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When orthoborate salts are dissolved in water, the anion converts mostly to boric acid and other hydrogen-containing borate anions, mainly tetrahydroxyborate . The reactions of orthoborate in solution are therefore mostly those of these compounds.
In particular, these reactions include the condensation of tetrahydroxo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When stars in the 0.8–2.0 solar mass range exhaust the hydrogen in their cores and become red giants, the helium accumulating in their cores reaches degeneracy before it ignites. When the degenerate core reaches a critical mass of about 0.45 solar masses, helium fusion is ignited and takes off in a runaway fashion, cal... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Quantification of sequence alignments may be performed at the gene, exon, or transcript level. Typical outputs include a table of read counts for each feature supplied to the software; for example, for genes in a general feature format file. Gene and exon read counts may be calculated quite easily using HTSeq, for exam... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Early reactions to the tailings spill expressed grave concern, but no fines or charges against Imperial Metals have been assessed.
On August 6, two days after the breach, the British Columbia Ministry of Environment issued a Pollution Abatement Order to Mount Polley Mining Corporation. The company submitted an action ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Willard and his wife Margaret had two daughters, Ann and Nancy. Willard was a photography enthusiast and hobbyist who occasionally sold his work. He died in Ann Arbor, Michigan, on May 7, 1974. Michigan holds a named professorship in his honor; the current Willard Professor of Chemistry is Robert T. Kennedy. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A lipokine is a lipid-controlling hormone. The term was coined by [https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/gsh-lab/ Hotamisligil Lab] in 2008 to classify fatty acids which modulate lipid metabolism by what he called a "chaperone effect".
The lipokine palmitoleic acid (C16:1n7-palmitoleate) travels to the muscles and liver, where ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The forms of sulfur available in aquatic environments depends on whether it is a marine or freshwater environment. Freshwater environments are more varied and subject to a multitude of sulfur inputs and outputs, including atmospheric deposition, runoff, diagenesis of bedrock and the presence of microbial sulfate reduce... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When the activities () can be considered as equal to the molar, or the molal, concentrations () at sufficiently diluted concentrations when the activity coefficients () tend to one, the term regrouping all the activity coefficients is equal to one, and the Nernst equation can be written simply with the concentrations (... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The output of CAGE is a set of short nucleotide sequences (often called tags in analogy to expressed sequence tags) with their observed counts. Copy numbers of CAGE tags provide a digital quantification of the RNA transcript abundances in biological samples. Using a reference genome, a researcher can usually determin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For dilute systems (e.g. gases), the correlations in the positions of the particles that accounts for are only due to the potential engendered by the reference particle, neglecting indirect effects. In the first approximation, it is thus simply given by the Boltzmann distribution law:
If were zero for all – i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
NSOM combined with FTIR/Raman techniques can provide local chemical information together with topographical details. This technique is non-destructive and can work in a variety of environments (liquids), for example, when detecting single biomolecules. The illuminated area of sample is relatively big at around 1 μm. Ho... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although the sequence of atomic weights suggested that inert gases should be located between halogens and alkali metals, and there were suggestions to put them into group VIII coming from as early as 1895, such placement contradicted one of Mendeleev's basic considerations, that of the highest oxides. Inert gases did n... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, a 1,3-dipolar compound or 1,3-dipole is a dipolar compound with delocalized electrons and a separation of charge over three atoms. They are reactants in 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions.
The dipole has at least one resonance structure with positive and negative charges having a 1,3 relationship which ca... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nitinol is exceedingly difficult to make, due to the exceptionally tight compositional control required, and the tremendous reactivity of titanium. Every atom of titanium that combines with oxygen or carbon is an atom that is robbed from the NiTi lattice, thus shifting the composition and making the transformation temp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In mammals there are several structures that have been implicated as oxygen sensing structures; however, all of these structures are situated to detect aortic or internal hypoxia since mammals rarely run into environmental hypoxia. These structures include the type I cells of the carotid body, the neuroepithelial bodi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
RuBP can be measured isotopically via the conversion of and RuBP into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. G3P can then be measured using an enzymatic optical assay. Given the abundance of RuBP in biological samples, an added difficulty is distinguishing particular reservoirs of the substrate, such as the RuBP internal to a ch... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Heat retention can be a disadvantage when used in mattresses and pillows, so in second-generation memory foam, companies began using open cell structure to improve breathability.
