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Alpha particles, also called alpha rays or alpha radiation, consist of two protons and two neutrons bound together into a particle identical to a helium-4 nucleus. They are generally produced in the process of alpha decay but may also be produced in other ways. Alpha particles are named after the first letter in the Gr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Alpha-aminoadipic and alpha-ketoadipic aciduria is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder characterized by an increased urinary excretion of alpha-ketoadipic acid and alpha-aminoadipic acid. It is caused by mutations in DHTKD1, which encodes the E1 subunit of the oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (alpha-ketoglutara... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Capsaicin (fig. 2), a naturally occurring vanilloid, is the best known TRPV1 agonist. Resiniferatoxin (RTX) is another naturally occurring vanilloid that exhibits TRPV1 agonistic activity. It is more potent than capsaicin and is currently in development as a sensory neuron desensitizing agent.
Initially, agonists were ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Construction of MOSE at the inlets necessitates complex logistical organisation. These are located in a highly delicate environmental context so as to avoid interfering with the surrounding area as far as possible. The sites have been set up on temporary areas of water in order to limit occupation of the land adjacent ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The process was invented in Hanau, Germany in 1917. Heraeus Vacuumschmelze and Dr. Wilhelm Rohn applied for a patent on vacuum melting on 12 January 1918 and were granted a German patent DE 345161.
Edwin Fitch Northrup built the first prototype of a vacuum induction furnace in the United States of America in 1920.
Medi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For elements in the main groups of the periodic table, the valence can vary between 1 and 8.
Many elements have a common valence related to their position in the periodic table, and nowadays this is rationalised by the octet rule.
The Greek/Latin numeral prefixes (mono-/uni-, di-/bi-, tri-/ter-, and so on) are used to ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Black pepper contains the alkaloid guineesine, which is an anandamide reuptake inhibitor. It may therefore increase anandamide's physiological effects.
Low-dose anandamide has an anxiolytic effect, while in one study, high doses injected directly into the cerebral fluid of the brain of mice shows evident cell apoptosis... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Spirotryprostatin B is an indolic alkaloid found in the Aspergillus fumigatus fungus that belongs to a class of naturally occurring 2,5-diketopiperazines. Spirotryprostatin B and several other indolic alkaloids (including Spirotryprostatin A, as well as other tryprostatins and cyclotryprostatins) have been found to ha... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gunpowder was also extensively used in railway construction. At first railways followed the contours of the land, or crossed low ground by means of bridges and viaducts, but later railways made extensive use of cuttings and tunnels. One 2400-ft stretch of the 5.4 mi Box Tunnel on the Great Western Railway line between ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first evidence for multiple isotopes of a stable (non-radioactive) element was found by J. J. Thomson in 1912 as part of his exploration into the composition of canal rays (positive ions). Thomson channelled streams of neon ions through parallel magnetic and electric fields, measured their deflection by placing a p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
β-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA (or 3-hydroxybutyryl-coenzyme A) is an intermediate in the fermentation of butyric acid, and in the metabolism of lysine and tryptophan. The L-3-hydroxybutyl-CoA (or (S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA) enantiomer is also the second to last intermediate in beta oxidation of even-numbered, straight chain, an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lu was named an Outstanding Reviewer of the journal Chemical Society Reviews in 2018 and 2019, featured in a 2018 JACS Young Investigators Virtual Issue, and named a Kavli Frontiers of Science Fellow in 2013. She has been honored with invited speaking engagements, as she gave a plenary lecture at a Royal Society of Che... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Progress in gas dynamics coincides with the developments of transonic and supersonic flights. As aircraft began to travel faster, the density of air began to change, considerably increasing the air resistance as the air speed approached the speed of sound. The phenomenon was later identified in wind tunnel experiment... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A small volume of PCBs has been detected throughout the Earth's atmosphere. The atmosphere serves as the primary route for global transport of PCBs, particularly for those congeners with one to four chlorine atoms.
In the atmosphere, PCBs may be degraded by hydroxyl radicals, or directly by photolysis of carbon–chlorin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) usually takes the form of calcium carbonate (CaCO), and plays a key part in the ocean carbon cycle. This biologically fixed carbon is used as a protective coating for many planktonic species (coccolithophores, foraminifera) as well as larger marine organisms (mollusk shells). Calcium ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lattice models in biophysics represent a class of statistical-mechanical models which consider a biological macromacromolecule (such as DNA, protein, actin, etc.) as a lattice of units, each unit being in different states or conformations.
