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Materials can transmit (e.g. glass) or reflect (e.g. metals) visible light.
Many materials will transmit some wavelengths while blocking others. For example, window glass is transparent to visible light, but much less so to most of the frequencies of ultraviolet light that cause sunburn. This property is used for frequ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Davys laboratory assistant, Michael Faraday, went on to enhance Davys work and would become the more famous and influential scientist. Davy is supposed to have even claimed Faraday as his greatest discovery. Davy later accused Faraday of plagiarism, however, causing Faraday (the first Fullerian Professor of Chemistry) ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Asthma is characterized by eosinophil-induced inflammation motivated by a type 2 helper T cell (Th2). By targeting the transcription factor, GATA3, of the Th2 pathway, with DNAzyme it may be possible to negate the inflammation. The safety and efficacy of SB010, a novel 10-23 DNAzyme was evaluated, and found to have the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many explanations fall into this category. First, the secondary orbital interactions theory emphasized that electron-donating heteroatom in the α-position could contribute to increased orbital interaction with the substrate, which stabilizes the transition state (TS) and gives greater reactivity. Second, the electron ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Two main modes of release exist, the fission products can be vaporised or small particles of the fuel can be dispersed. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ionic Atmosphere is a concept employed in Debye–Hückel theory which explains the electrolytic conductivity behaviour of solutions. It can be generally defined as the area at which a charged entity is capable of attracting an entity of the opposite charge. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Once through the observation cell the mixture enters a third syringe that contains a piston that is driven by the flow to activate a switch to stop the flow and activate the observation. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Norvaline and norleucine (one hydrocarbon group longer) both possess the nor- prefix for historical reason, despite current conventional usage of the prefix to denote a missing hydrocarbon group (under which they would theoretically be called "dihomoalanine" and "trihomoalanine"). The name is not systematic, and the IU... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Primary energy sources are transformed in energy conversion processes to more convenient forms of energy that can directly be used by society, such as electrical energy, refined fuels, or synthetic fuels such as hydrogen fuel. In the field of energetics, these forms are called energy carriers and correspond to the conc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The ISBC's Lavoisier Medal is awarded to an internationally acknowledged scientist for an outstanding contribution to the development and/or the application of direct calorimetry in biology and medicine
Source: [http://www.biocalorimetry.org/2013/09/30/the-lavoisier-medal/ ISBC]
:*1990: Ingemar Wadsö, Lund, Sweden
:*19... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sialic acid is synthesized by glucosamine 6 phosphate and acetyl-CoA through a transferase, resulting in N-acetylglucosamine-6-P. This becomes N-acetylmannosamine-6-P through epimerization, which reacts with phosphoenolpyruvate producing N-acetylneuraminic-9-P (sialic acid). For it to become active to enter in the olig... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Queensland Acid Sulfate Soil Technical Manual: Soil Management Guidelines is highly recommended for both scientists and engineers due to its excellent discussion on risk assessment and management strategies. Management strategies discussed in the manual include: avoidance, minimisation of disturbance, neutralisatio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Crystal violet is used as a textile and paper dye, and is a component of navy blue and black inks for printing, ball-point pens, and inkjet printers. It is sometimes used to colourize diverse products such as fertilizer, antifreeze, detergent, and leather.
The dye is used as a histological stain, particularly in Gram s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
After Iraqi chemical attacks against Iranian soldiers and civilians, from 1983 to 1988, the number of people sustained injuries, including respiratory (42%), ocular (39%) and skin complications (25%) was more than 3,400 – a number which increased to at least 45,000 twenty years later, "due to the occurrence of late res... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An intermediate energy projectile transfers energy or picks up or loses nucleons to the nucleus in a single quick (10 second) event. Energy and momentum transfer are relatively small. These are particularly useful in experimental nuclear physics, because the reaction mechanisms are often simple enough to calculate with... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* The recA1 mutation is a single point mutation that replaces glycine 160 of the recA polypeptide with an aspartic acid residue in order to disable the activity of the recombinases and inactivate homologous recombination.
