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When material is heated enough, it begins to break down into smaller compounds, including flammable or even explosive gas, typically hydrocarbons. This is called pyrolysis, and does not require oxygen. If oxygen is also provided, then the hydrocarbons can combust, starting a fire.
If material undergoing pyrolysis is la... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the U.S. it is marketed as Zinacef by Covis Pharmaceuticals since the company acquired the U.S. rights to the product from GSK. GSK had continued marketing a pediatric oral suspension as Ceftin; however, this presentation was discontinued as of 24 June 2017.
In Bangladesh, it is available as Kilbac by Incepta, Axim ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Silver standards refer to the standards of millesimal fineness for the silver alloy used in the manufacture or crafting of silver objects. This list is organized from highest to lowest millesimal fineness, or purity of the silver.
* Fine silver has a millesimal fineness of 999. Also called pure silver, or three nines f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first medical application of electroporation was used for introducing poorly permeant anticancer drugs into tumor nodules. Soon also gene electrotransfer became of special interest because of its low cost, easiness of realization and safety. Namely, viral vectors can have serious limitations in terms of immunogenic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In general, the associated increased signal-to-noise and resolution has driven a move towards increasingly high field strengths. In limited cases, however, lower fields are preferred; examples are for systems in chemical exchange, where the speed of the exchange relative to the NMR experiment can cause additional and c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In general, bulk flow in plant biology typically refers to the movement of water from the soil up through the plant to the leaf tissue through xylem, but can also be applied to the transport of larger solutes (e.g. sucrose) through the phloem. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lime production was sometimes carried out on an industrial scale. One example at Annery in North Devon, England, near Great Torrington, was made up of three kilns grouped together in an L shape and was situated beside the Torrington canal and the River Torridge to bring in the limestone and coal, and to transport away ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In Sisyphus cooling, the two hyperfine ground states of experience equal and opposite AC Stark shifts from the near-resonant counter-propagating beams. The beams also effect a polarization gradient, alternating between linear and circular polarizations. The potential energy maxima of one coincide with pure circular p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lithium amides like the diisopropylamide (LDA) and the (tetramethylpiperidide (LiTMP)) generally work well for the deprotonation of all types of salts, providing that not too much LiOH is present in the n-butyllithium used to make the lithium amide. Titration of lithium amide can be used to determine the amount of hydr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2014, researchers at California NanoSystems Institute discovered using kesterite and perovskite improved electric power conversion efficiency for solar cells.
In December 2022, it was reported that MIT researchers had developed ultralight fabric solar cells. These cells offer a weight one-hundredth that of tradition... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
On January 21, 2015, Nick Goldman from the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI), one of the original authors of the 2013 Nature paper, announced the Davos Bitcoin Challenge at the World Economic Forum annual meeting in Davos. During his presentation, DNA tubes were handed out to the audience, with the message that e... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
AMPP administers accreditation programs for contractors working in the protective coatings and linings industries. "QP" stands for "Qualification Procedure", a reference to the technical standard that underlies each program.
*QP 1, Field Application to Complex Industrial and Marine Structures
*QP 2, Field Removal of Ha... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Yamamoto et al. in 2012 demonstrated that BNA-based antisense therapeutics inhibited hepatic PCSK9 expression, resulting in a strong reduction of the serum LDL-C levels of mice. The findings supported the hypothesis that PCSK9 is a potential therapeutic target for hypercholesterolemia and the researchers were able to s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Also in 1989, Peko Mines, then a division of North Broken Hill Peko Limited, also engaged Jameson to undertake test work in its Warrego concentrator near Tennant Creek in Australias Northern Territory. The objective was to determine the Jameson Cells performance in cleaning copper concentrate to improve its grade by re... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The use of injectors (or ejectors) in various industrial applications has become quite common due to their relative simplicity and adaptability. For example:
