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Most drugs and drug candidates contain amine functional groups:
* Chlorpheniramine is an antihistamine that helps to relieve allergic disorders due to cold, hay fever, itchy skin, insect bites and stings.
* Chlorpromazine is a tranquilizer that sedates without inducing sleep. It is used to relieve anxiety, excitement, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Metal imido complexes are mainly of academic interest. They are however assumed to be intermediates in ammoxidation catalysis, in the Sharpless oxyamination, and in nitrogen fixation. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Deconvolution can be used to apparently improve spectral resolution. In the case of NMR spectra, the process is relatively straight forward, because the line shapes are Lorentzian, and the convolution of a Lorentzian with another Lorentzian is also Lorentzian. The Fourier transform of a Lorentzian is an exponential. In... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Köhler theory describes the process in which water vapor condenses and forms liquid cloud drops, and is based on equilibrium thermodynamics. It combines the Kelvin effect, which describes the change in saturation vapor pressure due to a curved surface, and Raoult's Law, which relates the saturation vapor pressure to th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Given these assumptions, the flux of oxidant through each of the three phases can be expressed in terms of concentrations, material properties, and temperature.
By setting the three fluxes equal to each other the following relations can be derived:
Assuming a diffusion controlled growth i.e. where determines the gro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In an ideal plug flow reactor (PFR) the fluid particles leave in the same order they arrived, not mixing with those in front and behind. Therefore, the particles entering at time t will exit at time t + T, all spending a time T inside the reactor. The residence time distribution will be then a Dirac delta function dela... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Antagonists of the N-terminal domain (NTD) of the AR have been proposed to overcome the limitations of current antiandrogens regarding mutant ARs, by directly blocking AR function from protein surface, outside of the LBP. This direct blockade is thought to provide a more efficient strategy to avoid or overcome abnormal... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Signs and symptoms vary depending on the degree of hypothermia, and may be divided by the three stages of severity. People with hypothermia may appear pale and feel cold to touch.
Infants with hypothermia may feel cold when touched, with bright red skin and an unusual lack of energy.
Behavioural changes such as impair... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Concentrated (50%) aqueous solutions of sodium hydroxide have a characteristic viscosity, 78 mPa·s, that is much greater than that of water (1.0 mPa·s) and near that of olive oil (85 mPa·s) at room temperature. The viscosity of aqueous , as with any liquid chemical, is inversely related to its temperature, i.e., its vi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the absence of an effective enantiomeric environment (precursor, chiral catalyst, or kinetic resolution), separation of a racemic mixture into its enantiomeric components is impossible, although certain racemic mixtures spontaneously crystallize in the form of a racemic conglomerate, in which crystals of the enantio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sealing gaps and cracks around electrical wiring, water pipes and ductwork using acoustical caulk or spray foam will significantly reduce unwanted noise as a preliminary step for ceiling soundproofing. Acoustical caulk should be used along the perimeter of the wall and around all fixtures and duct registers to further ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first stage is called roughing, which produces a rougher concentrate. The objective is to remove the maximum amount of the valuable mineral at as coarse a particle size as practical. Grinding costs energy. The goal is to release enough gangue from the valuable mineral to get a high recovery. Some concentrators use ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The reaction was initially demonstrated using a ketone as the directing group, but other functional groups have been reported, including esters, imines, nitriles, and imidates. Murai reactions have also been reported with disubstituted alkynes. Bidentate directing groups allow ortho alkylation of aromatic rings with α,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Pulvermacher chain, especially in the form of one being worn on the body, was very familiar in the late 19th and early 20th century and would not have needed to be explained to an audience. For instance, there are references to it in the novel Madame Bovary when the character Homais wearing a number of Pulvermache... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The higher heating value (HHV; gross energy, upper heating value, gross calorific value GCV, or higher calorific value; HCV) indicates the upper limit of the available thermal energy produced by a complete combustion of fuel. It is measured as a unit of energy per unit mass or volume of substance. The HHV is determined... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1792, the Real Seminario de Minería (College of Mines) was founded in New Spain by a decree of King Charles III of Spain, with the object of reforming the study of mining and metallurgy in the colony. The institution was initially headed by Fausto Elhúyar (1755–1833), the discoverer of tungsten.