* The endA1 mutation inactivates an intracellular endonuclease to prevent it from degrading the in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The symbiotic relationship between the Hawaiian bobtail squid Euprymna scolopes and the marine gram-negative bacterium Aliivibrio fischeri has been well studied. The two organisms exhibit a mutualistic relationship in which bioluminescence produced by A. fischeri helps to attract pray to the squid host, which provides ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chemical handles are used to detect post-translationally modified proteins. Recently, there is a N6pATP that contains an alkynyl tag (propargyl) at the N6 position of the adenine of ATP. This N6pATP combines with the click reaction to detect AMPylated proteins. To detect unrecognized modified protein and label VopS sub... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The film can be used as a sensor. As the film is charged, it creates an electric field. When pressure is applied to the film, the film's thickness is reduced and changes in the shapes of the individual voids in its structure occur. Any electric charges residing in these voids will move and create mirror charges at the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are currently around 19 research groups at the institute. The research at MPI-Marburg broadly focuses on understanding the functioning of microorganisms at the molecular, cellular and community levels. In particular, the focus is the mechanisms of cellular and community adaptation of bacteria in response to chang... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The relationship below provides a way to determine the volume-based concentration of any individual gaseous component
where c is the concentration of component i.
Dalton's law is not strictly followed by real gases, with the deviation increasing with pressure. Under such conditions the volume occupied by the molecules ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The G-less assay can be performed on a circular plasmid to measure levels of transcription. A circular plasmid provides a more efficient template in many systems when compared to other assays such as runoff transcription, in which a cleaved end is required. This method generates radiolabeled transcripts very efficientl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A diureide is a complex nitrogenous substance regarded as containing two molecules of urea or their radicals, e.g. uric acid or allantoin. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cells use glucose for energy. This normally occurs by phosphorylation from the enzyme hexokinase. However, if large amounts of glucose are present (as in diabetes mellitus), hexokinase becomes saturated and the excess glucose enters the polyol pathway when aldose reductase reduces it to sorbitol. This reaction oxidizes... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The R symbol was introduced by 19th-century French chemist Charles Frédéric Gerhardt, who advocated its adoption on the grounds that it would be widely recognizable and intelligible given its correspondence in multiple European languages to the initial letter of "root" or "residue": French ("root") and ("residue"), ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a mixture of gases, the fugacity of each component has a similar definition, with partial molar quantities instead of molar quantities (e.g., instead of and instead of ):
and
where is the partial pressure of component . The partial pressures obey Dalton's law:
where is the total pressure and is the mole fract... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* [https://books.google.com.ua/books/about/Le_fer_de_Dieu.html?id=urRyoAEACAAJ&redir_esc=y Le fer de Dieu : histoire de la météorite de Chinguetti], with Théodore Monod, Actes Sud, 2008, 152 pages. ISBN 978-2742775521.
* [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2011GL047173 Low temperature magnetic tra... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* 1999 Marie Curie Fellowship, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom.
* 2000 Junior Research Fellowship, Wolfson College, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
* 2001 Royal Society University Research Fellowship, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom.
* 2011 ERC Starting Grant (subsidy) from the European Research Council for ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Euxinia most frequently occurred in the Earth's ancient oceans, but its distribution and frequency of occurrence are still under debate. The original model was that it was quite constant for approximately a billion years. Some meta-analyses have questioned how persistent euxinic conditions were based on relatively smal... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nanowell array formats are used to express individual proteins in small volume reaction vessels or nanowells (Figure 4). This format is sometimes preferred because it avoids the need to immobilize the target protein which might result in the potential loss of protein activity. The miniaturization of the array also cons... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A well-studied class of solid-state compounds related to the chalcohalides are molybdenum clusters of the type AMoX with X sulfur or selenium and A an interstitial atom such as Pb. These materials, called Chevrel phases or Chevrel clusters, have been actively studied because they are type II superconductors with relat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are two major applications to studying the genome at the single cell level. One application is to track the changes that occur in bacterial populations, where phenotypic differences are often seen. These differences are missed by bulk sequencing of a population, but can be observed in single cell sequencing. The ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Transcription can be repressed in a variety of ways, and therefore can be derepressed in different ways as well. A common mechanism is allosteric regulation. This is when a substrate binds a repressor protein and causes it to undergo a conformational change. If the repressor is bound upstream of a gene, such as in an o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hypertension is a risk factor for atherosclerosis, heart failure, coronary artery disease, stroke, renal disease, and peripheral arterial disease, and is the most important risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, in industrialized countries. Prior to 1940 approximately 23% of all deaths among persons ov... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The most recently completed dexpramipexole clinical trial was EXHALE-1 (AS201), a Phase II clinical trial in participants with moderate-to-severe eosinophilic asthma. Dexpramipexole demonstrated highly significant, dose dependent eosinophil lowering during the primary assessment phase and was maximal at Week 12. Dexpra... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The air in a room can be supplied and removed in several ways, for example via ceiling ventilation, cross ventilation, floor ventilation or displacement ventilation.