For example, DNA in chromatin can be represented as a one-dimensional lattice, w... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Warts, moles, skin tags, solar keratoses, molluscum, Mortons neuroma and small skin cancers are candidates for cryosurgical treatment. Several internal disorders are also treated with cryosurgery, including liver cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, oral cancers, cervical disorders and, more commonly in the past, hem... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A full description of non-linear inverse Compton scattering must include some effects related to the quantization of light and matter. The principal ones are listed below.
* Inclusion of the discretization of the emitted radiation, i.e. the introduction of photons with respect to the continuous description of the class... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As an instance of adsorption, chemisorption follows the adsorption process. The first stage is for the adsorbate particle to come into contact with the surface. The particle needs to be trapped onto the surface by not possessing enough energy to leave the gas-surface potential well. If it elastically collides with t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The development of UVGI traces back to 1878 when Arthur Downes and Thomas Blunt found that sunlight, particularly its shorter wavelengths, hindered microbial growth. Expanding upon this work, Émile Duclaux, in 1885, identified variations in sunlight sensitivity among different bacterial species. A few years later, in 1... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Bluebelt program was initiated in the late 1980s by New York City’s Departments of Environmental Protection and City Planning, based on a suggestion made several decades earlier by Ian McHarg, a landscape architect. Acquisition of land began in 1991 for the project, one of the Northeast United States’ most ambitiou... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In microprocessors, graphics processors and other high-end chips, hotspots can occur as power densities vary significantly across a chip. These hotspots can severely limit the performance of the devices. Because of the small size of the thermal bumps and the relatively high density at which they can be placed on the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Iron salt aerosols are one proposed method of enhanced atmospheric methane oxidation which involves lofting iron-based particles into the atmosphere (e.g. from planes or ships) to enhance atmospheric chlorine radicals, a natural methane sink.
Winds over the Sahara raise dust into the troposphere and disperse it over th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Matrix notation differs from Wood's notation in the second term, which is replaced by the matrix that describes the overlayer primitive vectors in terms of the substrate primitive vectors:
:, where
and so hence matrix notation has the form | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Boltzmann constant is named after its 19th century Austrian discoverer, Ludwig Boltzmann. Although Boltzmann first linked entropy and probability in 1877, the relation was never expressed with a specific constant until Max Planck first introduced , and gave a more precise value for it (, about 2.5% lower than today... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although NPP primarily catalyzes phosphodiester hydrolysis, the enzyme will also catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphate monoesters, though to a much smaller extent. NPP preferentially hydrolyzes phosphate diesters over monoesters by factors of 10-10, depending on the identity of the diester substrate. This ability to cat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A lead compound may arise from a variety of different sources. Lead compounds are found by characterizing natural products, employing combinatorial chemistry, or by molecular modeling as in rational drug design. Chemicals identified as hits through high-throughput screening may also become lead compounds. Once a lead c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Flashover is one of the most feared phenomena among firefighters. Firefighters are taught to recognize the signs of imminent rollovers and flashovers and to avoid backdrafts. For example, there are certain routines for opening closed doors to buildings and compartments on fire, known as door entry procedures, ensuring ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Diisopinocampheylborane is an organoborane that is useful for asymmetric synthesis of secondary alcohols. It is derived by hydroboration of α-pinene, a common diterpene member of the chiral pool. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Apoptotic DNA fragmentation is a key feature of apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death. Apoptosis is characterized by the activation of endogenous endonucleases, particularly the caspase-3 activated DNase (CAD), with subsequent cleavage of nuclear DNA into internucleosomal fragments of roughly 180 base pairs (bp) a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For each particular lattice, a conventional cell has been chosen on a case-by-case basis by crystallographers based on convenience of calculation. These conventional cells may have additional lattice points located in the middle of the faces or body of the unit cell. The number of lattice points, as well as the volume ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Layered sedimentary deposits are widespread on Mars. These deposits probably consist of both sedimentary rock and poorly indurated or unconsolidated sediments. Thick sedimentary deposits occur in the interior of several canyons in Valles Marineris, within large craters in Arabia and Meridiani Planum (see Henry Crater f... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A meta-analysis of observational studies showed that children with ADHD have lower vitamin D levels, and that there was a small association between low vitamin D levels at the time of birth and later development of ADHD. Several small, randomized controlled trials of vitamin D supplementation indicated improved ADHD sy... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
NAA can detect up to 74 elements depending upon the experimental procedure, with minimum detection limits ranging from 0.1 to 1x10 ng g depending on element under investigation. Heavier elements have larger nuclei, therefore they have a larger neutron capture cross-section and are more likely to be activated. Some nucl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