In 1793, Elhúyar off... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The project began recording on 9 June 2008 and the initial videos were completed on 17 July 2008. The collection includes videos, each just a few minutes long, for all 118 known elements with a video for each element, as well as many additional supplemental chemistry videos. The 118 element videos and introduction vide... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A bone seeker is an element, often a radioisotope, that tends to accumulate in the bones of humans and other animals when it is introduced into the body.
For example, strontium and radium are chemically similar to calcium and can replace the calcium in bones. Plutonium is also a bone seeker, though the mechanism by whi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Functional selectivity (or “agonist trafficking”, “biased agonism”, “biased signaling”, "ligand bias" and “differential engagement”) is the ligand-dependent selectivity for certain signal transduction pathways relative to a reference ligand (often the endogenous hormone or peptide) at the same receptor. Functional sele... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In contrast to the Bürgi–Dunitz angle, , and using the case of carbonyl additions as example: the angle adopted during an approach by the nucleophile to a trigonal electrophile depends in complex fashion on:
* the relative steric size of the two substituents attached to (alpha to) the electrophilic carbonyl, which giv... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The van der Waals surface of a molecule is an abstract representation or model of that molecule, illustrating where, in very rough terms, a surface might reside for the molecule based on the hard cutoffs of van der Waals radii for individual atoms, and it represents a surface through which the molecule might be conceiv... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The laser printing of single nanoparticles is a method of applying optical forces that direct single nanoparticles to targeted substrate regions. Van der Waals interactions cause attachment of the single nanoparticles to the substrate areas. This has been accomplished with gold and silicon nanoparticles. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The reaction of carbon dioxide with epoxides is a general route to the preparation of cyclic 5-membered carbonates. Annual production of cyclic carbonates was estimated at 100,000 tonnes per year in 2010. Industrially, ethylene and propylene oxides readily react with carbon dioxide to give ethylene and propylene carbon... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Subtractive hybridization is a technology that allows for PCR-based amplification of only cDNA fragments that differ between a control (driver) and experimental transcriptome. cDNA is produced from mRNA. Differences in relative abundance of transcripts are highlighted, as are genetic differences between species. The ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Red plague is an accelerated corrosion of copper when plated with silver. After storage, damage or use in high-humidity environment, cuprous oxide forms on the surface of the parts. The corrosion is identifiable by presence of patches of brown-red powder deposit on the exposed copper.
Red plague is caused by normally o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Due to its material properties, Terfenol-D is excellent for use in the manufacturing of low frequency, high powered underwater acoustics. Its initial application was in naval sonar systems. It sees application in magnetomechanical sensors, actuators, and acoustic and ultrasonic transducers due to its high energy densit... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Magnetometers can give an indication of auroral activity before the light from the aurora becomes visible. A grid of magnetometers around the world constantly measures the effect of the solar wind on the Earth's magnetic field, which is then published on the K-index. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Schott and many scientists and engineers afterwards applied the additivity principle to experimental data measured in their own laboratory within sufficiently narrow composition ranges (local glass models). This is most convenient because disagreements between laboratories and non-linear glass component interactions do... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carbon dioxide has unique long-term effects on climate change that are nearly "irreversible" for a thousand years after emissions stop (zero further emissions). The greenhouse gases methane and nitrous oxide do not persist over time in the same way as carbon dioxide. Even if human carbon dioxide emissions were to compl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Isotopes are distinct nuclear species (or nuclides) of the same chemical element. They have the same atomic number (number of protons in their nuclei) and position in the periodic table (and hence belong to the same chemical element), but differ in nucleon numbers (mass numbers) due to different numbers of neutrons in ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chemical process miniaturization refers to a philosophical concept within the discipline of process design that challenges the notion of "economy of scale" or "bigger is better". In this context, process design refers to the discipline taught primarily to chemical engineers. However, the emerging discipline of proce... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Meixner test (also known as the Wieland test) uses concentrated hydrochloric acid and newspaper to test for the deadly amatoxins found in some species of Amanita, Lepiota, and Galerina. The test yields false positives for some compounds, such as psilocin. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Potential root causes of metallurgical failures are vast, spanning the lifecycle of component from design to manufacturing to usage. The most common reasons for failures can be classified into the following categories: | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Peregrine soliton can also be seen as the limiting case of the time-periodic Kuznetsov-Ma breather when the period tends to infinity. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Six essential amino acids and three nonessential are synthesized from oxaloacetate and pyruvate. Aspartate and alanine are formed from oxaloacetate and pyruvate, respectively, by transamination from glutamate. Asparagine is synthesized by amidation of aspartate, with glutamine donating the NH4.