Furthermore, the air can be circulated in the room using vortexes which can be initiated in various ways: | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Elements are composed either of one nuclide (mononuclidic elements), or of more than one naturally occurring isotopes. The unstable (radioactive) isotopes are either primordial or postprimordial. Primordial isotopes were a product of stellar nucleosynthesis or another type of nucleosynthesis such as cosmic ray spallati... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The basis for the ISFET is the MOSFET. Dutch engineer Piet Bergveld, at the University of Twente studied the MOSFET and realized it could be adapted into a sensor for electrochemical and biological applications. This led to Bergveld's invention of the ISFET in 1970. He described the ISFET as "a special type of MOSFET w... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
AFM-IR has been used to study miscibility and phase separation in drug polymer blends, the chemical analysis of nanocrystalline drug particles as small 90 nm across, the interaction of chromosomes with chemotherapeutics drugs, and of amyloids with pharmacological approaches to contrast neurodegeneration. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* A lean flashover (sometimes called rollover) is the ignition of the gas layer under the ceiling, leading to total involvement of the compartment. The air–fuel ratio is at the bottom region of the flammability range (i.e. lean).
* A rich flashover occurs when the flammable gases are ignited while at the upper region o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
MRI has the advantages of having very high spatial resolution and is very adept at morphological imaging and functional imaging. MRI does have several disadvantages though. First, MRI has a sensitivity of around 10 mol/L mol/L which, compared to other types of imaging, can be very limiting. This problem stems from ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
All cloning vectors have features that allow a gene to be conveniently inserted into the vector or removed from it. This may be a multiple cloning site (MCS) or polylinker, which contains many unique restriction sites. The restriction sites in the MCS are first cleaved by restriction enzymes, then a PCR-amplified targ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Eutrophication is caused by excessive concentrations of nutrients, most commonly phosphates and nitrates, although this varies with location. Prior to their being phasing out in the 1970's, phosphate-containing detergents contributed to eutrophication. Since then, sewage and agriculture have emerged as the dominant ph... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An inverted siphon is not a siphon but a term applied to pipes that must dip below an obstruction to form a U-shaped flow path.
Large inverted siphons are used to convey water being carried in canals or flumes across valleys, for irrigation or gold mining. The Romans used inverted siphons of lead pipes to cross valleys... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The earliest record of trichloroethylene synthesis dates back to 1836. It was obtained from the action of potassium hydroxide on 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane and 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane by Auguste Laurent and notated as (then the atomic weight of carbon was thought to be the half of it really was). Laurent did not inve... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An inverted repeat (or IR) is a single stranded sequence of nucleotides followed downstream by its reverse complement. The intervening sequence of nucleotides between the initial sequence and the reverse complement can be any length including zero. For example, is an inverted repeat sequence. When the intervening leng... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Retrosynthetic analysis is a technique for solving problems in the planning of organic syntheses. This is achieved by transforming a target molecule into simpler precursor structures regardless of any potential reactivity/interaction with reagents. Each precursor material is examined using the same method. This procedu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride, TTC, or simply tetrazolium chloride (with the formula 2,3,5-triphenyl-2H-tetrazolium chloride) is a redox indicator commonly used in biochemical experiments especially to indicate cellular respiration. It is a white crystalline powder, soluble in water, ethanol and acetone but insoluble... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are various treatments to combat the effects of nonivamide. One popular method includes administering a one to one solution of milk of magnesia, and water to the eyes. Doctors also recommend not using oils or creams on the skin, and to not wear contact lenses, if one is planning to minimise the effects of nonivam... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The average grade of copper ores in the 21st century is below 0.6% copper, with a proportion of economic ore minerals being less than 2% of the total volume of the ore rock. Thus, all mining operations, the ore must usually be beneficiated (concentrated). The concentrate is typically sold to distant smelters, although ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Murexide is used in analytical chemistry as a complexometric indicator for complexometric titrations, most often of calcium ions, but also for copper, nickel, cobalt, thorium and rare-earth metals. It functions as a tridentate ligand.