In 2006, the third generation of memory foam was introduced. Gel visco or gel memory foam consists of gel particles fused with visco foam to ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Newton's metal is a fusible alloy with a low melting point. Its composition by weight is 8 parts bismuth, 5 parts lead and 3 parts tin; its melting point is 97 °C.
Newton's metal is comparable to Cerrobend, but avoids its toxic cadmium content. This has encouraged its use for medical applications for easily shaped shie... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ramipril is a pro-drug. The molecule must be hydrolyzed by the esterase at the OCH2CH3 and form a carboxylate. This carboxylate then interacts with the positive Zn+2 to inhibit the ACE enzyme. The COOH helps orient it with the enzyme. Ramipril is similar in structure to another ACE Inhibitor, trandolapril, but it has a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The actual formula seems to be somewhat of a secret. However, they are likely based on a nitrated pitch composition. Additionally, they are often marketed in the form of small black pellets and are nondeliquescent and shelf-stable. There are very few retailers of this product in Europe, and there is possibly only one l... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The ground state of methylene has an ionisation energy of 10.396 eV. It has a bent configuration, with H-C-H angle of 133.84°, and is thus paramagnetic. (The correct prediction of this angle was an early success of ab initio quantum chemistry.) However conversion to a linear configuration requires only 5.5 kcal/mol.
Th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Extruded pipes consisting of one layer of a homogeneous matrix of thermoplastic material which is ready for use in a pipeline. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Carnot cycle is a cycle composed of the totally reversible processes of isentropic compression and expansion and isothermal heat addition and rejection. The thermal efficiency of a Carnot cycle depends only on the absolute temperatures of the two reservoirs in which heat transfer takes place, and for a power cy... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The crystal structure was solved to 3.0 Å resolution in 2000, as shown in the figure in the reference. In (A), notice that the separate subunits appear to be anchored through interactions between an alpha helix and an adjacent subunit. In (B), there are six sets of three loops. The red loop, known as loop II, contai... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Geneva Rules are the rules established by the International Chemistry Committee in 1892. These rules were the beginning of international cooperation for organic chemistry nomenclature. They were decided upon by a group of 34 of leading chemists from 9 different European nations. Their goal was to provide rules for ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
MLPA facilitates the amplification and detection of multiple targets with a single primer pair. In a standard multiplex PCR reaction, each fragment needs a unique amplifying primer pair. These primers being present in a large quantity result in various problems such as dimerization and false priming. With MLPA, amplifi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lyso- is a prefix applied to the various phospholipids to indicate the removal of one of the two fatty acids. For example, lysophosphatidylcholines are phosphatidylcholines with a single acyl group in either the 1- or 2-position. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In thermodynamics, the saturation vapor curve is the curve separating the two-phase state and the superheated vapor state in the T–s diagram (temperature–entropy diagram).
The saturated liquid curve is the curve separating the subcooled liquid state and the two-phase state in the T–s diagram.
When used in a power cycl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The physical properties of solids have been common subjects of scientific inquiry for centuries, but a separate field going by the name of solid-state physics did not emerge until the 1940s, in particular with the establishment of the Division of Solid State Physics (DSSP) within the American Physical Society. The DSSP... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ryōji Noyori and colleagues have developed a methodology for the kinetic resolution of benzylic and allylic secondary alcohols via transfer hydrogenation. The ruthenium complex catalyzes oxidation of the more reactive enantiomer from acetone, yielding an unreacted enantiopure alcohol, an oxidized ketone, and isopropano... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mutants are viable, but may be distinguished from normal plants by FeCl staining: plants able to synthesize benzoxinoids have pale blue color when crushed and treated with FeCl solutions (Hamilton 1964, Simcox 1993 ). Mutations in the bx1 gene reduce the resistance to first generation European corn borer (Ostrinia nubi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
High-temperature corrosion is a mechanism of corrosion that takes place when gas turbines, diesel engines, furnaces or other machinery come in contact with hot gas containing certain contaminants. Fuel sometimes contains vanadium compounds or sulfates, which can form low melting point compounds during combustion. Thes... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Selegiline is also delivered via a transdermal patch used as a treatment for major depressive disorder.