* To inject chemicals into the boiler drums of small, stationary, low pressure boilers. In large, high-pressure modern boilers, usage of injectors for chemical do... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Portland Press Excellence in Science Award was an annual award instituted in 1964 to recognize notable research in any branch of biochemistry undertaken in the UK or Republic of Ireland. It was initially called the CIBA Medal and Prize, then the Novartis Medal and Prize. The prize consists of a medal and a £3000 c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Isolated photosystems and sub-cellular photosynthetic fractions may be able to directly reduce the anode if the biological redox components are close enough to the electrode for electron transfer to occur. In contrast to organisms such as dissimilatory metal reducing bacteria, algae and cyanobacteria are poorly adapte... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics, Couette flow is the flow of a viscous fluid in the space between two surfaces, one of which is moving tangentially relative to the other. The relative motion of the surfaces imposes a shear stress on the fluid and induces flow. Depending on the definition of the term, there may also be an applied pre... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Examples of studies involving putative genes include the discovery of 30 putative receptor genes found in rat vomeronasal organ (VNO) and the identification of 79 putative TATA boxes found in many plant genomes. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Although the classification of tumor suppressor genes into these categories is helpful to the scientific community, the potential role of many genes cannot be reliably identified as the functions of many genes are rather ill-defined. In some contexts, genes exhibit discrete caretaker function while in other situations... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the field of bioinformatics and computational biology, many statistical methods have been proposed and used to analyze codon usage bias. Methods such as the frequency of optimal codons (Fop), the relative codon adaptation (RCA) or the codon adaptation index (CAI) are used to predict gene expression levels, while met... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A chemical garden is a set of complex biological-looking structures created by mixing inorganic chemicals. This experiment in chemistry is usually performed by adding metal salts, such as copper sulfate or cobalt(II) chloride, to an aqueous solution of sodium silicate (otherwise known as waterglass). This results in th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thermal expansion is the tendency of matter to change its shape, area, volume, and density in response to a change in temperature, usually not including phase transitions.
Temperature is a monotonic function of the average molecular kinetic energy of a substance. When a substance is heated, molecules begin to vibrate a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A single-acting cylinder (SAC) has one port, which allows compressed air to enter and for the rod to move in one direction only. The high pressure of the compressed air causes the rod to extend as the cylinder chamber continues to fill. When the compressed air leaves the cylinder through the same port the rod is return... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the Burke-Schumann limit, the flame is considered as a thin reaction sheet outside which both fuel and oxygen cannot exist together, i.e., . The reaction sheet itself is located by the stoichiometric surface where , in other words, where
where is the stoichiometric mixture fraction. The reaction sheet separates fue... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Quasicrystalline substances have potential applications in several forms.
Metallic quasicrystalline coatings can be applied by Thermal spraying or magnetron sputtering. A problem that must be resolved is the tendency for cracking due to the materials' extreme brittleness. The cracking could be suppressed by reducing sa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The compounds nitryl fluoride, , and nitryl chloride, , are not nitronium salts but molecular compounds, as shown by their low boiling points (−72 °C and −6 °C respectively) and short nitrogen–halogen bond lengths (N–F 135 pm, N–Cl 184 pm).
Addition of one electron forms the neutral nitryl radical, ; in fact, this is f... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Claire Vallance is a professor of Physical Chemistry at the University of Oxford, Tutorial Fellow in Physical Chemistry at Hertford College, and past President of the Faraday Division of the Royal Society of Chemistry. In collaboration with professor Mark Brouard and others, she created the PImMS (Pixel Imaging Mass Sp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Terpenes and terpenoids of many kinds are found in resinous plants such as the conifers. They are aromatic and serve to repel herbivores. Their scent makes them useful in essential oils, whether for perfumes such as rose and lavender, or for aromatherapy. Some have had medicinal uses: thymol is an antiseptic and was on... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thermometric titrations employing sodium salts of ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA) have been demonstrated for the determination of a range of metal ions. Reaction enthalpies are modest, so titrations are normally carried out with titrant concentrations of 1 mol/L. This necessitates the use of the tetra-sodium sa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Imidoyl halides are synthesized by combining amides and halogenating agents. The structure of the carboxylic acid amides plays a role in the outcome of the synthesis. Imidoyl chloride can be prepared by treating a monosubstituted carboxylic acid amide with phosgene.