Its use has been eclipsed by calcium-ion selective electrodes. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Attaching a single polymer chain to a specific site away from the active center of the protein has less impact on protein activity compared with random attachments. In practice, attaching a single polymer chain can be used to adjust chemical properties of the therapeutic protein. For example, conjugation of a single ch... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Flower visitors such as insects and bats detect floral scents thanks to chemoreceptors of variable specificity to a specific VOC. The fixation of a VOC on a chemoreceptor triggers the activation of an antennal glomerulus, further projecting on an olfactory receptor neuron and finally triggering a behavioral response af... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many problems in the chemical and physical sciences can be related to packing problems where more than one size of sphere is available. Here there is a choice between separating the spheres into regions of close-packed equal spheres, or combining the multiple sizes of spheres into a compound or interstitial packing. Wh... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gastric- and lingual lipases are the two acidic lipolytic enzymes that origin preduodenal but the gastric lipase is in much higher levels in humans.
Gastric lipase is synthesized and secreted from gastric chief cells in the stomach and is stable at pH 1,5-8,
but has maximum activity at pH 3-6.
Fat digestion begins wh... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ester exchange takes place between an ester carbonyl and an alcohol. Reverse esterification can take place via hydrolysis. This method has been used extensively in polymer synthesis. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This way also uses two experimental protocols, and , to compare the index effect with the effect of moderation alone. The index protocol is executed first; the response of prime interest, is observed, and the response of the moderating variable is also measured. With that knowledge, then the fixed driver, moderat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Directed Placement – Directly print various materials onto existing nano and microstructures with nanoscale registry
* Direct Write – Maskless creation of arbitrary patterns with feature resolutions from as small as 50 nm and as large as 10 micrometres
* Biocompatible – Subcellular to nanoscale resolution at ambient ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Staudinger reduction is conducted in two steps. First phosphine imine-forming reaction is conducted involving treatment of the azide with the phosphine. The intermediate, e.g. triphenylphosphine phenylimide, is then subjected to hydrolysis to produce a phosphine oxide and an amine:
:RP=NR + HO → RP=O + RNH
The over... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It creates volatile compounds when mixed with glucose and amino acids at 90 °C.
It is a cofactor in tyrosine oxidation. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Brine rejection occurs in the sea ice packs around at the north and south poles of the Earth. The Arctic Ocean has historically ranged from roughly 14-16 million square kilometers in late winter to roughly 7 million km each September. The annual increase of ice plays a major role in the movement of ocean circulation an... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bis(chloromethyl) ether is an organic compound with the chemical formula (ClCH)O. It is a colourless liquid with an unpleasant suffocating odour and it is one of the chloroalkyl ethers. Bis(chloromethyl) ether was once produced on a large scale, but was found to be highly carcinogenic and thus such production has cease... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
CRISPR gene editing based on Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) -Cas9 is an enzyme that uses the gene sequences to help control, cleave, and separate specific DNA sequences that are complementary to a CRISPR sequence. These sequences and enzymes were originally derived from bacteriophag... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hardy worked as assistant professor of organic chemistry at Bryn Mawr College in 1939 and 1940. In the years 1942–1958, Hardy worked as a chemist at Calco Chemical Division, subsequently she worked as a literature chemist at Lederle Labs from 1958 to 1975. After working for Lederle, Hardy worked as a senior resident li... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In its simplest form, equilibrium unfolding assumes that the molecule may belong to only two thermodynamic states, the folded state (typically denoted N for "native" state) and the unfolded state (typically denoted U). This "all-or-none" model of protein folding was first proposed by Tim Anson in 1945, but is believed... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Especially energetic alpha particles deriving from a nuclear process are produced in the relatively rare (one in a few hundred) nuclear fission process of ternary fission. In this process, three charged particles are produced from the event instead of the normal two, with the smallest of the charged particles most prob... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Acute beryllium poisoning is an occupational disease. Relevant occupations are those where beryllium is mined, processed or converted into metal alloys, or where machining of metals containing beryllium or recycling of scrap alloys occurs.