These are nonessential ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In shallower waters, evidence supports that activity of local fisherman and marine life such as fish and certain shark species can disturb bottom sediments containing calcium carbonate particles and lead to their suspension. In addition, as microorganisms impact water chemistry in observable ways and require certain nu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The term antiaromaticity was first proposed by Ronald Breslow in 1967 as "a situation in which a cyclic delocalisation of electrons is destabilising". The IUPAC criteria for antiaromaticity are as follows:
#The molecule must be cyclic.
#The molecule must be planar.
#The molecule must have a complete conjugated π-electr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In boilers, economizers are heat exchange devices that heat fluids, usually water, up to but not normally beyond the boiling point of that fluid. Economizers are so named because they can make use of the enthalpy in fluid streams that are hot, but not hot enough to be used in a boiler, thereby recovering more useful e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Transition metal hydrides include compounds that can be classified as covalent hydrides. Some are even classified as interstitial hydrides and other bridging hydrides. Classical transition metal hydride feature a single bond between the hydrogen centre and the transition metal. Some transition metal hydrides are acidi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lithium treatment has been found to inhibit the enzyme inositol monophosphatase, involved in degrading inositol monophosphate to inositol required in PIP synthesis. This leads to lower levels of inositol triphosphate, created by decomposition of PIP. This effect has been suggested to be further enhanced with an inosito... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Initial glance, forensic intelligence may appear as a nascent facet of forensic science facilitated by advancements in information technologies such as computers, databases, and data-flow management software. However, a more profound examination reveals that forensic intelligence represents a genuine and emerging incli... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, Markovnikovs rule or Markownikoffs rule describes the outcome of some addition reactions. The rule was formulated by Russian chemist Vladimir Markovnikov in 1870. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Alchemy (from Arabic: al-kīmiyā; from Ancient Greek: χυμεία, khumeía) is an ancient branch of natural philosophy, a philosophical and protoscientific tradition that was historically practised in China, India, the Muslim world, and Europe. In its Western form, alchemy is first attested in a number of pseudepigraphical t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Few transition metals can achieve the +6 oxidation state in an oxide, so oxides with the stoichiometry MO are rare. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In free-radical chain-growth polymerization, chain termination can occur by a disproportionation step in which a hydrogen atom is transferred from one growing chain molecule to another one, which produces two dead (non-growing) chains.
:: Chain—CH–CHX + Chain—CH–CHX → Chain—CH=CHX + Chain—CH–CHX
in which, Chain— ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many of the properties of transition metal complexes are dictated by their electronic structures. The electronic structure can be described by a relatively ionic model that ascribes formal charges to the metals and ligands. This approach is the essence of crystal field theory (CFT). Crystal field theory, introduced by... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a modern diesel engine, the fuel is part of the engine lubrication process. Diesel fuel naturally contains compounds that provide lubricity, but because of regulations in many countries (such as the US and the EU countries), sulphur must be removed from the fuel before it can be sold. The hydrotreatment of diesel fu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nociception is the form of somatic sensation that detects potentially tissue-damaging noxious stimuli. Peripheral nociceptors uniquely express transient receptor potentials which are sensitive to potentially-damaging mechanical, chemical, or thermal stimuli. Nociceptors also contain receptors for pain and inflammatory-... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The sialic acid family includes many derivatives of the nine-carbon sugar neuraminic acid, but these acids rarely appear free in nature. Normally they can be found as components of oligosaccharide chains of mucins, glycoproteins and glycolipids occupying terminal, nonreducing positions of complex carbohydrates on both ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Researchers have begun to focus on decellularization for organ transplants since it reduces the chance of rejection to almost none. This process was used in the first successful stem-cell based organ transplant by removing the cells and MHC antigens from the donor organ. There are different ways to remove the cells fro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In a flow distribution network that progresses from a large tube to many small tubes (e.g. a blood vessel network), the frequency, density, and dynamic viscosity are (usually) the same throughout the network, but the tube radii change. Therefore, the Womersley number is large in large vessels and small in small vessels... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Abiotic factors that can damage plants include heat, freezing, flooding, lightning strikes, ozone gas, and pollutant chemicals.