RATs are immunochromatographic assays which give results that can be seen with the naked eye (with or without special illumination, such as a UV lamp). They are qualitative in nature, although within a certain range it is possible to make rough order of magnitude estimates of viral load from the results. RATs are gener... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The exhaled human breath contains a few thousand volatile organic compounds and is used in breath biopsy to serve as a VOC biomarker to test for diseases, such as lung cancer. One study has shown that "volatile organic compounds ... are mainly blood borne and therefore enable monitoring of different processes in the bo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many routes for the synthesis of TMP have been reported. One method starts with a conjugate addition reaction of ammonia to phorone. The intermediate triacetone amine is then reduced in a Wolff-Kishner reaction. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are many different materials and fabrication methods that can be used to produce gated drug delivery scaffolding. In general, porous materials, such as mesoporous silica nanoparticles are used because of their expansive surface area, large loading capacity, and porous structures. These characteristics make it pos... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Omeprazole showed an inter-individual variability and therefore a significant number of patients with acid-related disorders required higher or multiple doses to achieve symptom relief and healing. Astra started a new research program in 1987 to identify a new analogue to omeprazole with less interpatient variability. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
SERS can be used to target specific DNA and RNA sequences using a combination of gold and silver nanoparticles and Raman-active dyes, such as Cy3. Specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) can be identified using this technique. The gold nanoparticles facilitate the formation of a silver coating on the dye-labelle... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Murray studied chemistry at St. Marys University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada from 1985, graduating with a Bachelors Degree with Honors in Chemistry in 1988. He spent a year as a Rotary International Fellow at the University of Auckland in 1989. From 1990 he studied at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Azanes with more than three nitrogen atoms can be arranged in various different ways, forming structural isomers. The simplest isomer of an azane is the one in which the nitrogen atoms are arranged in a single chain with no branches. This isomer is sometimes called the n-isomer (n for "normal", although it is not neces... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the United Kingdom there are three principal regulations that mandate the marking of equipment and piping:
* Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Chemicals (Amendments to Secondary Legislation) Regulations 2015,
* Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations 1996,
* Provision and Use of Work Equipm... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cell Surface Peptides provide one way to introduce drug delivery into a target cell. This method is accomplished by the peptide binding to a target cells surface receptors, in a way that bypasses immune defenses that would otherwise compromise a slower delivery, without causing harm to the host. In particular, peptides... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Monod equation is a mathematical model for the growth of microorganisms. It is named for Jacques Monod (1910–1976, a French biochemist, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1965), who proposed using an equation of this form to relate microbial growth rates in an aqueous environment to the concentration of a lim... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Paul Christian Lauterbur (May 6, 1929 – March 27, 2007) was an American chemist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2003 with Peter Mansfield for his work which made the development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) possible.
Lauterbur was a professor at Stony Brook University from 1963 until 1985... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The mechanism of chemotaxis that eukaryotic cells employ is quite different from that in the bacteria E. coli; however, sensing of chemical gradients is still a crucial step in the process. Due to their small size and other biophysical constraints, E. coli cannot directly detect a concentration gradient. Instead, they ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The CaBER is a capillary breakup rheometer. A small quantity of material is placed between plates, which are rapidly stretched to a fixed level of strain. The midpoint diameter is monitored as a function of time as the fluid filament necks and breaks up under the combined forces of surface tension, gravity, and viscoel... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many cells and tissues, especially mammalian ones, must have a surface or other structural support in order to grow, and agitated environments are often destructive to these cell types and tissues. Higher organisms, being auxotrophic, also require highly specialized growth media. This poses a challenge when the goal is... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
LINE1 (also L1 and LINE-1) is a family of related class I transposable elements in the DNA of some organisms, classified with the long interspersed elements (LINEs). L1 transposons comprise approximately 17% of the human genome. These active L1s can interrupt the genome through insertions, deletions, rearrangements, an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are three main G-protein-mediated signaling pathways, mediated by four sub-classes of G-proteins distinguished from each other by sequence homology (G, G, G, and G). Each sub-class of G-protein consists of multiple proteins, each the product of multiple genes or splice variations that may imbue them with differen... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The methods to prevent and treat lipotoxicity are divided into three main groups.