Metallographic preparation equipment and laboratory work surfaces must be damp-w... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Most of the time, artificial tissue is grown from the patients own cells. However, when the damage is so extreme that it is impossible to use the patients own cells, artificial tissue cells are grown. The difficulty is in finding a scaffold that the cells can grow and organize on. The characteristics of the scaffold mu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
George N. Phillips Jr. is a biochemist, researcher, and academic. He is the Ralph and Dorothy Looney Professor of Biochemistry and Cell Biology at Rice University, where he also serves as Associate Dean for Research at the Wiess School of Natural Sciences and as a professor of chemistry. Additionally, he holds the titl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Initially written off as a non-essential process due to the ATE1 knockout in yeast, later studies have shown arginylation plays a significant role in several biological processes. The knockout of ATE1 in mice and Drosophila resulted in embryonic lethality for both species. Further studies using the mouse model to obser... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The conjugate base of a sulfinic acid is a sulfinate anion. The enzyme cysteine dioxygenase converts cysteine into the corresponding sulfinate. One product of this catabolic reaction is the sulfinic acid hypotaurine. Sulfinite also describes esters of sulfinic acid. Cyclic sulfinite esters are called sultines. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Italian company Caffaro, located in Brescia, specialized in producing PCBs from 1938 to 1984, following the acquisition of the exclusive rights to use the patent in Italy from Monsanto. The pollution resulting from this factory and the case of Anniston, in the US, are the largest known cases in the world of PCB con... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Iron isotopes have become particularly useful in recent years for tracing biogeochemical cycling in the oceans. Iron is an important micronutrient for living species in the ocean, particularly for the growth of phytoplankton. Iron is estimated to limit phytoplankton growth in about one half of the ocean. As a result, t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mucolipin-1 also known as TRPML1 (transient receptor potential cation channel, mucolipin subfamily, member 1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MCOLN1 gene. It is a member of the small family of the TRPML channels, a subgroup of the large protein family of TRP ion channels.
TRPML1 is a 65 kDa protein assoc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cell metabolism is necessary for the production of energy for the cell and therefore its survival and includes many pathways and also sustaining the main cell organelles such as the nucleus, the mitochondria, the cell membrane etc. For cellular respiration, once glucose is available, glycolysis occurs within the cytoso... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Heavy liquids such as tetrabromoethane can be used to separate ores from supporting rocks by preferential flotation. The rocks are crushed, and while sand, limestone, dolomite, and other types of rock material will float on TBE, ores such as sphalerite, galena and pyrite will sink. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Alpha decay is characterized by the emission of an alpha particle, a He nucleus. The mode of this decay causes the parent nucleus to decrease by two protons and two neutrons. This type of decay follows the relation: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An exponential decay can be described by any of the following four equivalent formulas:<big><math display="block">\begin{align}
N(t) &= N_0 \left(\frac {1}{2}\right)^{\frac{t}{t_{1/2}}} \\
N(t) &= N_0 2^{-\frac{t}{t_{1/2}}} \\
N(t) &= N_0 e^{-\frac{t}{\tau}} \\
N(t) &= N_0 e^{-\lambda t}
\end{align}
where
* is ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The triangle of death () is an area approximately 25 km northeast of the city of Naples in the Province of Naples, Campania, Italy, that comprises the comuni of Acerra, Nola and Marigliano. This area contains the largest illegal waste dump in Europe due to a waste management crisis in the 1990s and 2000s.
The region h... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Alcohols alkylate to give ethers:
When the alkylating agent is an alkyl halide, the conversion is called the Williamson ether synthesis.
Alcohols are also good alkylating agents in the presence of suitable acid catalysts. For example, most methyl amines are prepared by alkylation of ammonia with methanol. The alkyl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Because there is a difference in concentration of ions on either side of the membrane, the pH (defined using the relative activity) may also differ when protons are involved. In many instances, from ultrafiltration of proteins to ion exchange chromatography, the pH of the buffer adjacent to the charged groups of the me... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Surveys showed that 54% of lakes in Asia are eutrophic; in Europe, 53%; in North America, 48%; in South America, 41%; and in Africa, 28%. In South Africa, a study by the CSIR using remote sensing has shown more than 60% of the reservoirs surveyed were eutrophic.
