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The bubble chamber was invented by Donald A. Glaser of the United States in 1952, and for this, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1960. The bubble chamber similarly reveals the tracks of subatomic particles, but as trails of bubbles in a superheated liquid, usually liquid hydrogen. Bubble chambers can be mad... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1814, Jean-Jacques Colin discovered (to his surprise) that a mixture of dry gaseous ammonia and iodine formed a shiny, metallic-appearing liquid. Frederick Guthrie established the precise composition of the resulting I···NH complex fifty years later, but the physical processes underlying the molecular interaction re... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Turbidity currents can result in internal hydraulic jumps (i.e., hydraulic jumps as internal waves in fluids of different density) in abyssal fan formation. The internal hydraulic jumps have been associated with salinity or temperature induced stratification as well as with density differences due to suspended material... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Here is a list of radioisotopes formed by the action of cosmic rays; the list also contains the production mode of the isotope. Most cosmogenic nuclides are formed in the atmosphere, but some are formed in situ in soil and rock exposed to cosmic rays, notably calcium-41 in the table below. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Optical depth of a material, denoted , is given by:where
* is the radiant flux received by that material;
* is the radiant flux transmitted by that material;
* is the transmittance of that material.
The absorbance is related to optical depth by: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Surrounding wildlife and fauna were drastically affected by Chernobyls explosions. Coniferous trees, which are plentiful in the surrounding landscape, were heavily affected due to their biological sensitivity to radiation exposure. Within days of the initial explosion many pine trees in a 4 km radius died, with lesseni... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The fissile isotope uranium-235 in its natural concentration is unfit for the vast majority of nuclear reactors. In order to be prepared for use as fuel in energy production, it must be enriched. The enrichment process does not apply to plutonium. Reactor-grade plutonium is created as a byproduct of neutron interaction... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Trace fossils provide us with indirect evidence of life in the past, such as the footprints, tracks, burrows, borings, and feces left behind by animals, rather than the preserved remains of the body of the actual animal itself. Unlike most other fossils, which are produced only after the death of the organism concerned... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemistry, a halogen bond (XB) occurs when there is evidence of a net attractive interaction between an electrophilic region associated with a halogen atom in a molecular entity and a nucleophilic region in another, or the same, molecular entity. Like a hydrogen bond, the result is not a formal chemical bond, but ra... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
By immobilizing proteins to polymer nanoparticles or polymer/inorganic hybrid nanoparticles (such as polymer-stabilized iron oxide nanoparticles), proteins or their affinity ligands can be separated from complex solutions by applying magnetic fields or centrifugation. Lipase attached to iron oxide nanoparticles maintai... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Cryobiology, the branch of biology that studies the effects of low temperatures on living things
* Cryonics, the low-temperature preservation of people who cannot be sustained by contemporary medicine
* Cryoprecipitate, a blood-derived protein product used to treat some bleeding disorders
* Cryotherapy, medical treat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The regulation of genetic engineering concerns the approaches taken by governments to assess and manage the risks associated with the development and release of genetically modified crops. There are differences in the regulation of GM crops – including those used for pharming – between countries, with some of the most ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some radioactive iodide salts of sodium, including NaI and NaI, have radiopharmaceutical uses for thyroid cancer and hyperthyroidism or as radioactive tracer in imaging (see Isotopes of iodine > Radioiodines I-123, I-124, I-125, and I-131 in medicine and biology). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Knudsen number is a dimensionless number defined as
where
: = mean free path [L],
: = representative physical length scale [L].
The representative length scale considered, , may correspond to various physical traits of a system, but most commonly relates to a gap length over which thermal transport or mass transp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Preparing TNP-ATP is a one-step synthesis that is relatively safe and easy. Adenosine’s ribose moiety can be trinitrophenylated by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene-1-sulfonate (TNBS). The resulting compound assumes a bright orange color and has visible absorption characteristics, as is characteristic of a Meiseinheimer spiro comp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a 2012 University of Amsterdam study of 120 women, women's luteal phase (higher levels of progesterone, and increasing levels of estrogen) was correlated with lower level of competitive behavior in gambling and math contest scenarios, while their premenstrual phase (sharply-decreasing levels of progesterone, and dec... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Hammett acidity function (H) is a measure of acidity that is used for very concentrated solutions of strong acids, including superacids. It was proposed by the physical organic chemist Louis Plack Hammett and is the best-known acidity function used to extend the measure of Brønsted–Lowry acidity beyond the dilute a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An Ion Gun typically refers to an instrument that generates a beam of heavy ions with a well defined energy distribution. The ion beam is produced from a plasma that has been confined within a volume. Ions of a particular energy are extracted, accelerated, collimated and/or focused. The ion gun is composed of an ion so... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The formation of Langmuir monolayers by adsorption onto a surface dramatically reduces the entropy of the molecular system.
