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Quartz fiber filter paper has a high resistance to chemicals, does not absorb NO and SO dioxides, is unaffected by humidity and is easily sterilized. Thus, it is mostly used for air pollution analysis. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Two RNA genomes are packaged into each retrovirus particle, but, after an infection, each virus generates only one provirus. After infection, reverse transcription is accompanied by template switching between the two genome copies (copy choice recombination). There are two models that suggest why RNA transcriptase sw... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are several software packages in different programming languages that allow easy use of Blosum matrices.
Examples are the [https://pypi.org/project/blosum/ blosum] module for Python, or the BioJava library for Java. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As the Mach number of the upstream flow becomes increasingly hypersonic, the equations for the pressure, density, and temperature after the oblique shock wave reach a mathematical limit. The pressure and density ratios can then be expressed as:
For a perfect atmospheric gas approximation using γ = 1.4, the hypersonic ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Baldwin–Lomax model is a 0-equation turbulence model used in computational fluid dynamics analysis of turbulent boundary layer flows. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A photocyte is a cell that specializes in catalyzing enzymes to produce light (bioluminescence). Photocytes typically occur in select layers of epithelial tissue, functioning singly or in a group, or as part of a larger apparatus (a photophore). They contain special structures termed as photocyte granules. These specia... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Atmospheric hypoxia occurs naturally at high altitudes. Total atmospheric pressure decreases as altitude increases, causing a lower partial pressure of oxygen, which is defined as hypobaric hypoxia. Oxygen remains at 20.9% of the total gas mixture, differing from hypoxic hypoxia, where the percentage of oxygen in the a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1802, Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac published results of similar, though more extensive experiments. Gay-Lussac credited Charles earlier work by naming the law in his honor. Gay-Lussac himself is credited with the law describing pressure, which he found in 1809. It states that the pressure exerted on a containers sides by... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1985, the Society used the proceeds from the 10th International Mass Spectrometry Conference to establish 7 Beynon PhD Studentships. In 2007, the Society announced they would initiate summer studentship projects and in 2012 they announced BMSS research grants. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Semiconductor materials have energy band gaps, and will generate a pair of electron and hole for each absorbed photon if the energy of the photon is higher than the band gap energy of the semiconductor. This property of semiconductor materials has been successfully used to convert solar energy into electrical energy by... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bacteria, fungi, allergens, and particle-bound semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) can all be found in bedding and pillows with possible consequences for human health given the high amount of exposure each day. Over 47 species of fungi have been identified in pillows, although the typical range of species found in ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It is a tabular and numerical alternative to the water surplus diagram in Water Pinch which can be used to identify opportunities for reduction in feedwater usage and the design of water distribution networks. The WCA is done in three steps, a global analysis of water distribution and consumption in the network, establ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
If there are additional factors preventing boundary movement, such as Zener pinning by particles, then the grain size may be restricted to a much lower value than might otherwise be expected. This is an important industrial mechanism in preventing the softening of materials at high temperature. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
PDE5 degrades cGMP and therefore inhibits erection. As demonstrated in , inhibition of PDE5 reduces degradation of cGMP and leads to penile erection.
Because of this action PDE5 inhibitors have been developed for the treatment of penile erectile dysfunction. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the greenhouse effect, long wave radiation emitted by a planet is absorbed by certain gases in the atmosphere, reducing longwave emissions to space. Planets with substantial greenhouse atmospheres emit more longwave radiation at the surface than what reaches space. Consequently, such planets have surface temperature... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Rett syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder involving deterioration of learned language and motor skills, autism, and seizures starting in infancy. Many cases of Rett syndrome are associated with mutations in MECP2, a gene encoding a transcriptional repressor. Mutations in this gene decrease the levels of MeCP2 bind... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 2007 it was reported that a preliminary dating of a Pločnik copper workshop with a furnace and copper tools to 5,500 BCE, if correct, indicated the Copper Age could have started in Europe 500 years or more earlier than previously thought. The sophisticated furnace and smelter featured earthen pipe-like air vents wit... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lu is a member of the American Chemical Society and the Royal Chemical Society, and has served on the editorial advisory board of Chemical Society Reviews since 2016. She also served on the Inorganic Chemistry editorial advisory board from 2016 to 2018. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Regarding the volume-temperature relationship, Gay-Lussac attributed his findings to Jacques Charles because he used much of Charless unpublished data from 1787 – hence, the law became known as Charless law or the Law of Charles and Gay-Lussac.