Administration of transdermal selegiline bypasses hepatic first pass metabolism. This avoids inhibition of gastrointestinal and hepatic MAO-A activity, which would result in an increase of food-borne tyramine in the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The L-type amino acid transporter (LAT1) is a uniporter that mediates the transport of neutral amino acids like L-tryptophan, leucine, histidine, proline, alanine, etc. LAT1 favors the transport of amino acids with large branched or aromatic side chains. The amino acid transporter functions to move essential amino acid... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The above descriptions ignore the effects of Gβγ–signalling, which can also be important, in particular in the case of activated G-coupled GPCRs. The primary effectors of Gβγ are various ion channels, such as G-protein-regulated inwardly rectifying K channels (GIRKs), P/Q- and N-type voltage-gated Ca channels, as well ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The recommendations give a full list of acceptable names for common acids and related anions. A selection from this list is shown below. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The sample suspended in a suitable medium is placed in a hermetically closed metabolic chamber. The mitochondria are brought into defined “states” by the sequential addition of substrates or inhibitors. Since the mitochondria consume oxygen, the oxygen concentration drops. This change of oxygen concentration is recorde... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Polymer chemistry is a sub-discipline of chemistry that focuses on the structures of chemicals, chemical synthesis, and chemical and physical properties of polymers and macromolecules. The principles and methods used within polymer chemistry are also applicable through a wide range of other chemistry sub-disciplines li... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Facets () are flat faces on geometric shapes. The organization of naturally occurring facets was key to early developments in crystallography, since they reflect the underlying symmetry of the crystal structure. Gemstones commonly have facets cut into them in order to improve their appearance by allowing them to refle... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Certain aspects of the lipid pump such as the diapause depth and duration of zooplankton can vary among regions that have different overwintering temperatures and resident community characteristics. There are other subarctic regions that have shown similar carbon export rates to those found in the temperate North Atlan... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Termites use trail pheromones primarily as a means of foraging. They can lay pheromones along a trail as their abdomens touch the ground, specifically through their abdominal sternal glands. As the other termites follow, they will continue to add to the trail.
The basal termite Mastotermes darwiniensis produces trail p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* acetan (Acetobacter xylinum)
* alginate (Azotobacter vinelandii, Pseudomonas spp.)
* cellulose (Acetobacter xylinum)
* chitosan (Mucorales spp.)
* curdlan (Alcaligenes faecalis var. myxogenes)
* cyclosophorans (Agrobacterium spp., Rhizobium spp. and Xanthomonas spp.)
* dextran (Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Leuconostoc ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, nitroso refers to a functional group in which the nitric oxide () group is attached to an organic moiety. As such, various nitroso groups can be categorized as C-nitroso compounds (e.g., nitrosoalkanes; ), S-nitroso compounds (nitrosothiols; ), N-nitroso compounds (e.g., nitrosamines, ), and O-nit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cut sections of roadway or rail are areas where the roadway has a lower elevation than the surrounding terrain. Fill sections are elevated sections of a roadway or trackbed. Cut and fill takes material from cut excavations and uses this to make fill sections. It costs resources to excavate material, relocate it, and to... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
While the formation of a sigma hole pair interaction is associated with energetic stabilization, this process is often thermodynamically disfavored as the energetic stabilization is often offset by a decrease in the entropy of the system. It has been shown that an enthalpy-entropy compensation relationship exists betwe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Through literature discussing the fabrication of a completely porous nanofoam biopolymer is scarce, recent endeavors have resulted in the formation of nanofoam surfaces on biopolymers. In these instances, biopolymers such as collagen and gelatine, chitosan, and pure curcumin have been used to varying degrees. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The El Segundo Trisonic Wind Tunnel or North American Trisonic Wind Tunnel (NATWT) was a wind tunnel that was located in El Segundo, California. It was built by North American Aviation in the 1950s. The tunnel had a maximum testing speed of Mach 3.5.