To find the entropy decrease, we find the entropy of the molecule when in the adsorbed condition.
Using Stirling's approximation, we have
On the other hand, the entropy of a molecule of an ideal g... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A leaf (: leaves) is a principal appendage of the stem of a vascular plant, usually borne laterally aboveground and specialized for photosynthesis. Leaves are collectively called foliage, as in "autumn foliage", while the leaves, stem, flower, and fruit collectively form the shoot system. In most leaves, the primary ph... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The term episome was introduced by François Jacob and Élie Wollman in 1958 to refer to extra-chromosomal genetic material that may replicate autonomously or become integrated into the chromosome. Since the term was introduced, however, its use has changed, as plasmid has become the preferred term for autonomously repli... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
:DNA strand 1: antisense strand (transcribed to) → RNA strand (sense)
:DNA strand 2: sense strand
Some regions within a double-stranded DNA molecule code for genes, which are usually instructions specifying the order in which amino acids are assembled to make proteins, as well as regulatory sequences, splicing sites, n... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A primary kinetic isotope effect may be found when a bond to the isotopically labeled atom is being formed or broken. Depending on the way a kinetic isotope effect is probed (parallel measurement of rates vs. intermolecular competition vs. intramolecular competition), the observation of a primary kinetic isotope effect... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Air pumps, such as the roots blower, use meshing impellers to move air through a system. Applications include blast furnaces, ventilation systems, and superchargers for internal combustion engines. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ceftezole (or ceftezol) is a semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic.
Ceftezole binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall. PBPs are enzymes involved in the terminal stages of assembling the bacterial cell wall and in reshaping th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Research in different areas mention possible use cases of EPIC-seq. Integrated analysis toolkit for whole-genome-wide features of cfDNA (INAC) compiles different tools, including EPIC-seq's PFE and NDR scores, to provide in comprehensive silico analysis of cfDNA which can be exemplified disease state and clinical outc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the ongoing "Omhoog met het Veen - AddMire in the Netherlands" research project, Landscape Noord-Holland aims to investigate the restoration of reed beds and wet heathlands on moors previously converted for agriculture as well as to raise awareness about peatland degradation. The project is intended to promote palud... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The term pewter covers a variety of alloys consisting primarily of tin. As a pure metal, tin is much too soft to use for most practical purposes. However, during the Bronze Age, tin was a rare metal in many parts of Europe and the Mediterranean, so it was often valued higher than gold. To make jewellery, cutlery, or ot... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Full-length ncRNA capture – BoMoC has high processivity across modified RNA templates resulting in the production of more full-length cDNA products compared to common reverse transcriptase's, which are prone to premature termination at modified sites.
* Single tube reaction – All cDNA synthesis steps can be performed... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
ILAC describes the following five types of reference material:
# Pure substances; essentially pure chemicals, characterised for chemical purity and/or trace impurities.
# Standard solutions and gas mixtures, often prepared gravimetrically from pure substances.
# Matrix reference materials, characterised for the composi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A sequence contig is a continuous (not contiguous) sequence resulting from the reassembly of the small DNA fragments generated by bottom-up sequencing strategies. This meaning of contig is consistent with the original definition by Rodger Staden (1979). The bottom-up DNA sequencing strategy involves shearing genomic DN... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Blue, white and ultraviolet LEDs are grown on industrial scale by MOVPE. The precursors are ammonia with either trimethylgallium or triethylgallium, the carrier gas being nitrogen or hydrogen. Growth temperature ranges between . Introduction of trimethylaluminium and/or trimethylindium is necessary for growing quantum ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Shrinkage defects
can occur when standard feed metal is not available to compensate for shrinkage as the thick metal solidifies. Shrinkage defects will have jagged or linear appearance. Shrinkage defects usually occur in either the cope or drag portion of the casting. Shrinkage defects can be split into two different... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Statistics Canada administers the Canadian Health Measures Survey, which includes biomonitoring for environmental chemicals. Health Canada administers a program called Mother-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals, which focuses on 2,000 pregnant women and their infants. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Solvent extraction is used to extract individual lanthanoid elements from the mixtures found in nature in ores such as monazite. In one process, the metal ions in aqueous solution are made to form complexes with tributylphosphate (TBP), which are extracted into an organic solvent such as kerosene. Complete separation i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The story is often told of Napoleons men freezing in the bitter Russian Winter, their clothes falling apart as tin pest ate the buttons. This appears to be an urban legend, as there is no evidence of any failing buttons, and thus they cannot have been a contributing factor in the failure of the invasion. Uniform butto... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh. Science and Technology Department. The Handy Science Answer Book. Pittsburgh: The Carnegie Library, 1997. .