The World Resources Institute has identified 375 hypoxic ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Andrei Sakharov and F.C. Frank predicted the phenomenon of muon-catalyzed fusion on theoretical grounds before 1950. Yakov Borisovich Zeldovich also wrote about the phenomenon of muon-catalyzed fusion in 1954. Luis W. Alvarez et al.', when analyzing the outcome of some experiments with muons incident on a hydrogen bubb... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some viral families, such as the Bromoviridae instead opt to have multipartite genomes, genomes split between multiple viral particles. For infection to occur, the plant must be infected with all particles across the genome. For instance Brome mosaic virus has a genome split between 3 viral particles, and all 3 particl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Surface modification has gained a lot of interest in recent years for a variety of applications. An example of the application of free radical polymerizations to forming new architectures is through RAFT polymerizations which result in dithioester end groups. These dithioesters can be reduced to the thiol which can be ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Meteorites come in a variety of compositions, but chemical analysis can determine whether they were once in planetesimals that melted or differentiated. Chondrites are undifferentiated and have round mineral inclusions called chondrules. With the ages of 4.56 billion years, they date to the early solar system. A partic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
More than 600 million SNPs have been identified across the human genome in the world's population. A typical genome differs from the reference human genome at 4 to 5 million sites, most of which (more than 99.9%) consist of SNPs and short indels. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In physics, an atomic mirror is a device which reflects neutral atoms in a way similar to the way a conventional mirror reflects visible light. Atomic mirrors can be made of electric fields or magnetic fields, electromagnetic waves or just silicon wafer; in the last case, atoms are reflected by the attracting tails of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Directing edits to correct mutated sequences was first proposed and demonstrated in 1995. This initial work used synthetic RNA antisense oligonucleotides complementary to a pre-mature stop codon mutation in a dystrophin sequence to activate A-to-I editing of the stop codon to a read through codon in a model xenopus ce... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
High voltage distribution networks use fixed electrolyte resistors to ground the neutral, to provide a current limiting action, so that the voltage across the ground during fault is kept to a safe level. Unlike a solid resistor, the liquid resistor is self healing in the event of overload. Normally the resistance is se... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
ITCH is regulated by MAPK8. MAPK8 regulates JUNB protein turnover by MAPK8-dependent phosphorylation of ITCH and a subsequent conformational change in ITCH. This mechanism is discrete from the direct activation of Jun family transcription factors by direct phosphorylation. ITCH serves as a paradigm for our understandin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Acquisition, adaptive re-use, and disposal of a brownfield site requires advanced and specialized appraisal analysis techniques. For example, the highest and best use of the brownfield site may be affected by the contamination, both before and after remediation. Additionally, the value should take into account residual... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Spalling is a common mechanism of rock weathering, and occurs at the surface of a rock when there are large shear stresses under the surface. This form of mechanical weathering can be caused by freezing and thawing, unloading, thermal expansion and contraction, or salt deposition. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Abortive initiation is a normal process of transcription and occurs both in vitro and in vivo. After each nucleotide-addition step in initial transcription, RNA polymerase, stochastically, can proceed on the pathway toward promoter escape (productive initiation) or can release the RNA product and revert to the RNA pol... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is often used in organic electrons and have strong NIR absorption. In 2012, Liu’s group first reported PEGylated PEDOT:PSS polymeric nanoparticle (PEDOT:PSS-PEG) for near-infrared photothermal therapy of cancer. PEDOT:PSS-PEG nanoparticles have high ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In enzymology, a NAD glycohydrolase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
:NAD + HO ADP-ribose + nicotinamide
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are NAD and HO, whereas its two products are ADP-ribose and nicotinamide. Unlike ADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase (EC 3.2.2.6), which catal... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The hydrolysis of nitriles is conducted on an industrial scale to produce fatty amides. Laboratory procedures are also available. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The hypersalinity and high alkalinity (pH=10 or equivalent to 4 milligrams of NaOH per liter of water) of the lake means that no fish are native to the lake. An attempt by the California Department of Fish and Game to stock the lake failed.
The whole food chain of the lake is based on the high population of single-cell... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nanoparticles have been explored as a delivery system for various drugs, such as improving the oral bioavailability of drugs with poor absorption characteristics. However, this has not proved successful with CoQ, although reports have differed widely. The use of aqueous suspension of finely powdered CoQ in pure water a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For the deprotonation of acids, K is known as K, the acid dissociation constant. Strong acids, such as sulfuric or phosphoric acid, have large dissociation constants; weak acids, such as acetic acid, have small dissociation constants.
The symbol K, used for the acid dissociation constant, can lead to confusion with t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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