The NATWT was a blow-down type tunnel. In contrast to a continuous wi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ammonium perrhenate (APR) is the ammonium salt of perrhenic acid, NHReO. It is the most common form in which rhenium is traded. It is a white salt; soluble in ethanol and water, and mildly soluble in NHCl. It was first described soon after the discovery of rhenium. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most famous cold fusion claims were made by Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann in 1989. After a brief period of interest by the wider scientific community, their reports were called into question by nuclear physicists. Pons and Fleischmann never retracted their claims, but moved their research program from the US ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Guido Bargellini (1879–1963) was an Italian organic chemist. He specialized in natural product chemistry, in particular, flavonoid dyes and coumarins, and the compound santonin. He was admitted to the Accademia dei Lincei in 1946. The Bargellini reaction is named for him. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The total synthesis of Aflatoxin B2 is a multistep sequence that begins with a [2+3]cycloaddition between the quinone 1 and the 2,3-Dihydrofuran. This reaction is catalyzed by a CBS catalyst and is enantioselective. The next step is the orthoformylation of reaction product 2 in a Duff reaction. The hydroxyl group in 3 ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sodium hydroxide is frequently used as an industrial cleaning agent where it is often called "caustic". It is added to water, heated, and then used to clean process equipment, storage tanks, etc. It can dissolve grease, oils, fats and protein-based deposits. It is also used for cleaning waste discharge pipes under sink... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The types of RNAs transcribed from RNA polymerase III include:
*Transfer RNAs
*5S ribosomal RNA
*U6 spliceosomal RNA
*RNase P and RNase MRP RNA
*7SL RNA (the RNA component of the signal recognition particle)
*Vault RNAs
*Y RNA
*SINEs (short interspersed repetitive elements)
*7SK RNA
*Several microRNAs
*Several small nu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Stripping is commonly used in industrial applications to remove harmful contaminants from waste streams. One example would be the removal of TBT and PAH contaminants from harbor soils. The soils are dredged from the bottom of contaminated harbors, mixed with water to make a slurry and then stripped with steam. The clea... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some azeotropes fit into neither the positive nor negative categories. The best known of these is the ternary azeotrope formed by 30% acetone, 47% chloroform, and 23% methanol, which boils at 57.5 °C. Each pair of these constituents forms a binary azeotrope, but chloroform/methanol and acetone/methanol both form positi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Caesium-137 has a number of practical uses. In small amounts, it is used to calibrate radiation-detection equipment. In medicine, it is used in radiation therapy. In industry, it is used in flow meters, thickness gauges, moisture-density gauges (for density readings, with americium-241/beryllium providing the moisture ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Various composite coatings were analyzed on filter paper in an experiment done by Wang et al. The ability to separate homogenous liquid solutions based on varying surface tensions has great practical use. Creating superhydrophobic and superoleophilic filter paper was achieved by treating the surface of commercially ava... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Copper came into use in the Aegean area near the end of the predynastic age of Egypt about 3500 BC. The earliest known implement is a flat celt, which was found on a Neolithic house-floor in the central court of the palace of Knossos in Crete, and is regarded as an Egyptian product. Bronze was not generally used until ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In Japan, geisha wore lipstick made of crushed safflower petals to paint the eyebrows and edges of the eyes as well as the lips, and sticks of bintsuke wax, a softer version of the sumo wrestlers hair wax, were used by geisha as a makeup base. Rice powder colors the face and back; rouge contours the eye socket and defi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sediment toxicity is evaluated based on bioassay analysis. Standard bioassay toxicity tests are utilized and are not organism restricted (Chapman, 1997). Differences in mechanisms of exposure and organism physiology must be taken into account when selecting your test organisms, and you must be able to adequately justif... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It catalyzes the reduction of cytochrome c by
oxidation of coenzyme Q (CoQ) and the concomitant pumping of 4 protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space:
: QH + 2 cytochrome c (Fe) + 2 H → Q + 2 cytochrome c (Fe) + 4 H
In the process called Q cycle, two protons are consumed from the matrix (M), fo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The standard biochemistry and molecular biology textbooks describe non-coding nucleotides in mRNA located between the 5 end of the gene and the translation initiation codon. These regions are called 5-untranslated regions or 5-UTRs. Similar regions called 3-untranslated regions (3-UTRs) are found at the end of the gene... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lentiviral vectors have certain general limitations. For one, it is impossible to control where the viral genome integrates into the host genome, and this may affect important functions of the cell. Vannucci et al. provide an excellent review of viral vectors along with their general advantages and disadvantages. In th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In addition to its role in synaptic plasticity described above, PI3K-AKT signaling pathway also has an important role in brain growth, which is altered when PI3K signaling is disturbed. For example, intracranial volume is also associated with this pathway, in particular with AKT3 intronic variants. Thyroid hormone was ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
SPEARpesticides estimates pesticide effects and contamination. The calculation is based on monitoring data of invertebrate communities as ascertained for the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD). A simplified version of SPEARpesticides is included in the [http://www.fliessgewaesserbewertung.de ASTERICS] software for asse... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
He was born in Bratislava, then Czechoslovakia in a family of Slovak actor Juraj Kukura. In 1984 the family emigrated to Germany. In 2002 he graduated with a Master of Chemistry from the University of Oxford and competed in the 2001 and 2002 Rugby League Varsity matches. In 2006 he completed his PhD in Chemistry from t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A common form of refrigeration economizer is a "walk-in cooler economizer" or "outside air refrigeration system". In such a system outside air that is cooler than the air inside a refrigerated space is brought into that space and the same amount of warmer inside air is ducted outside. The resulting cooling supplements... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One of the most common triggers for drug delivery systems is pH. This stimulus is abundantly used in cancer therapies due to the fact that the tumor microenvironment is acidic. The development of pH triggered systems meant that drug could be introduced to the body but not be deployed until encountering the tumor microe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Kanada opens his Sutra with definitions of Dharma, the importance of the Vedas and his goals. The text, states Matilal, then defines and describes three categories and their causal aspects: substance, quality and action. He explains their differences, similarities and relationships between these three. The second part ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Phenol red was used by Leonard Rowntree and John Geraghty in the phenolsulfonphthalein test to estimate the overall blood flow through the kidney in 1911. It was the first test of kidney function and was used for almost a century but is now obsolete.