* Taylor, L., and S. Oberman. Drunk Driving Defense, 6th edition. New York: Aspen Law and Business, 2006. . | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some viruses (such as HIV, the cause of AIDS), have the ability to transcribe RNA into DNA. HIV has an RNA genome that is reverse transcribed into DNA. The resulting DNA can be merged with the DNA genome of the host cell. The main enzyme responsible for synthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called reverse transcript... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The configuration index consists of two digits which are the priority numbers of the ligands on the threefold rotation axis. The lowest numerical value is cited first. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One of the challenges in generating in vivo like cultures or tissue in vitro is the difficulty in co-culturing different cell types. Because of the ability of 3D cell culturing by magnetic levitation to bring cells together, co-culturing different cell types is possible. Co-culturing of different cell types can be achi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Loupe (sidérurgie)
* Krupp-Renn Process
* Direct reduced iron.
* Direct reduction (blast furnace)
* Histoire de la production de l'acier. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A generalized compound is a mixture of chemical compounds of constant composition, despite possible changes in the total amount. The concept is used in the Dynamic Energy Budget theory, where biomass is partitioned into a limited set of generalised compounds, which contain a high percentage of organic compounds. The am... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The purpose of a mineralizer is to facilitate the transport of insoluble “nutrient” to a seed crystal by means of a reversible chemical reaction. Over time, the seed crystal accumulates the material that was once in the nutrient and grows. Mineralizers are additives that aid the solubilization of the nutrient solid. Wh... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For a sudden expansion in a pipe, see the figure above, the Borda–Carnot equation can be derived from mass- and momentum conservation of the flow. The momentum flux S (i.e. for the fluid momentum component parallel to the pipe axis) through a cross section of area A is – according to the Euler equations:
Consider the c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
; Main textbook
* – A molecular biology textbook available free online through NCBI Bookshelf.
:[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21052/ Glossary]
:[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26864/ Ch 1: Cells and genomes]
::[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26864/ 1.1: The Universal Features of Cells on Earth]
... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Modafinil was considered for the treatment of ADHD because of its lower abuse potential than conventional psychostimulants like methylphenidate and amphetamines. In 2008, an application to market modafinil for pediatric ADHD was submitted to the Food and Drug Administration in the US.
However, evidence of modafinil for... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There is political dispute between China and South Korea on ultrafine dust. South Korea claims that about 80% of ultrafine dust comes from China, and China and South Korea should cooperate to reduce the level of fine dust. China, however, argues that the Chinese government have already implemented its policy regarding ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An aqueous solution of cobalt(II) nitrate and hydrogen peroxide is added to a solution of sodium bicarbonate, leading to precipitation of the olive solid. The method is a modification of the synthesis of what has been described as “Co(CO)”. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The mechanism of electromethanogenesis is outlined in Figure 1. Water is introduced into the system with the anode, biocathode, and microbes. At the anode, microbes attract HO molecules which are then oxidized after an electrical current is turned on from the power source. Oxygen is released from the anode side. The pr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
CCTV drain cameras, also known as sewer cameras or pipe inspection cameras, are a line of waterproof, high definition cameras that have become a widely popular technology in the plumbing profession. These cameras are advanced diagnostic tools that allow plumbers to execute plumbing inspections with heightened accuracy.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A carbanion is a organic molecule where a carbon atom is not electron deficient but contain an overall negative charge. Carbanions are strong nucleophiles, which can be used to extend an alkene's carbon backbone in the synthesis reaction shown below.
