There is a relationshi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Since returning to Glasgow in 2007, Paul Braterman has concentrated on educational activities, writing for a broad audience, and campaigning in defence of science education. He is on the board of the British Centre for Science Education, and scientific adviser to the Scottish Secular Society His work with these organis... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The conversion of aldehydes to nitriles via aldoximes is a popular laboratory route. Aldehydes react readily with hydroxylamine salts, sometimes at temperatures as low as ambient, to give aldoximes. These can be dehydrated to nitriles by simple heating, although a wide range of reagents may assist with this, including ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Large and fast-moving turbidity currents can carve gulleys and ravines into the ocean floor of continental margins and cause damage to artificial structures such as telecommunication cables on the seafloor. Understanding where turbidity currents flow on the ocean floor can help to decrease the amount of damage to telec... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
According to the safety data sheet of PPA, it should not be allowed in contact with the skin or eyes as it may lead to skin, eye, and respiratory irritations or allergic reactions. In addition, as some unfunctionalized PPA are unstable at temperatures even lower than room temperature, it is important to note that PPA s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Francis Hauksbee performed some of the earliest observations and experiments in 1709 and these were repeated in 1718 by James Jurin who observed that the height of fluid in a capillary column was a function only of the cross-sectional area at the surface, not of any other dimensions of the column.
Thomas Young laid the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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