Amontonss, Charles, and Boyles law form the combined gas law. These three g... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A medication (also called medicament, medicine, pharmaceutical drug, medicinal drug or simply drug) is a drug used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease. Drug therapy (pharmacotherapy) is an important part of the medical field and relies on the science of pharmacology for continual advancement and on pharmacy fo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hybridization is the process of establishing a non-covalent, sequence-specific interaction between two or more complementary strands of nucleic acids into a single complex, which in the case of two strands is referred to as a duplex. Oligonucleotides, DNA, or RNA will bind to their complement under normal conditions, s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Imidazoline is a class of heterocycles formally derived from imidazoles by the reduction of one of the two double bonds. Three isomers are known, 2-imidazolines, 3-imidazolines, and 4-imidazolines. The 2- and 3-imidazolines contain an imine center, whereas the 4-imidazolines contain an alkene group. The 2-Imidazoline g... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thomson scattering is the elastic scattering of electromagnetic radiation by a free charged particle, as described by classical electromagnetism. It is the low-energy limit of Compton scattering: the particle's kinetic energy and photon frequency do not change as a result of the scattering. This limit is valid as long... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Neurotransmitter systems are systems of neurons in the brain expressing certain types of neurotransmitters, and thus form distinct systems. Activation of the system causes effects in large volumes of the brain, called volume transmission. Volume transmission is the diffusion of neurotransmitters through the brain extra... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Adjusting for inflation, it cost $96 per watt for a solar module in the mid-1970s. Process improvements and a very large boost in production have brought that figure down more than 99%, to 30¢ per watt in 2018
and as low as 20¢ per watt in 2020.
Swansons law is an observation similar to Moores Law that states that sol... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1945, Folch married Willa Babcock, who was also a scholar in her own right (in the field of Romance languages) and would later become the academic dean of Tufts University. The couple had three children. Folch died in Boston, Massachusetts on October 3, 1979 at 69 years of age. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Award for Encouraging Disadvantaged Students into Careers in the Chemical Sciences is an American Chemical Society (ACS) award sponsored by The Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation, it was instituted in 1993 with the intention of recognizing "significant accomplishments by individuals in stimulating students, under... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Rho-related GTPases from plants, otherwise known as ROPs, are involved in cell polarity through the regulation of cytoskeleton components like actin and microtubules. Unlike mammalian cells, plant cells do not contain heterotrimeric G proteins like Cdc42, Rac, and Rho that are known to regulate cellular polarity.
__TOC... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sulfur-35 is used to label proteins and nucleic acids. Cysteine is an amino acid containing a thiol group which can be labeled by sulfur-35. For nucleotides that do not contain a sulfur group, the oxygen on one of the phosphate groups can be substituted with a sulfur. This thiophosphate acts the same as a normal phosph... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
mTORC1 activation is required for myofibrillar muscle protein synthesis and skeletal muscle hypertrophy in humans in response to both physical exercise and ingestion of certain amino acids or amino acid derivatives. Persistent inactivation of mTORC1 signaling in skeletal muscle facilitates the loss of muscle mass and s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
2-Methoxy-1,3-butadiene and ethyl-2-butynoate undergo a Diels-Alder reaction to generate a precursor which is hydrolyzed to obtain Hagemanns ester. By varying the substituents on the butynoate starting material, this approach allows for different C2 alkylated Hagemanns ester derivatives to be synthesized. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Already in 1914, Wilton extended the Stokes expansion for deep-water surface gravity waves to tenth order, although introducing errors at the eight order. A fifth-order theory for finite depth was derived by De in 1955. For engineering use, the fifth-order formulations of Fenton are convenient, applicable to both Stoke... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Porphyrins are often used to construct structures in supramolecular chemistry. These systems take advantage of the Lewis acidity of the metal, typically zinc. An example of a host–guest complex that was constructed from a macrocycle composed of four porphyrins. A guest-free base porphyrin is bound to the center by coor... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Radiosensitivity is the relative susceptibility of cells, tissues, organs or organisms to the harmful effect of ionizing radiation. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As they are inert, perfluoroalkanes have essentially no chemical uses, but their physical properties have led to their use in many diverse applications. These include:
*Perfluorocarbon tracer
*Liquid dielectric
*Chemical vapor deposition
*Organic Rankine cycle
*Fluorous biphasic catalysis
*Cosmetics
*Ski waxes
As well ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
UPdAl is a heavy-fermion superconductor with a hexagonal crystal structure and critical temperature T=2.0K that was discovered in 1991. Furthermore, UPdAl orders antiferromagnetically at T=14K, and UPdAl thus features the unusual behavior that this material, at temperatures below 2K, is simultaneously superconducting a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1856, Robert Forester Mushet "used manganese to improve the ability of steel produced by the Bessemer process to withstand rolling and forging at elevated temperatures."