The alkyne carbanion, , is a reaction intermediate in this reaction. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some of the earliest known records of mellified corpses come from Greek historian Herodotus (4th century BCE) who recorded that the Assyrians used to embalm their dead with honey. A century later, Alexander the Great's body was reportedly preserved in a honey-filled sarcophagus, and there are also indications that this... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
With no relaxation (that is both T and T → ∞) the above equations simplify to:
or, in vector notation:
This is the equation for Larmor precession of the nuclear magnetization M in an external magnetic field B.
The relaxation terms,
represent an established physical process of transverse and longitudinal relaxation of n... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
M. V. George, born on 3 October 1928 in the south Indian state of Kerala, graduated in chemistry from Madras University in 1948 and moved to the Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University (then known as Agra University) from where he secured his masters degree in 1951. He did his doctoral studies at St. Johns College, Agra of Agr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1906, Hahn returned to Germany, where Fischer placed at his disposal a former woodworking shop (Holzwerkstatt) in the basement of the Chemical Institute to use as a laboratory. Hahn equipped it with electroscopes to measure alpha and beta particles and gamma rays. In Montreal these had been made from discarded coffe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Various geologic data suggest that Lake Chichoj stretches above of a body of gypsum well exposed on outcrops farther west. There, gypsum dissolution is responsible for repeated mountain flank collapses in the valley of Los Chorros. The lake occupies at least three coalescing dolines likely formed by dissolution of gyps... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Surgery
* by counseling, such as psychotherapy (see also: list of psychotherapies)
** systemic therapy
** by group psychotherapy
* by cognitive behavioral therapy
** by cognitive therapy
** by behaviour therapy
*** by dialectical behavior therapy
** by cognitive emotional behavioral therapy
* by cognitive rehabilitat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A peroxisome () is a membrane-bound organelle, a type of microbody, found in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. Peroxisomes are oxidative organelles. Frequently, molecular oxygen serves as a co-substrate, from which hydrogen peroxide (HO) is then formed. Peroxisomes owe their name to hydrogen peroxide ge... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Records of bioluminescence due to bacteria have existed for thousands of years. They appear in the folklore of many regions, including Scandinavia and the Indian subcontinent. Both Aristotle and Charles Darwin have described the phenomenon of the oceans glowing. Since its discovery less than 30 years ago, the enzyme lu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Aqueous solutions of transition metals cations react with sulfide sources (HS, NaHS, NaS) to precipitate solid sulfides. Such inorganic sulfides typically have very low solubility in water, and many are related to minerals with the same composition (see below). One famous example is the bright yellow species CdS or "... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2015, an 18-year-old female karateka (martial arts practitioner) from Egypt gave a urine sample in order for her drugs test to be administered. It was found that the urine contained too much ractopamine and the athlete was sanctioned with ineligibility for four years. The sole arbitrator from the Court of Arbitratio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Since 2000, Dr Brills interest in Silk Road studies and ancient glass compositions has continued, but his publication rate has slowed somewhat. His years of prolific publication, however, and his willingness to analyse glass from almost every situation have provided the archaeometry of glass with a bounty of reference ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Camille and Henry Dreyfus New Faculty Award (2004)
* National Science Foundation (NSF) Career Award (2008)
* Alfred P. Sloan Fellowship Award (2010)
* Heaton Family Faculty Award (2011) | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Carnegie-Mellon University in Pittsburgh
*University of Liège in Belgium
*Nicolaus Copernicus University Medical School in Kraków, Poland | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In organometallic chemistry, metal sulfur dioxide complexes are complexes that contain sulfur dioxide, , bonded to a transition metal. Such compounds are common but are mainly of theoretical interest. Historically, the study of these compounds has provided insights into the mechanisms of migratory insertion reaction... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Usually, but not universally, the numbers indicate:
* the first digit corresponds to the furnace number
* the second digit indicates the year in which the material was melted
* the last three (and sometimes four) indicate the melt number. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Strictly speaking, this reaction results in the formation of a rhodium carbonyl complex rather than free carbon monoxide.