The test is based on the fact that phenol red is excreted almost enti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Boltzmann constant provides a mapping from the characteristic microscopic energy to the macroscopic temperature scale . In fundamental physics, this mapping is often simplified by using the natural units of setting to unity. This convention means that temperature and energy quantities have the same dimensions. In... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Aerobic respiration, in which oxygen is used as the terminal electron acceptor, is crucial to all water-breathing fish. When fish are deprived of oxygen, they require other ways to produce ATP. Thus, a switch from aerobic metabolism to anaerobic metabolism occurs at the onset of hypoxia. Glycolysis and substrate-lev... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This group includes modified peptides that are mainly composed of proteogenic amino acids thereby closely resembling a natural peptide binding epitope. Introduced modifications usually aim to increase the stability of the peptide, its affintiy for a desired binding partner, oral availablity or cell permeability. The de... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Patlak method is based on the assumption that the backflow of tracer from bone mineral to bone ECF is zero (i.e., k=0). The calculation of K using Patlak method is simpler than using non-linear regression (NLR) fitting the arterial input function and the tissue time-activity curve data to the Hawkins model. It is cruci... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Copepods are assigned to the class Copepoda within the superclass Multicrustacea in the subphylum Crustacea. An alternative treatment is as a subclass belonging to class Hexanauplia. They are divided into 10 orders. Some 13,000 species of copepods are known, and 2,800 of them live in fresh water. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Meibom currently leads the laboratory for biological geochemistry at EPFL. Research performed in his laboratory is interdisciplinary in nature, at the interface between isotope geochemistry and biology. Active themes in the laboratory include the use of NanoSIMS to visualize and characterize the diagenesis of biogenic ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
ASBMB hosts and sponsors numerous meetings each year. The annual meeting is held each April in conjunction with the Experimental Biology meeting. Additionally, themed special symposia are organized throughout the year. The society also produces webinars throughout the year focused on topics related to scientific resear... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Peter D. Mitchell proposed the chemiosmotic hypothesis in 1961. In brief, the hypothesis was that most adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis in respiring cells comes from the electrochemical gradient across the inner membranes of mitochondria by using the energy of NADH and FADH formed during the oxidative breakdown ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A physician may order many laboratory tests on one specimen, referred to as a test panel, when a single test cannot provide sufficient information to make a swift and accurate diagnosis and treatment plan. A test panel is a group of many tests a clinical chemists do on one sample to look for changes in many analytes th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The RM system was first discovered by Salvatore Luria and Mary Human in 1952 and 1953. They found that a bacteriophage growing within an infected bacterium could be modified, so that upon their release and re-infection of a related bacterium the bacteriophages growth is restricted (inhibited; also described by Luria in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) was first prepared by Lamberto Malatesta et al. in the 1950s by reduction of sodium chloropalladate with hydrazine in the presence of the phosphine. It is commercially available, but can be prepared in two steps from Pd(II) precursors:
:PdCl + 2 PPh → PdCl(PPh)
:PdCl(PPh) + 2 PP... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Standard addition involves adding known amounts of analyte to an unknown sample, a process known as spiking. By increasing the number of spikes, the analyst can extrapolate for the analyte concentration in the unknown that has not been spiked. There are multiple approaches to the standard addition. The following sectio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Radiative cooling is one of the few ways an object in space can give off energy. In particular, white dwarf stars are no longer generating energy by fusion or gravitational contraction, and have no solar wind. So the only way their temperature changes is by radiative cooling. This makes their temperature as a functio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Stars known as white dwarfs have mass comparable to the Sun, but have about a hundredth of its radius. The high densities mean that the electrons are no longer bound to single nuclei and instead form a degenerate electron gas. The number density of electrons in a white dwarf is of the order of 10 electrons/m. This mea... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1900 Moses Gomberg unexpectedly discovered true trivalent carbon and the first radical in the modern sense of the word in his (unsuccessful) attempt to make hexaphenylethane. In current organic chemistry concepts such as benzoyl and acetyl persist in chemical nomenclature but only to identify a functional group havi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Alternatively, the general statement can be formulated in terms of the total number of electrons using simple rules of divisibility by a straightforward analysis of two cases.