In 1860, Henry Bessemer invented the use of ferromanganese as a method of introducing manganese in controlled proportions during the production of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Twintrons were discovered by Donald W. Copertino and Richard B. Hallick as a group II intron within another group II intron in Euglena chloroplast genome. They found that splicing of both the internal and external introns occurs via lariat intermediates. Additionally, twintron splicing was found to proceed by a sequent... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Heck reaction is the palladium-catalyzed coupling of an aryl or alkenyl halide with an alkene to form a substituted alkene. Intramolecular variants of the reaction may be used to generate cyclic products containing endo or exo double bonds. Ring sizes produced by the intramolecular Heck reaction range from four to ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Once a vortex sheet, it will diffuse due to viscous action. Consider a planar unidirectional flow at ,
impling the presence of a vortex sheet at . The velocity discontinuity smooths out according to
where is the kinematic viscosity. The only non-zero vorticity component is in the direction, given by | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A sulfite ester (also known as an organosulfite) is a functional group with the structure (RO)(R'O)SO. They are in principle the esters of sulfurous acid, however as the acid cannot be produced they are in practice made via other routes.
They adopt a trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry due to the presence of lone pa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the long term, sustainable use of the soil must be guaranteed in order to meet the needs of the world's population. The project brings together numerous universities, research institutions, companies and stakeholders with the aim of creating a web-based, free system to support practical agriculture and land users in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are various mechanisms for glycosylation, although most share several common features:
*Glycosylation, unlike glycation, is an enzymatic process. Indeed, glycosylation is thought to be the most complex post-translational modification, because of the large number of enzymatic steps involved.
*The donor molecule i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1941, Tisza immigrated to the United States and joined the faculty at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. His research areas included theoretical physics and the history and philosophy of science, specifically on the foundation of thermodynamics and quantum mechanics. He taught at MIT until 1973. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Typical domestic exposures are of around 100Bq/m indoors, but specifics of construction and ventilation strongly affect levels of accumulation; a further complication for risk assessment is that concentrations in a single location may differ by a factor of two over an hour, and concentrations can vary greatly even betw... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Casting – molten metal is poured into a shaped mold. Variants of casting include sand casting, investment casting, also called the lost wax process, die casting, and continuous castings. Each of these forms has advantages for certain metals and applications considering factors like magnetism and corrosion.
* Forging ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Strong hydrogen bonds are revealed by downfield shifts in the H NMR spectrum. For example, the acidic proton in the enol tautomer of acetylacetone appears at 15.5, which is about 10 ppm downfield of a conventional alcohol.
In the IR spectrum, hydrogen bonding shifts the stretching frequency to lower energy (i.e. the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Gross–Pitaevskii model of BEC is a physical approximation valid for certain classes of BECs. By construction, the GPE uses the following simplifications: it assumes that interactions between condensate particles are of the contact two-body type and also neglects anomalous contributions to self-energy. These assumpt... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Swedish assay office, the SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, is in Borås. The assay office is privatized and the concession, given to the Inspecta Corporation, is an independent, international qualification requirements fulfilling inspection, testing, measurement and certification services provider. Inspect... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fast parallel proteolysis (FASTpp) is a method to determine the thermostability of proteins by measuring which fraction of protein resists rapid proteolytic digestion. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Gibbs free energy is so combining the previous results gives
This is the Gibbs free energy for a perfect vdW fluid, or in reduced form | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a recent publication, REMS technology has received the attention of the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases ([http://www.esceo.org/ ESCEO]). In this work, all the available technologies for bone strength assessment and fracture risk estimat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Flaviviruses constitute a family of linear, single-stranded RNA(+) viruses. Flaviviruses include the West Nile virus, dengue virus, Tick-borne Encephalitis Virus, Yellow Fever Virus, and several other viruses. Many flavivirus species can replicate in both mammalian and insect cells. Most flaviviruses are arthropod born... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The following panels show sea surface concentrations of fields prepared by GLODAPv1.1. The "pre-industrial" is the 18th century, while "present-day" is approximately the 1990s.