The catalytic cycle is assumed to involve oxidative addition of the aldehyde (or acid chloride) to gives a 16e acyl Rh(III)-hydride intermediate, which undergoes migratory extrusion of CO proceed to... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As with many other small mammal species, M. pennsylvanicus plays important ecological roles. The eastern meadow vole is an important food source for many predators, and disperses mycorrhizal fungi. It is a major consumer of grass and disperses grass nutrients in its feces. After disruptive site disturbances such as for... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A critical role for the ER in calcium signaling was acknowledged before such a role for the mitochondria was widely accepted, in part because the low affinity of Ca channels localized to the outer mitochondrial membrane seemed to contradict this organelle's purported responsiveness to changes in intracellular Ca flux. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are three major epidermal cell types which all ultimately derive from the outermost (L1) tissue layer of the shoot apical meristem, called protodermal cells: trichomes, pavement cells and guard cells, all of which are arranged in a non-random fashion.
An asymmetrical cell division occurs in protodermal cells resu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gregor was made an honorary member of the Geological Society of London on its inception in 1807, and was a founding member of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall in 1814. His friends and correspondents included John Hawkins, Philip Rashleigh and John Ayrton Paris. Never letting his scientific work interfere with h... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Manaus, Brazil is on the Rio Negro near its confluence with the Amazon (see Meeting of Waters). It is the chief port and a hub for the region's extensive river system.
* The Iguazú flows into the Paraná at the "Triple Frontier" (, ), the tripoint for Paraguay, Argentina, and Brazil.
* In Ciudad Guayana, Venezuela the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Given a flow and head for a specific hydro site, and the RPM requirement of the generator, calculate the specific speed. The result is the main criteria for turbine selection or the starting point for analytical design of a new turbine. Once the desired specific speed is known, basic dimensions of the turbine parts can... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In materials where the maximum applied-stress-intensity factor exceeds the stress-corrosion cracking-threshold value, stress corrosion adds to crack-growth velocity. This is shown in the schematic on the right. In a corrosive environment, the crack grows due to cyclic loading at a lower stress-intensity range; above th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Monocrystalline silicon (mono-Si) solar cells feature a single-crystal composition that enables electrons to move more freely than in a multi-crystal configuration. Consequently, monocrystalline solar panels deliver a higher efficiency than their multicrystalline counterparts. The corners of the cells look clipped, lik... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hérisson and Chauvin first proposed the widely accepted mechanism of transition metal alkene metathesis. The direct [2+2] cycloaddition of two alkenes is formally symmetry forbidden and thus has a high activation energy. The Chauvin mechanism involves the [2+2] cycloaddition of an alkene double bond to a transition met... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A date rape drug is any drug that is an incapacitating agent which—when administered to another person—incapacitates the person and renders them vulnerable to a drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA), including rape. One of the most common types of DFSA are those in which a victim consumes a recreational drug such as a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
;Bridge books by Rosenkranz
* The Romex System of Bidding: a dynamic approach to bridge (New York: World Publishing Co., 1970)
* Win with Romex: the key to accurate bidding (Crown Publishers, 1975)
* Bid Your Way to the Top (New York state: Barclay Bridge Supplies, 1978)
* Bridge, the Bidders Game' (Louisville, KY: ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A parasympatholytic agent is a substance or activity that reduces the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system.
The term parasympatholytic typically refers to the effect of a drug, although some poisons act to block the parasympathetic nervous system as well. Most drugs with parasympatholytic properties are anti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Polyprotein processing is adopted by 45% of plant viruses, such as the Potyviridae and Tymoviridae. The ribosome translates a single protein from the viral genome. Within the polyprotein is an enzyme (or enzymes) with proteinase function that is able to cleave the polyprotein into the various single proteins or just cl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
If the incoming photon is polarized, the scattered photon is no longer isotropic with respect to the azimuthal angle. For a linearly polarized photon scattered with a free electron at rest, the differential cross section is instead given by:
where is the azimuthal scattering angle. Note that the unpolarized differenti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In coastal engineering, a tetrapod is a four-legged concrete structure used as armour unit on breakwaters. The tetrapod's shape is designed to dissipate the force of incoming waves by allowing water to flow around rather than against it, and to reduce displacement by allowing a random distribution of tetrapods to mutua... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemistry, the valence (US spelling) or valency (British spelling) of an atom is a measure of its combining capacity with other atoms when it forms chemical compounds or molecules. Valence is generally understood to be the number of chemical bonds that each atom of a given chemical element typically forms. Double bo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
TRIzol is a widely used chemical solution used in the extraction of DNA, RNA, and proteins from cells. The solution was initially used and published by Piotr Chomczyński and Nicoletta Sacchi in 1987.