:RC(O)NHR’ + COCl → RC(NR’)Cl + HCl + CO
Thionyl chl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carbaminohemoglobin is a compound that bind to hemoglobin in the blood. Hemoglobin is a protein that is found in red blood cells and it Is crucial for transporting oxygen from the lungs to tissues and organs. Hemoglobin also plays an important role in transporting carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs for e... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Two families of naturally occurring products feature the diazo group: kinamycin and lomaiviticin. These molecules are DNA-intercalators, with diazo functionality as their "warheads". Loss of N, induced reductively, generates a DNA-cleaving fluorenyl radical. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ipaktschi is known for the use of ethereal solutions of lithium perchlorate as a medium for organic reactions and organometallic chemistry. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In engineering science and other technical aspects, the term galling is widespread. The influence of acceleration in the contact zone between materials has been mathematically described and correlated to the exhibited friction mechanism found in the tracks during empiric observations of the galling phenomenon. Due to p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A DTA consists of a sample holder, thermocouples, sample containers and a ceramic or metallic block; a furnace; a temperature programmer; and a recording system. The key feature is the existence of two thermocouples connected to a voltmeter. One thermocouple is placed in an inert material such as AlO, while the other i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
miR-324-5p first appeared in literature in a paper published by John Kim et al. in early 2004 that identified 32 entirely new miRNAs from cultured rat cortical neurons using miRNA cloning and RNA analysis. The miRNA quickly gained traction in scientific literature, appearing in articles about the evolutionary conservat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The reddish color typical of tholins is characteristic of many Trans-Neptunian objects, including plutinos in the outer Solar System such as 28978 Ixion. Spectral reflectances of Centaurs also suggest the presence of tholins on their surfaces. The New Horizons exploration of the classical Kuiper belt object 486958 Arro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Adhesion GPCRs are found in fungi. They are believed to have evolved from the cAMP receptor family, arising approximately 1275 million years ago before the split of Unikonts from a common ancestor. Several fungi have novel adhesion GPCRs that have both short, 2–66 amino acid residues, and long, 312–4202 amino acid re... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Frémy's salt is prepared from hydroxylaminedisulfonic acid. Oxidation of the conjugate base gives the purple dianion:
:HON(SOH) → [HON(SO)] + 2 H
:2 [HON(SO)] + PbO → 2 [ON(SO)] + PbO + HO
The synthesis can be performed by combining nitrite and bisulfite to give the hydroxylaminedisulfonate. Oxidation is typically cond... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, umpolung () or polarity inversion is the chemical modification of a functional group with the aim of the reversal of polarity of that group. This modification allows secondary reactions of this functional group that would otherwise not be possible. The concept was introduced by D. Seebach (hence ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many methods have been developed for the restriction of microbial corrosion. The primary challenge has been finding ways to prevent or stop microbial growth without negatively impacting the surrounding environment. The list below provides an overview of some of the tactics that have been used or that are in development... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It is generally believed that the mechanical and other properties of the crystal are also pertinent to the subject matter, and that crystal morphology provides the missing link between growth kinetics and physical properties. The necessary thermodynamic apparatus was provided by Josiah Willard Gibbs study of heterogene... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
DNA circularization depends on both the axial (bending) stiffness and torsional (rotational) stiffness of the molecule. For a DNA molecule to successfully circularize it must be long enough to easily bend into the full circle and must have the correct number of bases so the ends are in the correct rotation to allow bon... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This is the conclusion of the previous section: in a constant magnetic field B along z axis the transverse magnetization M rotates around this axis in clockwise direction with angular frequency ω. If the observer were rotating around the same axis in clockwise direction with angular frequency Ω, M it would appear to ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The SCCmec found in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus likely originated in coagulase-negative staphylococcal species and was acquired by S. aureus.
Staphylococcal strains isolated from pig farms were found to carry several different types of SCCmec, suggesting that they may serve as a reservoir of these eleme... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Another type of cellular glycan is the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). These comprise 2-aminosugars linked in an alternating fashion with uronic acids, and include polymers such as heparin, heparan sulfate, chondroitin, keratan and dermatan. Some glycosaminoglycans, such as heparan sulfate, are found attached to the cell s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Single-crystal X-ray crystallography has been used to determine its structure; as can be predicted by VSEPR theory, it adopts a T-shaped geometry about the central iodine atom. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), is a statistical model for the molecular algorithm in a single species, typically biological. The name and model are inspired by ANOVA. The method was developed by Laurent Excoffier, Peter Smouse and Joseph Quattro at Rutgers University in 1992.