The first strategy focuses on decreasing the lipid content of non-adipose tissues. This can be accomplished by either increasing the oxidation of the lipids, or increasing their secretion and transport. Current treatments involve extreme ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The term is known as the asymmetry term (or Pauli term).
The theoretical justification for this term is more complex. The Pauli exclusion principle states that no two identical fermions can occupy exactly the same quantum state in an atom. At a given energy level, there are only finitely many quantum states available ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) is a ceramic in which the cubic crystal structure of zirconium dioxide is made stable at room temperature by an addition of yttrium oxide. These oxides are commonly called "zirconia" (ZrO) and "yttria" (YO), hence the name. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
With the rise of mechanization and mass production, new modes of medication-delivery, among them the tablet (1884), the enteric-coated pill (1884) and the gelatin capsule (first produced on a large scale in 1875 by Parke, Davis & Company, Detroit) became practicable. By 1900, most pharmacies stocked the shelves, parti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Geometric dynamic recrystallization occurs in grains with local serrations. Upon deformation, grains undergoing GDRX elongate until the thickness of the grain falls below a threshold (below which the serration boundaries intersect and small grains pinch off into equiaxed grains). The serrations may predate stresses bei... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The PECT effect is also present in typical ion-insertion-based battery electrodes (e.g. Li-ion). The electrodes expand and contract when inserted with ions, which is one of the issues that leads to battery ageing and capacity loss over time. The PECT effect in battery electrodes could be an issue in situations where ba... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The kinetic theory of gases is a simple classical model of the thermodynamic behavior of gases. It treats a gas as composed of numerous particles, too small to see with a microscope, which are constantly in random motion. Their collisions with each other and with the walls of their container are used to explain physi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The process of electrochlorination is a simple application based on the chloralkali process (in an unpartitioned cell).
It is the electrolysis of saltwater to produce a chlorinated solution. The first step is removing any solids from the saltwater. Next, the saltwater streams through an electrolyzer cell's channel of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Another purpose of this titration is determination of the optimum dose of surfactant for achieving stabilization or flocculation of a heterogeneous system. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1986, the N-end rule was elucidated, and it states that the identity of the amino acid at the N-terminus of the protein's amino acid sequence determines the half-life of the protein. In an effort to determine the effects of arginylation on the half-life of proteins, several studies were performed using modified yeas... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nucleotide excision repair is one of the main mechanisms used to remove bulky adducts from DNA lesions caused by chemotherapy drugs, environmental mutagens, and most importantly UV radiation. This mechanism functions by releasing a short damage containing oligonucleotide from the DNA site, and then that gap is filled ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The degree of homogeneity in pore distribution of the final product is primarily dependent on the adequacy of mixing of the precursor. The difference in particle size between the titanium powders and the spacers directly impacts the ability to adequately mix the preform. The greater the size difference, the more diffic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cyclamin is an organic compound that has been used by the pharmaceutical industry as an ingredient for nasal sprays. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
RuBisCO is important biologically because it catalyzes the primary chemical reaction by which inorganic carbon enters the biosphere. While many autotrophic bacteria and archaea fix carbon via the reductive acetyl CoA pathway, the 3-hydroxypropionate cycle, or the reverse Krebs cycle, these pathways are relatively small... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The mined ore is usually crushed into small chunks and heaped on an impermeable plastic or clay lined leach pad where it can be irrigated with a leach solution to dissolve the valuable metals. While sprinklers are occasionally used for irrigation, more often operations use drip irrigation to minimize evaporation, prov... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The conversion of biomass into energy is perhaps more challenging to the technologist than energy from fossil fuels. Water, dissolved organic and inorganic compounds, and solid particulates of various size can be present in biomass processes. It is perhaps the development of microbial fuel cells where the philosophic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Since their introduction in the early 1980s, CDSs have also generated considerable research work, especially for brain and eye targeting of various therapeutic agents, including those that cannot cross the blood–brain barrier or the blood–retinal barrier on their own. Within this approach, three major general CDS clas... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 2011, the Vanderwal group reported a concise, longest linear sequence of 6 steps, total synthesis of strychnine. It featured a Zincke aldehyde followed by an anionic bicyclization reaction and a tandem Brook rearrangement / conjugate addition. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Most people think of waves as a surface phenomenon, which acts between water (as in lakes or oceans) and the air. Where low density water overlies high density water in the ocean, internal waves propagate along the boundary. They are especially common over the continental shelf regions of the world oceans and where bra... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pipes are commonly joined by welding, using threaded pipe and fittings; sealing the connection with a pipe thread compound, Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Thread seal tape, oakum, or PTFE string, or by using a mechanical coupling. Process piping is usually joined by welding using a TIG or MIG process. The most common p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Glass solder is used to join glasses to other glasses, ceramics, metals, semiconductors, mica, and other materials, in a process called glass frit bonding. The glass solder has to flow and wet the soldered surfaces well below the temperature where deformation or degradation of either of the joined materials or nearby s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
MCAT is also involved in bacterial polyketide biosynthesis. The enzyme MCAT together with an acyl carrier protein (ACP), and a polyketide synthase (PKS) and chain-length factor heterodimer, constitutes the minimal PKS of type II polyketides. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This form factor is useful for applications where the spectrum analyzer can be plugged into AC power, which generally means in a lab environment or production/manufacturing area. Bench top spectrum analyzers have historically offered better performance and specifications than the portable or handheld form factor. Bench... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
During his time in the Soviet Union, Liu married a Russian woman named Mara Fedotova. The couple had two children; a son named Alexei (Russian: Алексей Климович Федото, Alexei Klimovich Fedotov; Chinese: 刘维宁, Liu Weining) and a daughter named Sonya.
After Liu returned to China in 1957, Mara also moved to China with the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fitness in this model is the probability that an individual survives to reproduce. In the simplest implementation of the model, developmentally stable genotypes survive (i.e. their fitness is ) and developmentally unstable ones do not (i.e. their fitness is ). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Retention treatment basins or large concrete tanks that store and treat combined sewage are another solution. These underground structures can range in storage and treatment capacity from to of combined sewage. While each facility is unique, a typical facility operation is as follows. Flows from the overloaded sewers... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In order of increasing cost and decreasing product moisture the most common dewatering options are a thickener, deep bed thickening, belt presses and membrane filter presses. In general centrifuges and other competing technologies do not show a significant cost advantage compared to the belt press filter, for the same ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
These mechanistic mimetics do not directly recapitulate the side chains or conformation of a peptide but mimic its mode-of-action. Class D peptidomimetics can be directly designed from a small peptide sequence or identified the screening of compound libraries. For example, Nirmatrelvir is an orally-active small molecul... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Alcohol is absorbed throughout the gastrointestinal tract, but more slowly in the stomach than in the small or large intestine. For this reason, alcohol consumed with food is absorbed more slowly, because it spends a longer time in the stomach. Furthermore, alcohol dehydrogenase is present in the stomach lining. After ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Flammability of furniture is of concern as cigarettes and candle accidents can trigger domestic fires. In 1975, California began implementing Technical Bulletin 117 (TB 117), which required that materials such as polyurethane foam used to fill furniture be able to withstand a small open flame, equivalent to a candle, f... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Azlocillin is an acyl ampicillin antibiotic with an extended spectrum of activity and greater in vitro potency than the carboxy penicillins.