Heat can kill any plant, given a sufficient temperature. Alpine plants tend to die at around 47 Celsius; temperate plants at around 51 Celsius; and tropical plants at nearly 58 Celsius: but th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Compounds such as 2,2,2-trichloroethanol, which contain multiple geminal halogens adjacent to a hydroxyl group may be considered halohydrins (although, strictly speaking, they fail the IUPAC definition) as they possess similar chemistry. In particular they also undergo intramolecular cyclisation to form dihaloepoxy gro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
After the initial carousel stripping machine development and the later development of the linear stripping machine, Falconbridge personnel developed the Kidd Process High Capacity Linear Machine (“HCLM”). This machine included a loading and unloading system that was based on robotics.
The new design improved, among oth... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Structurally, sea foam is thermodynamically unstable, though some sea foam can persist in the environment for several days at most. There are two types of sea foam categorized based on their stability: 1) Unstable or transient foams have very short lifetimes of only seconds. The bubbles formed in sea foam may burst rel... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Reductions of carbon-carbon double and triple bonds are most commonly accomplished through catalytic hydrogenation:
However, diimide reduction offers the advantages that the handling of gaseous hydrogen is unnecessary and removal of catalysts and byproducts (one of which is gaseous dinitrogen) is straightforward. Hydro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Several properties make NiSi an important local contact material in the area of microelectronics, among them a reduced thermal budget, low resistivity of 13–14 μΩ·cm and a reduced Si consumption when compared to alternative compounds. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The light and dark bottle method uses the same concept as the free-water method to estimate rates of metabolism - GPP only occurs during the day with solar energy while ER occurs in both the presence and absence of light. This method incubates lake water in two separate bottles, one that is clear and exposed to natural... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Calcium is stored in geologic reservoirs, most commonly in the form of calcium carbonate or as calcium silicate. Calcium-containing rocks include calcite, dolomite, phosphate, and gypsum. Rocks slowly dissolve by physical and chemical processes, carrying calcium ions into rivers and oceans. Calcium ions (Ca) and magnes... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In fluid mechanics, dimensional analysis is performed to obtain dimensionless pi terms or groups. According to the principles of dimensional analysis, any prototype can be described by a series of these terms or groups that describe the behaviour of the system. Using suitable pi terms or groups, it is possible to devel... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
pHT01 is a plasmid used as a cloning vector for expressing proteins in Bacillus subtilis. It is 7,956 base pairs in length. pHT01 carries Pgrac, an artificial, strong, IPTG-inducible promoter consisting of the Bacillus subtilis groE promoter, a lac operator, and the gsiB ribosome binding site. It was first found on p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Heme A was first isolated by the German biochemist Otto Warburg in 1951 and shown by him to be the active component of the integral membrane metalloprotein cytochrome c oxidase. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Generally mineral names should not be used to specify chemical composition. However a mineral name can be used to specify the structure type in a formula e.g.
* (perovskite type) | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mycosubtilin is a natural lipopeptide. It is produced by the strains of Bacillus spp mainly by Bacillus subtilis. It was discovered due to its antifungal activities. It belongs to the family of iturin lipopeptides | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The ICRP definition of the sievert is:
: "The sievert is the special name for the SI unit of equivalent dose, effective dose, and operational dose quantities. The unit is joule per kilogram."
The sievert is used for a number of dose quantities which are described in this article and are part of the international radiol... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Self-assembly can also be observed in the presence of organic ligands and various metals centers through coordinative bonds or supramolecular interactions. Molecular self- assembly involves the association by many weak, reversible interactions to obtain a final structure that represents a thermodynamic minimum. A class... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* The Rhine carries much river traffic, and major inland ports are found at its confluence with the Ruhr at Duisburg, and with the Neckar at Mannheim; see Mannheim Harbour.
* The Main flows into the Rhine just south of Mainz.