Since developing AMOVA, Excoffier ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
where
*h = convection heat transfer coefficient
*G = mass flow rate of the fluid
* ρ = density of the fluid
*c = specific heat of the fluid
*u = velocity of the fluid
It can also be represented in terms of the fluid's Nusselt, Reynolds, and Prandtl numbers:
where
* Nu is the Nusselt number;
* Re is the Reynolds number;... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Radiation therapy (RT) is in itself painless. Many low-dose palliative treatments (for example, radiation therapy to bony metastases) cause minimal or no side effects, although short-term pain flare-up can be experienced in the days following treatment due to oedema compressing nerves in the treated area. Higher doses ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When the mud layer is exposed at the tidal fringe, mudflats result affording a unique ecotone that affords numerous shorebird species a safe feeding and resting habitat. Because the muds function much like quicksand, heavier mammalian predators not only cannot gain traction for pursuit, but would actually become trapp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemical kinetics, isosbestic points are used as reference points in the study of reaction rates, as the absorbance at those wavelengths remains constant throughout the whole reaction.
Isosbestic points are used in medicine in a laboratory technique called oximetry to determine hemoglobin concentration, regardless o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It was first produced in 1878 by the German chemists August Michaelis (1847–1916) and Wilhelm La Coste (1854–1885). It is prepared by the reduction of diphenylarsinic acid with sulfur dioxide. An idealized equation is shown:
:PhAsOH + SO + HCl → PhAsCl + HSO
The process adopted by Edgewood Arsenal, the "sodium process"... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ensuring quality of sprayers by testing and setting of standards for application equipment is important to ensure users get value for money. Since most equipment uses various hydraulic nozzles, various initiatives have attempted to classify spray quality, starting with the BCPC system. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Glycogenin is the initiator of the glycogen biosynthesis. This protein is a glycosyl transferase that have the ability of autoglycosilation using UDP-glucose, which helps in the growth of itself until forming an oligosaccharide made by 8 glucoses. Glycogenin is an oligomer, and it's capable of interacting with several... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thermal radiation is a phenomenon that can burn skin and ignite flammable materials. The time to a damage from exposure to thermal radiation is a function of the rate of delivery of the heat. Radiative heat flux and effects are given as follows: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carbaminohemoglobin interacts with carbon dioxide in a process known as respiratory gas exchange. The interaction involves the binding of carbon dioxide to hemoglobin. Carbon dioxide binds to the protein chains of hemoglobin. The ability of hemoglobin to bind to both oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules is what makes it... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
R.T. Sanderson has also noted the relationship between Mulliken electronegativity and atomic size, and has proposed a method of calculation based on the reciprocal of the atomic volume. With a knowledge of bond lengths, Sandersons model allows the estimation of bond energies in a wide range of compounds. Sandersons mod... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
RNA interference (also called "RNA-mediated interference", abbreviated RNAi) is a mechanism for RNA-guided regulation of gene expression in which double-stranded ribonucleic acid inhibits the expression of genes with complementary nucleotide sequences. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When depositing particles repel each other, the deposition will stop by the time when enough particles have deposited. At one point, such a surface layer will repel any particles that may still make attempts to deposit. The surface is said to be saturated or blocked by the deposited particles. The blocking process can ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The journal is abstracted and indexed in several databases including:
* Science Citation Index
* Web of Science
* Polymer Contents
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 11.2. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Recognition of its prevalence and consequences has led to governments and non-government organizations promoting vitamin A fortification of foods and creating programs that administer large bolus-size oral doses of vitamin A to young children every four to six months. In 2008, the World Health Organization estimated th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The triple-alpha steps are strongly dependent on the temperature and density of the stellar material. The power released by the reaction is approximately proportional to the temperature to the 40th power, and the density squared. In contrast, the proton–proton chain reaction produces energy at a rate proportional to th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Wet etching of GaAs industrially uses an oxidizing agent such as hydrogen peroxide or bromine water, and the same strategy has been described in a patent relating to processing scrap components containing GaAs where the is complexed with a hydroxamic acid ("HA"), for example:
:GaAs + + "HA" → "GaA" complex + + 4
Th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Much organic carbon retained in many agricultural areas worldwide has been severely depleted due to intensive farming practices. Since the 1850s, a large proportion of the world's grasslands have been tilled and converted to croplands, allowing the rapid oxidation of large quantities of soil organic carbon. Methods tha... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The department employs 34 full-time Professors and 11 Emeritus Professors including:
* David Procter, Head of Department, and Professor of Organic Chemistry.
* Nikolas Kaltsoyannis, Ex-Head of School, and Professor of Computational and Theoretical Chemistry.