TRIzol is the brand name of guanidinium thiocyanate from the Ambion part of Life Technologies, and Tri-Reagent is the br... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Daily intakes of fluoride can vary significantly according to the various sources of exposure. Values ranging from 0.46 to 3.6–5.4 mg/day have been reported in several studies (IPCS, 1984). In areas where water is fluoridated this can be expected to be a significant source of fluoride, however fluoride is also naturall... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Several efficient techniques are available to detect the presence of distonic ions; the most appropriate method will depend on the ions internal energy and lifespan. Collisions between ions and uncharged molecules allow one to detect the location of the radical and charge site in order to confirm that the ion is not ju... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tapioca starch can be burnt off easily through the sintering process and is insoluble in titanium. Titanium foams consisting of a bimodal pore distribution (macropores ranging from 100 to 300 μm) and 64–79% porosity, exhibited yield strengths of 23–41 MPa and Young's moduli of 1.6–3.7 GPa. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The original work on PCP ligands arose from studies of the Pt(II) complexes derived from long-chain ditertiary phosphines, species of the type RP(CH)PR where n >4 and R = tert-butyl. Platinum metalates one methylene group with release of HCl, giving species such as PtCl(RP(CH)CH(CH)PR).
Pincer complexes catalyze the d... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Despite the high number of MAPK genes, MAPK pathways of higher plants were studied less than animal or fungal ones. Although their signaling appears very complex, the MPK3, MPK4 and MPK6 kinases of Arabidopsis thaliana are key mediators of responses to osmotic shock, oxidative stress, response to cold and involved in a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An electrostatic lens is a device that assists in the transport of charged particles. For instance, it can guide electrons emitted from a sample to an electron analyzer, analogous to the way an optical lens assists in the transport of light in an optical instrument. Systems of electrostatic lenses can be designed in th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process by which epithelial cells lose their cell polarity and cell–cell adhesion, and gain migratory and invasive properties to become mesenchymal stem cells; these are multipotent stromal cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types. EMT is essential for n... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In cellular biology, P-bodies, or processing bodies, are distinct foci formed by phase separation within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consisting of many enzymes involved in mRNA turnover. P-bodies are highly conserved structures and have been observed in somatic cells originating from vertebrates and invertebrat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Common adverse effects are similar to other antihypertensive drugs and include headache, vertigo, and drowsiness. A dry cough is common as with all ACE inhibitors. Other possible adverse effects are described at ACE inhibitor#Adverse effects. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
lactalbumin - lactic acid - lactic acid autotroph - lactic fermentation - lagging strand - laminin - LDL receptor - Le Chatelier's principle - lectin - leucine - leucine-2-alanine enkephalin - leukotriene B4 receptor - LH - LH receptor - LHRH receptor - life - life form - ligand - light reactions - Lineweaver-Burk diag... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In physics, Mott scattering also referred to as spin-coupling inelastic Coulomb scattering, is the separation of the two spin states of an electron beam by scattering the beam off the Coulomb field of heavy atoms. It is named after Nevill Francis Mott, who first developed the theory. It is mostly used to measure the s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Since the mechanism of action of thalidomide and its analogs is not fully clear and the bioreceptor for these substances has not been identified, the insight into the relationship between the structure and activity of thalidomide and its analogs are mostly derived from molecular modelling and continued research investi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
UCP1 is expressed in brown adipose tissue, which is functionally found only in eutherians. The UCP1, or thermogenin, gene likely arose in an ancestor of modern vertebrates, but did not initially allow for our vertebrate ancestor to use non-shivering thermogenesis for warmth. It wasn't until heat generation was adaptive... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The dithionite is the oxyanion with the formula [SO]. It is commonly encountered as the salt sodium dithionite. For historical reasons, it is sometimes called hydrosulfite, but it contains no hydrogen and is not a sulfite. The dianion has a steric number of 4 and trigonal pyramidal geometry. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chain reaction in chemistry and physics is a process that produces products capable of initiating subsequent processes of a similar nature. It is a self-sustaining sequence in which the resulting products continue to propagate further reactions. Examples of chain reactions in living organisms are lipid peroxidation in ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Induced metabolic bioluminescence imaging (imBI) is used to obtain a metabolic snapshot of biological tissues. Metabolites that may be quantified through imBI include glucose, lactate, pyruvate, ATP, glucose-6-phosphate, or D2-hydroxygluturate. imBI can be used to determine the lactate concentration of tumors or to mea... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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