* The Mosel flows into the Rhine further north at Koblenz. The name "Koblenz" itself has its o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A single conductive wire is used as feedstock for the system. A supersonic plasma jet—formed by a transferred arc between a non-consumable cathode and the wire—melts and atomizes the wire. A stream of air transports the atomized metal onto the substrate. The particles flatten upon striking the surface of the substrate ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It is considered to be the most difficult Chemistry exam throughout the world, the difficulty of Final round is much harder than IChO. The difficulty of the preliminary round is often enough to surpass IChO, also. Its problems are often beyond the abilities of an overwhelming majority of undergraduates. (As a consequen... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemistry, an ionophore () is a chemical species that reversibly binds ions. Many ionophores are lipid-soluble entities that transport ions across the cell membrane. Ionophores catalyze ion transport across hydrophobic membranes, such as liquid polymeric membranes (carrier-based ion selective electrodes) or lipid bi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Because the compounds that exhibit bioluminescence are typically fluorescent, fluorescence can be used to identify photocytes in organisms. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemistry, π-effects or π-interactions are a type of non-covalent interaction that involves π systems. Just like in an electrostatic interaction where a region of negative charge interacts with a positive charge, the electron-rich π system can interact with a metal (cationic or neutral), an anion, another molecule a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Processes can be characterized as batch, continuous, or hybrid. Batch applications require that specific quantities of raw materials be combined in specific ways for particular duration to produce an intermediate or end result. One example is the production of adhesives and glues, which normally require the mixing of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The COCO Simulator is a free-of-charge, non-commercial, graphical, modular and CAPE-OPEN compliant, steady-state, sequential simulation process modeling environment. It was originally intended as a test environment for CAPE-OPEN modeling tools but now provides free chemical process simulation for students. It is an ope... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T) or uracil (U).
Amino acids: Alanine (Ala, A), Arginine (Arg, R), Asparagine (Asn, N), Aspartic acid (Asp, D), Cysteine (Cys, C), Glutamic acid (Glu, E), Glutamine (Gln, Q), Glycine (Gly, G), Histidine (His, H), Isoleucine (Ile, I), Leucine (Leu, L), Lysine (... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Septic drain fields, also called leach fields or leach drains, are subsurface wastewater disposal facilities used to remove contaminants and impurities from the liquid that emerges after anaerobic digestion in a septic tank. Organic materials in the liquid are catabolized by a microbial ecosystem.
A septic drain field,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some PSM products - such as cutlery - contain a mix of PSM and plastics. These plastics prevent the PSM from degrading, making the entire product non-biodegradable. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Due to the crucial role of base, specific amines must be added in excess or as solvent for the reaction to proceed. It has been discovered that secondary amines such as piperidine, morpholine, or diisopropylamine in particular can react efficiently and reversibly with trans– complexes by substituting one ligand.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As with many signal transduction pathways, plant gene expression during immune responses can be regulated by degradation. This often occurs when hormone binding to hormone receptors stimulates ubiquitin-associated degradation of repressor proteins that block expression of certain genes. The net result is hormone-activ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Heck–Matsuda (HM) reaction is an organic reaction and a type of palladium catalysed arylation of olefins that uses arenediazonium salts as an alternative to aryl halides and triflates.
The use of arenediazonium salts presents some advantages over traditional aryl halide electrophiles, for example, the use of phosph... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Glypiation is a special form of glycosylation that features the formation of a GPI anchor. In this kind of glycosylation a protein is attached to a lipid anchor, via a glycan chain. (See also prenylation.) | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
# Extract from carbonates by reaction with anhydrous phosphoric acid. (there is no direct way to measure the abundance of COs in with high enough precision). The phosphoric acid temperature is often held between 25° and 90 °C and can be as high as 110 °C.
# Purify the that has been extracted. This step removes contam... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Relaxometry refers to the study and/or measurement of relaxation variables in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Often referred to as Time-Domain NMR. In NMR, nuclear magnetic moments are used to measure specific physical and chemical properties of materials.
Relaxation of the nuclear spin syste... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
LB buffer, also known as lithium borate buffer, is a buffer solution used in agarose electrophoresis, typically for the separation of nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA. It is made up of Lithium borate (lithium hydroxide monohydrate and boric acid).