* Richard Winpenny, Ex-Head of School, and Professor of Inorg... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In astronomy and atomic physics, doubly ionized oxygen is the ion O (O III in spectroscopic notation). Its emission forbidden lines in the visible spectrum fall primarily at the wavelength 500.7 nm, and secondarily at 495.9 nm. Before spectra of oxygen ions became known, these lines once led to a spurious identificatio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal, published since 1988 by John Wiley & Sons. It covers research in physical organic chemistry in its broadest sense and is available both online and in print. The current editor-in-chief is Rik Tykwinski (University of Alberta). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
At the spinal cord, cannabinoids suppress noxious-stimulus-evoked responses of neurons in the dorsal horn, possibly by modulating descending noradrenaline input from the brainstem. As many of these fibers are primarily GABAergic, cannabinoid stimulation in the spinal column results in disinhibition that should increase... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Casein kinase 1 epsilon has been suggested to play a role in phosphorylation of Disheveled in the Wnt signaling pathway. Casein kinase 1 alpha (CK1α) binds to and phosphorylates β‑catenin
In plants the phosphorylation of protein Jade-1 is regulated by casein kinase 1. In humans there are three casein kinase 1 gamma enz... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nowadays it is possible to solve the classical Streeter–Phelps equation numerically by use of computers. The differential equations are solved by integration. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The potential of mean force is usually applied in the Boltzmann inversion method as a first guess for the effective pair interaction potential that ought to reproduce the correct radial distribution function in a mesoscopic simulation.
Lemkul et al. have used steered molecular dynamics simulations to calculate the pot... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Isaac Asimov, in a 1963 humorous essay entitled "You, too, can speak Gaelic", reprinted in the anthology Adding a Dimension among others, traces the etymology of each component of the chemical name "para-di-methyl-amino-benz-alde-hyde" (e.g. the syllable "-benz-" ultimately derives from the Arabic lubān jāwī (لبان جاوي... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In welding, equivalent carbon content (C.E) is used to understand how the different alloying elements affect hardness of the steel being welded. This is then directly related to hydrogen-induced cold cracking, which is the most common weld defect for steel, thus it is most commonly used to determine weldability. Higher... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some coupling reagents omit the carbodiimide completely and incorporate the HOAt/HOBt moiety as an aminium/uronium or phosphonium salt of a non-nucleophilic anion (tetrafluoroborate or hexafluorophosphate). Examples of aminium/uronium reagents include HATU (HOAt), HBTU/TBTU (HOBt) and HCTU (6-ClHOBt). HBTU and TBTU dif... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cannulation requires installing a flanged rubber cylinder in the side of a cow, behind its 13th rib. The cylinder typically is fitted with a plastic, rubber, or metal cap to keep the rumen anaerobic.
The rubber cannula is surgically implanted while the cow is standing and awake, with local anesthetic. The cow is made t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Enzymes that catalyse this reaction are termed aminases. Amination can occur in a number of ways including reaction with ammonia or another amine such as an alkylation, reductive amination and the Mannich reaction. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Visual phototransduction is the sensory transduction process of the visual system by which light is detected by photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) in the vertebrate retina. A photon is absorbed by a retinal chromophore (each bound to an opsin), which initiates a signal cascade through several intermediate cells, then... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Straight-chain azanes are sometimes indicated by the prefix n- (for normal) where a non-linear isomer exists. Although this is not strictly necessary, the usage is common in cases where there is an important difference in properties between the straight-chain and branched-chain isomers.