The following panels show sea surface concentrations of fields prepared by GLODAPv2. The "pre-industrial" is the 18th century, while "present-d... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Toluene disproportionation (TDP) is the conversion of toluene to benzene and xylene.
Given that demand for para-xylene (p-xylene) substantially exceeds demand for other xylene isomers, a refinement of the TDP process called Selective TDP (STDP) may be used. In this process, the xylene stream exiting the TDP unit is app... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fasteners join, or affix, two or more objects. Although they are usually used to attach pipe and fittings to mechanical supports in buildings, they do not connect the pipes. Fasteners commonly used with piping are a stud bolt with nuts (usually fully threaded, with two heavy, hexagonal nuts); a machine bolt and nut; o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Flowers of sulfur (FOS) testing was developed to determine the porosity of metallic coatings susceptible to sulfur induced corrosion [see below ASTM B809-95(2018)]. Applicable substrates are silver, copper, copper alloys and any other metal or metal alloy with which sulfur will react. For porosity testing, coatings c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Flotufolastat F-18, sold under the brand name Posluma, is a radioactive diagnostic agent for use with positron emission tomography (PET) imaging for prostate cancer. The active ingredient is flotufolastat F-18 gallium.
Flotufolastat F-18 was approved for medical use in the United States in May 2023. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
More generally, systems in equilibrium at temperature have probability of occupying a state with energy weighted by the corresponding Boltzmann factor:
where is the partition function. Again, it is the energy-like quantity that takes central importance.
Consequences of this include (in addition to the results for... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Isotopic effect expressed with the equations given above only refer to reactions that can be described with first-order kinetics. In all instances in which this is not possible, transient kinetic isotope effects should be taken into account using the GEBIK and GEBIF equations. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
ATP is a molecule found in and around living cells, and as such it gives a direct measure of biological concentration and health. ATP is quantified by measuring the light produced through its reaction with the naturally occurring firefly enzyme luciferase using a luminometer. The amount of light produced is directly pr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Solving for yields two solutions. They must both be analyzed to determine which is the physical solution. One will usually be a subsonic root and the other a supersonic root. If it is not clear which value of velocity is correct, the second law of thermodynamics may be applied.
Second law of thermodynamics:
The val... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The microdialysis technique has undergone much development since its first use in 1972, when it was first employed to monitor concentrations of endogenous biomolecules in the brain. Today's area of application has expanded to monitoring free concentrations of endogenous as well as exogenous compounds in virtually any t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some sources claim that the first production of hydrofluoric acid was by Heinrich Schwanhard, a German glass cutter, in 1670. A peer-reviewed study of Schwanhard's writings, though, showed no specific mention of fluorite and only discussion of an extremely strong acid. It was hypothesized that this was probably nitric ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 9 also known as 4-1BB ligand or 4-1BBL or CD137L is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TNFSF9 gene.
4-1BBL is a type 2 transmembrane glycoprotein receptor that is found on APCs (antigen presenting cells) and binds to 4-1BB (also known as CD137). The 4-1BB/4-1BBL c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemistry, "activation" refers to the reversible transition of a molecule into a nearly identical chemical or physical state, with the defining characteristic being that this resultant state exhibits an increased propensity to undergo a specified chemical reaction. Thus, activation is conceptually the opposite of p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hard soaps (), also termed soda soaps in older terminology, are categorized under soaps and are typically sodium salts of fatty acids. They vary in color from white to brownish and have a fatty acid content ranging from 72 to 75%. These soaps are typically made from lower-quality fats. Hard soaps serve as the foundatio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Background radiation equivalent time (BRET) or background equivalent radiation time (BERT) is a unit of measurement of ionizing radiation dosage amounting to one day worth of average human exposure to background radiation.