LB(R) is a registered (USPTO) trademark of Faster Better Media LLC, wh... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Solitons can occur in materials, such as ferroelectrics, in the form of domain walls. Ferroelectric materials exhibit spontaneous polarization, or electric dipoles, which are coupled to configurations of the material structure. Domains of oppositely poled polarizations can be present within a single material as the str... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Radon concentrations found in natural environments are much too low to be detected by chemical means: for example, a 1000 Bq/m (relatively high) concentration corresponds to 0.17 picogram per cubic meter. The average concentration of radon in the atmosphere is about 6 atoms of radon for each molecule in the air, or abo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Liming can also improve aggregate stability on clay soils. For this purpose structure lime, products containing calcium oxide (CaO) or hydroxide (Ca(OH)) in mixes with calcium carbonate (CaCO), are often used. Structure liming can reduce losses of clay and nutrients from soil aggregates. The degree to which a given amo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The oxyallyl diradical (OXA) is a trimethylenemethane molecule with one methylene group replaced by oxygen. This reactive intermediate is postulated to occur in ring opening of cyclopropanones, allene oxides and in the Favorskii rearrangement. The intermediate has been produced by reaction of oxygen radical anions with... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The goniometric SPR method was researched alongside focused beam SPR and Otto configurations at VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland since 1980s by Dr. Janusz Sadowski. The goniometric SPR optics was commercialized by Biofons Oy for use in point-of-care applications. Introduction of additional measurement laser wav... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An experimental iodine clock sequence has also been established for a system consisting of iodine potassium-iodide, sodium chlorate and perchloric acid that takes place through the following reactions.
Triiodide is present in equilibrium with iodide anion and molecular iodine:
Chlorate ion oxidizes iodide ion to hypoio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Adrien Albert
* Albert Ernest Alexander
* Jane Foss Barff
* Henry H. Bauer
* James K. Beattie
* Arthur Birch
* Alexander Boden
* Brice Bosnich
* Mary Elizabeth Brown
* A. David Buckingham
* Samuel Warren Carey
* Warwick Cathro
* John Cornforth
* James Charles Cox
* David P. Craig
* Liz Dennis
* Francis Patrick Dwyer
... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Spectral absorbance in frequency and spectral absorbance in wavelength of a material, denoted and respectively, are given by
where
* is the spectral radiant flux in frequency by that material;
* is the spectral radiant flux in frequency by that material;
* is the spectral transmittance in frequency of that mater... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Magnesium oxalate is a skin and eye irritant. If inhaled, it will irritate the lungs and mucous membranes. Magnesium oxalate has no known chronic effects nor any carcinogenic effects. Magnesium oxalate is non-flammable and stable, but in fire conditions it will give off toxic fumes. According to OSHA, magnesium oxal... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carl Gustaf Mosander (10 September 1797 – 15 October 1858) was a Swedish chemist. He discovered the rare earth elements lanthanum, erbium and terbium. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Schneider flow describes the axisymmetric outer flow induced by a laminar or turbulent jet having a large jet Reynolds number or by a laminar plume with a large Grashof number, in the case where the fluid domain is bounded by a wall. When the jet Reynolds number or the plume Grashof number is large, the full flow field... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the 1980s, most of the dioxane produced was used as a stabilizer for 1,1,1-trichloroethane for storage and transport in aluminium containers. Normally aluminium is protected by a passivating oxide layer, but when these layers are disturbed, the metallic aluminium reacts with trichloroethane to give aluminium trichlo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Reduction of an epoxide with lithium aluminium hydride or aluminium hydride produces the corresponding alcohol. This reduction process results from the nucleophilic addition of hydride (H).
* Reductive cleavage of epoxides gives β-lithioalkoxides.
* Epoxides undergo ring expansion reactions, illustrated by the inse... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ferritin is used in materials science as a precursor in making iron nanoparticles for carbon nanotube growth by chemical vapor deposition.
Cavities formed by ferritin and mini-ferritins (Dps) proteins have been successfully used as the reaction chamber for the fabrication of metal nanoparticles (NPs). Protein shells se... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
According to the IUPAC definition, flocculation is "a process of contact and adhesion whereby the particles of a dispersion form larger-size clusters". Flocculation
is synonymous with agglomeration and coagulation/coalescence.
Basically, coagulation is a process of addition of coagulant to destabilize a stabilized char... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The carbon cycle was first described by Antoine Lavoisier and Joseph Priestley, and popularised by Humphry Davy. The global carbon cycle is now usually divided into the following major reservoirs of carbon (also called carbon pools) interconnected by pathways of exchange:
* Atmosphere
* Terrestrial biosphere
* Ocean, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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