Azlocillin is similar to mezlocillin and piperacillin. It demonstrates antibacterial activity against a broad spectrum of bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and, in contra... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most obvious characteristic of flatfish, other than their flatness, is their asymmetric morphology: both eyes are on the same side of the head in the adult fish. In some families of flatfish, the eyes are always on the right side of the body (dextral or right-eyed flatfish), and in others, they are always on the le... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Spliced leader sequences are short sequences of non coding RNA, not found within a gene itself, that are attached to the 5’ end of all, or a portion of, mRNAs transcribed in an organism. They have been found in several species to be responsible for separating polycistronic transcripts into single gene mRNAs, and in oth... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Enzyme-based cleaners are especially useful for biofilm removal. Bacteria are somewhat difficult to remove with traditional alkaline or acid cleaners. Enzyme cleaners are more effective on biofilms since they work as proteases by breaking down proteins at bacterial attachment sites. They work at maximum efficiency a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When a photon is absorbed, 11-cis-retinal is transformed to all-trans-retinal, and it moves to the exit site of rhodopsin. It will not leave the opsin protein until another fresh chromophore comes to replace it, except for in the ABCR pathway. Whilst still bound to the opsin, all-trans-retinal is transformed into all-t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
If the fluid domain is bounded by an upper, stationary wall, located at a height , the flow velocity is given by
where . | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*2020 Laura Gagliardi
*2019 Daniel M. Neumark
*2016 Mark A. Ratner
*2015 Xiaoliang Sunney Xie
*2014 Henry F. Schaefer III
*2013 William E. Moerner
*2012 David Chandler
*2011 Louis E. Brus
*2010 George Schatz
*2009 Richard J. Saykally
*2008 Michael L. Klein
*2007 John T. Yates, Jr.
*2006 Donald Truhlar
*2005 Stephen L... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lenses can first be designed using paraxial theory to position images and pupils, then real surfaces inserted and optimized. Paraxial theory can be skipped in simpler cases and the lens directly optimized using real surfaces. Lenses are first designed using average index of refraction and dispersion (see Abbe number) ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
BN-PAGE is a native PAGE technique, where the Coomassie brilliant blue dye provides the necessary charges to the protein complexes for the electrophoretic separation. The disadvantage of Coomassie is that in binding to proteins it can act like a detergent causing complexes to dissociate. Another drawback is the potenti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
N mers form the polymer, whose total unfolded length is:
where N is the number of mers.
In this very simple approach where no interactions between mers are considered, the energy of the polymer is taken to be independent of its shape, which means that at thermodynamic equilibrium, all of its shape configurations are ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Using the KRAKEN autonomous qPCR device, Kraken Sense monitored airport wastewater for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, such as Omicron, and Monkeypox to act as an early warning system for infectious diseases entering the country. This program was funded in part by the National Research Council Canada Industrial Re... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Martensite is a very hard form of steel crystalline structure. It is named after German metallurgist Adolf Martens. By analogy the term can also refer to any crystal structure that is formed by diffusionless transformation. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cerrosafe is a fusible alloy with a low melting point. It is a non-eutectic mixture consisting of 42.5% bismuth, 37.7% lead, 11.3% tin, and 8.5% cadmium that melts between and . It is useful for making reference castings whose dimensions can be correlated to those of the mold or other template due to its well-known th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
During mania, there is an increase in neurotransmission of dopamine that causes a secondary homeostatic down-regulation, resulting in decreased neurotransmission of dopamine, which can cause depression. Additionally, the post-synaptic actions of dopamine are mediated through G-protein coupled receptors. Once dopamine ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The mouse sperm genome is 80–90% methylated at its CpG sites in DNA, amounting to about 20 million methylated sites. After fertilization, the paternal chromosome is almost completely demethylated in six hours by an active process, before DNA replication (blue line in Figure).
Demethylation of the maternal genome occu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
random primed synthesis - reading frame - recessive - recognition sequence - recombinant DNA - recombination - recombination-repair - relaxed DNA - repetitive DNA - replica plating - reporter gene - repression - repressor - residue - response element - restriction - restriction endonuclease - restriction enzyme - restr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Prenatal virilization of a genetically female fetus can occur when an excessive amount of androgen is produced by the fetal adrenal glands or is present in maternal blood. In the severest form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, complete masculinization of a genetically female fetus results in an apparently normal male ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Macrocyclic rings containing sp centers display a conformational preference for the sp centers to avoid transannular nonbonded interactions by orienting perpendicular to the plan of the ring. Clark W. Still proposed that the ground state conformations of macrocyclic rings, containing the energy minimized orientation o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Biocrystallization is the formation of crystals from organic macromolecules by living organisms. This may be a stress response, a normal part of metabolism such as processes that dispose of waste compounds, or a pathology. Template mediated crystallization is qualitatively different from in vitro crystallization. Inhib... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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