First, consider the case where the total number of electrons is 4n + 2:
:4n + 2 = a(4q + 2) + b(4p + 2) + c(4t) + d(4r),
where a, b, c, and d ar... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a multicomponent system, where the vapor and liquid consist of more than one type of compounds, describing the equilibrium state is more complicated. For all components in the system, the equilibrium state between the two phases is described by the following equations:
:; and
where and are the temperature and pre... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Consider the nuclear fission of U into Kr, Ba, and three neutrons.
:U → Kr + Ba + 3 n
The mass number of the reactant, U, is 236. Because the actual mass is , its mass excess is +. Calculated in the same manner, the respective mass excesses for the products, Kr, Ba, and three neutrons, are , and , respectively, for a ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Burks became an assistant professor of chemistry at St. Edward's University in Austin, Texas, in 2016, where she taught and conducted research until 2020. She then moved to Washington, D.C., to join the faculty at American University as an associate professor of chemistry.
Her current research centers on developing low... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The upper critical magnetic field H of the superconducting state of CeCoIn is anisotropic, in accordance with the crystal structure and other physical properties. For magnetic fields applied along the [100] direction, H amounts to approximately 11.6 T, and H for fields along the [001] directions to 4.95 T.
The supercon... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Due to the high potency and clinical need for cancer treatments, epothilones have been the target of many total syntheses. The first group to publish the total synthesis of epothilones was S. J. Danishefsky et al. in 1996. This total synthesis of epothilone A was achieved via an intramolecular ester enolate-aldehyde ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ninhydrin was discovered in 1910 by the German-English chemist Siegfried Ruhemann (1859–1943). In the same year, Ruhemann observed ninhydrin's reaction with amino acids. In 1954, Swedish investigators Oden and von Hofsten proposed that ninhydrin could be used to develop latent fingerprints. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fluorogenic describes a property of chemical compounds which are initially not fluorescent, but become fluorescent through a chemical reaction, typically through an intermolecular covalent reaction which binds the now fluorescent compound to a target molecule. IUPAC uses a broader definition of fluorogenic, wherein a e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In this approach, a narrow pulse of light (and respectively.
Multiple scattering events broaden the DTOF and the attenuation of a result of both absorption and scattering as they divert photons from the direction of the detector. Higher scattering leads to a more delayed and a broader DTOF and higher absorption reduce... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Age at time of death: Stillborn fetuses and infants putrefy slowly due to their sterility. Otherwise, however, younger people generally putrefy more quickly than older people.
Condition of the body: A body with a greater fat percentage and less lean body mass will have a faster rate of putrefaction, as fat retains more... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Conventional air conditioning systems are a source of waste heat by releasing waste heat into the outdoor ambient air whilst cooling indoor spaces. This expelling of waste heat from air conditioning can worsen the urban heat island effect. Waste heat from air conditioning can be reduced through the use of passive cooli... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Experimental archaeometallurgy is a subset of experimental archaeology that specifically involves past metallurgical processes most commonly involving the replication of copper and iron objects as well as testing the methodology behind the production of ancient metals and metal objects. Metals and elements used primari... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sulfate reduction in the seabed is strongly focused toward near-surface sediments with high depositional rates along the ocean margins. The benthic marine sulfur cycle is therefore sensitive to anthropogenic influence, such as ocean warming and increased nutrient loading of coastal seas. This stimulates photosynthetic ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Miraculin, unlike curculin (another taste-modifying agent), is not sweet by itself, but it can change the perception of sourness to sweetness, even for a long period after consumption. The duration and intensity of the sweetness-modifying effect depends on various factors, such as miraculin concentration, duration of c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Examples of chain reactions in living organisms include excitation of neurons in epilepsy and lipid peroxidation. In peroxidation, a lipid radical reacts with oxygen to form a peroxyl radical (L• + O → LOO•). The peroxyl radical then oxidises another lipid, thus forming another lipid radical (LOO• + L–H → LOOH + L•). A... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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