The members of the series (in te... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
dactinomycin - decarboxylation reaction - delta opioid receptor - denaturation (biochemistry) - dendrite - dendritic cell - dendritic spine - deoxyribonucleoprotein - deoxyribose - desmopressin - deuterium - developmental biology - dialysis (chemical) - diffusion - dimer - dinucleotide repeat - diploid - disaccharide -... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The yeast mediator complex is approximately as massive as a small subunit of a eukaryotic ribosome. The yeast mediator is composed of 25 subunits, while the mammalian mediator complexes are slightly larger. Mediator can be divided into 4 main parts: The head, middle, tail, and the transiently associated CDK8 kinase mod... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Because converting RNA into cDNA, ligation, amplification, and other sample manipulations have been shown to introduce biases and artifacts that may interfere with both the proper characterization and quantification of transcripts, single molecule direct RNA sequencing has been explored by companies including Helicos (... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One important contribution during this period was the discovery of a means that allowed the administration of previously lethal doses of chemotherapy. The patients bone marrow was first harvested, the chemotherapy administered, and the harvested marrow then returned to patient a few days later. This approach, termed au... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Carbenes had first been postulated by Eduard Buchner in 1903 in cyclopropanation studies of ethyl diazoacetate with toluene. In 1912 Hermann Staudinger also converted alkenes to cyclopropanes with diazomethane and CH as an intermediate. Doering in 1954 demonstrated their synthetic utility with dichlorocarbene. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fused quartz is normally transparent. The material can, however, become translucent if small air bubbles are allowed to be trapped within. The water content (and therefore infrared transmission) of fused quartz is determined by the manufacturing process. Flame-fused material always has a higher water content due to the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Alcohol and carboxylic acids react in the so-called Fischer esterification. The reaction usually requires a catalyst, such as concentrated sulfuric acid:
Other types of ester are prepared in a similar manner for example, tosyl (tosylate) esters are made by reaction of the alcohol with p-toluenesulfonyl chloride in pyri... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lewis Norman Mander, , FAA, FRS (8 September 1939 – 8 February 2020) was a New Zealand-born Australian organic chemist. He has widely explored the synthesis and chemistry of the gibberellin class of diterpenes over a 20-year period at the Australian National University (ANU). In particular, he studied the effect of the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman produced a Bose–Einstein condensate from rubidium atoms in 1995, there naturally arose the prospect of creating a similar sort of condensate made from fermionic atoms, which would form a superfluid by the BCS mechanism. However, early calculations indicated that the temperature require... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There have been reports of large magnetoelectric coupling at room-temperature in type-I multiferroics such as in the "diluted" magnetic perovskite (PbZrTiO)–(PbFeTaO) (PZTFT) in certain Aurivillius phases. Here, strong ME coupling has been observed on a microscopic scale using PFM under magnetic field among other techn... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
22-Dihydroergocalciferol is a form of vitamin D, also known as vitamin D. It has the systematic name (5Z,7E)-(3S)-9,10-seco-5,7,10(19)-ergostatrien-3-ol.
Vitamin D is found in certain mushrooms, being produced from ergosta-5,7-dienol (22,23-dihydroergosterol) instead of ergosterol. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
c-Src is a gene that codes for proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src, a protein important for normal mitotic cycling. It is phosphorylated and dephosphorylated to turn signaling on and off. Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src must be localized to the plasma membrane in order to phosphorylate other downstrea... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Compounds begin to break down as soon as they enter the body. The majority of small-molecule drug metabolism is carried out in the liver by redox enzymes, termed cytochrome P450 enzymes. As metabolism occurs, the initial (parent) compound is converted to new compounds called metabolites. When metabolites are pharmac... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The starting material for this route is a β-(Δ-cyclopentenyl)-ethane derivative with a good leaving group on the terminal carbon of the ethane group. Electron density from the π bond of the alkene moiety is donated into the σ* anti-bond between the terminal carbon and the leaving group (see Figure 8c).
For example, the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
NSTX, and other PSTs, are produced by several species of marine dinoflagellates (eukaryotes) and freshwater cyanobacteria, blue-green algae (prokaryotes), which can form extensive blooms around the world. Under special conditions, during harmful algal blooms (HAB) or red tide, all these toxins may build up in filter-fe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Class I ARE elements, like the c-fos gene, have dispersed AUUUA motifs within or near U-rich regions.
*Class II elements, like the GM-CSF gene, have overlapping AUUUA motifs within or near U-rich regions.
*Class III elements, like the c-jun gene, are a much less well-defined class—they have a U-rich region but no AUUU... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first assumption is that the channel is much wider than it is deep, and the equations can be solved as if the channel were infinitely wide. This means that side-wall effects can be ignored, and that the hydraulic radius, , can be assumed to be equal to the channel depth, .
where is the cross sectional area of flow... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
While arsenic presents no radiological hazard, it is extremely chemically toxic. If it is desired to get rid of arsenic (no matter its origin), thermal neutron irradiation of the only stable isotope will yield short lived which quickly decays to stable . If Arsenic is irradiated with sufficient fast neutrons to cause... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Surface bodies of water provide environments able to dry out and be rewetted. Continued wet-dry cycles allow the concentration of prebiotic compounds and condensation reactions to polymerise macromolecules. Moreover, lake and ponds on land allow for detrital input from the weathering of continental rocks which contain ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Flow focusing may be applied in the food, medicine, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, photographic and environmental industry, among other potential uses. The production of compound particles is an important field: drug encapsulation, dye-labeled particles and multiple-core particles can be cited. Other applications include fl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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