BRET units are used as a measure of low level radiation exposure. The health hazards of low doses... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
; (2001 September); Magnum opus
Pereras Magnum opus never loses sight of what is required to make a complete cricketer – in every sense of the word. Former England skipper Mike Brearley OBE has contributed the preface while the then Sri Lankas cricket coach, Davenall Whatmore, the foreword. It is the only self study t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The European Fusion Development Agreement (EFDA) was created in 1999.
Until 2008 EFDA was responsible for the exploitation of the Joint European Torus, the coordination and support of fusion-related research & development activities carried out by the Associations and by European Industry and coordination of the Europe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Surface tension describes how difficult it is to extend the area of a surface (by stretching or distorting it). If surface tension is high, there is a large free energy required to increase the surface area, so the surface will tend to contract and hold together like a rubber sheet.
There are various factors affecting ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Non-specific acting modes of toxic action result in narcosis; therefore, narcosis is a mode of toxic action. Narcosis is defined as a generalized depression in biological activity due to the presence of toxicant molecules in the organism. The target site and mechanism of toxic action through which narcosis affects orga... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The role of electricity in the nervous systems of animals was first observed in dissected frogs by Luigi Galvani, who studied it from 1791 to 1797. Galvani's results inspired Alessandro Volta to develop the Voltaic pile—the earliest-known electric battery—with which he studied animal electricity (such as electric eels)... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Modafinil is sold under a variety of brand names worldwide, including Alertec, Alertex, Altasomil, Aspendos, Bravamax, Forcilin, Intensit, Karim, Mentix, Modafinilo, Modalert, Modanil, Modasomil, Modvigil, Modiodal, Modiwake, Movigil, Provigil, Resotyl, Stavigile, Vigia, Vigicer, Vigil, Vigimax, Waklert, and Zalux. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lateral flow assays have a wide array of applications and can test a variety of samples like urine, blood, saliva, sweat, serum, and other fluids. They are currently used by clinical laboratories, hospitals, and physicians for quick and accurate tests for specific target molecules and gene expression. Other uses for la... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* 1900 – Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns and Erich von Tschermak independently rediscovered Mendel's paper on heredity.
* 1902 – Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri, independently proposed that the chromosomes carry the hereditary information.
* 1905 – William Bateson coined the term "genetics" to describe the study of biolog... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Calibration materials are compounds whose isotopic composition is known extremely well relative to the primary reference materials or which define the isotopic composition of the primary reference materials but are not the isotopic ratios to which data are reported in the scientific literature. For example, the calibra... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1799, Benjamin Thompson (Count Rumford) had proposed the establishment in London of an Institution for Diffusing Knowledge, i.e. the Royal Institution. The house in Albemarle Street was bought in April 1799. Rumford became secretary to the institution, and Dr Thomas Garnett was the first lecturer.
In February 1801 D... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tamiflu is a carbocyclic mimic of the cell-surface carbohydrate sialic acid. Tamiflu is an enzyme inhibitor that blocks the action of influenza virus neuraminidases (sialidases). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
According to Thomson Reuters in their 2012 publication "The Economic Power of Orphan Drugs", there has been increased investment in orphan drug research and development, partly due to the U.S. Orphan Drug Act of 1983 (ODA) and similar acts in other regions of the world driven by "high-profile philanthropic funding".
Ac... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The superoxide ion, is generated in biological systems by reduction of molecular oxygen. It has an unpaired electron, so it behaves as a free radical. It is a powerful oxidizing agent. These properties render the superoxide ion very toxic and are deployed to advantage by phagocytes to kill invading microorganisms. Oth... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
COMOS is a plant engineering software from Siemens. The applications for this software are in the process industries for the engineering, operation, and maintenance of process plants as well as their asset management. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Beltrami fields are a classical steady solution to the Euler equation. Beltrami fields play an important role in (ideal) fluid mechanics in equilibrium, as complexity is only expected for these fields. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Emulsified Fuels are emulsions composed of water and a combustible liquid, either oil or a fuel. Emulsions are a particular example of a dispersion comprising a continuous and a dispersed phase. The most commonly used emulsion fuel is water-in-diesel emulsion. In the case of emulsions, both phases are the immiscible li... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The complex [Ru(o-CHPPh)(H)(CO)(PPh)] catalyzes the Murai reaction at room temperature. For [Ru(H)(H)(PR)], the active complex is [Ru(H)(PR)].
After the active form of the ruthenium catalyst complex is generated from 1, acetophenone coordinates to the complex via its carbonyl oxygen and agostically via its ortho C-H bo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Transition state structures can be determined by searching for first-order saddle points on the potential energy surface (PES) of the chemical species of interest. A first-order saddle point is a critical point of index one, that is, a position on the PES corresponding to a minimum in all directions except one. This is... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Surfactants are usually organic compounds that are akin to amphiphilic, which means that this molecule, being as double-agent, each contains a hydrophilic "water-seeking" group (the head), and a hydrophobic "water-avoiding" group (the tail). As a result, a surfactant contains both a water-soluble component and a water... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Metalworking is the process of shaping and reshaping metals to create useful objects, parts, assemblies, and large scale structures. As a term it covers a wide and diverse range of processes, skills, and tools for producing objects on every scale: from huge ships, buildings, and bridges down to precise engine parts and... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The thermodynamic square (also known as the thermodynamic wheel, Guggenheim scheme or Born square) is a mnemonic diagram attributed to Max Born and used to help determine thermodynamic relations. Born presented the thermodynamic square in a 1929 lecture. The symmetry of thermodynamics appears in a paper by F.O. Koenig... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Jeanette Grasselli Brown (born Jeanette Gecsy; August 4, 1928) is an American analytical chemist and spectroscopist who is known for her work with Standard Oil of Ohio (now BP America) as an industrial researcher in the field of spectroscopy.
Spectroscopy is a technique used to measure the interaction of electromagneti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Latimer diagrams can be used in the construction of Frost diagrams, as a concise summary of the standard electrode potentials relative to the element. Since ΔG to HO, then from HO to HO) is the same as the Gibbs energy change for the overall reduction (i.e. from O to HO), in accordance with Hess's law. This can be used... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Organometallic compounds containing mercury (e.g., thiomersal) and arsenic (e.g. Salvarsan) had a long history of use in medicine as nonselective antimicrobials before the advent of modern antibiotics.
Titanocene dichloride displays anti-cancer activity, and [[dichloridobis((p-methoxybenzyl)cyclopentadienyl)titanium... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An excess of acid is called acidosis or acidemia, while an excess in bases is called alkalosis or alkalemia. The process that causes the imbalance is classified based on the cause of the disturbance (respiratory or metabolic) and the direction of change in pH (acidosis or alkalosis). This yields the following four basi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the 1996 report of the method, thin films were coated with yttrium and lanthanum topped with a layer of palladium for the diffusion of hydrogen. The rate of absorption of hydrogen resulted in typical optical properties. In the 2008 report magnesium, titanium and nickel are eroded and sputtering deposited in differen... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Xe has not been detected in Venus's atmosphere. Xe has an upper limit of 10 parts per billion by volume. The absence of data on the abundance of Xe precludes us from evaluating if the abundance of Xe is close to solar values or if there is Xe paradox on Venus. The lack also prevents us from checking if the isotopic com... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Pavel Drašar (Chair), University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
*Reiner Salzer (Vice-Chair), TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
*Richard Whewell (Secretary 2008), Strathclyde University, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
*Evangelia Varella (Secretary 2008–2013), University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
*a n... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Because most heterocyclic bases contain multiple nucleophilic sites, site selectivity is an important issue in nucleoside synthesis. Purine bases, for instance, react kinetically at N and thermodynamically at N (see Eq. (4)). Glycosylation of thymine with protected 1-acetoxy ribose produced 60% of the N nucleoside and ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When using a 10 mm path length, simply multiply the OD by the conversion factor to determine the concentration. Example, a 2.0 OD dsDNA sample corresponds to a sample with a 100 µg/ml concentration.
When using a path length that is shorter than 10mm, the resultant OD will be reduced by a factor of 10/path length. U... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Peripheral expression of cannabinoid receptors led researchers to investigate the role of cannabinoids in the autonomic nervous system. Research found that the CB receptor is expressed presynaptically by motor neurons that innervate visceral organs. Cannabinoid-mediated inhibition of electric potentials results in a re... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tear gas generally consists of aerosolized solid or liquid compounds (bromoacetone or xylyl bromide), not gas. Tear gas works by irritating mucous membranes in the eyes, nose, mouth and lungs. It causes crying, sneezing, coughing, difficulty breathing, pain in the eyes, and temporary blindness. With CS gas, symptoms of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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