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Strontium oxalate is a compound with the chemical formula . Strontium oxalate can exist either in a hydrated form () or as the acidic salt of strontium oxalate (). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A wide range of possible FCS experiments involve chemical reactions that continually fluctuate from equilibrium because of thermal motions (and then "relax"). In contrast to diffusion, which is also a relaxation process, the fluctuations cause changes between states of different energies. One very simple system showing... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The bond valence model can be reduced to the traditional ionic model if certain conditions are satisfied. These conditions require that atoms be divided into cations and anions in such a way that (a) the electronegativity of every anion is equal to, or greater than, the electronegativity of any of the cations, (b) tha... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
octreotide - odorant receptor - olfaction - olfactory receptor neuron - oligopeptide - oncogene - oncogene protein - oncogene proteins V-abl - oncogenic retroviridae protein - open reading frame - opioid receptor - opsin - optical isomerism - organ (anatomy) - organelle - organic chemistry - organic compound - organic ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The US National Academy of Medicine updated Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) in 2001 for vitamin A, which included Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs). For infants up to 12 months there was not sufficient information to establish a RDA, so Adequate Intake (AI) is shown instead. As for safety, tolerable upper intake l... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cis–trans isomerism occurs in octahedral and square planar complexes (but not tetrahedral). When two ligands are adjacent they are said to be cis, when
opposite each other, trans. When three identical ligands occupy one face of an octahedron, the isomer is said to be facial, or fac. In a fac isomer, any two identical ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
About 1 in 4,000 children in the United States will develop mitochondrial disease by the age of 10 years. Up to 4,000 children per year in the US are born with a type of mitochondrial disease. Because mitochondrial disorders contain many variations and subsets, some particular mitochondrial disorders are very rare.
The... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Type T (copper–constantan) thermocouples are suited for measurements in the −200 to 350 °C range. Often used as a differential measurement, since only copper wire touches the probes. Since both conductors are non-magnetic, there is no Curie point and thus no abrupt change in characteristics. Type-T thermocouples have a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thiophenes are a special class of sulfide-containing heterocyclic compounds. Because of their aromatic character, they are non-nucleophilic. The nonbonding electrons on sulfur are delocalized into the π-system. As a consequence, thiophene exhibits few properties expected for a sulfide – thiophene is non-nucleophilic at... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The contact graph of an arbitrary finite packing of unit balls is the graph whose vertices correspond to the packing elements and whose two vertices are connected by an edge if the corresponding two packing elements touch each other. The cardinality of the edge set of the contact graph gives the number of touching pair... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Elimination, bimolecular reactions are one step, concerted reaction where both base and substrate participate in the rate limiting step. In an E2 mechanism, a base takes a proton near the leaving group, forcing the electrons down to make a double bond, and forcing off the leaving group-all in one concerted step. The r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lanthanide salts often or perhaps characteristically form aquo complexes. The homoleptic tricationic aquo complexes have nine water ligands. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lichens are classified by the fungal component. Lichen species are given the same scientific name (binomial name) as the fungus species in the lichen. Lichens are being integrated into the classification schemes for fungi. The alga bears its own scientific name, which bears no relationship to that of the lichen or fung... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Primary treatment for wastewater or drinking water includes settling in a sedimentation chamber to remove as much of the solid matter as possible before applying additional treatments. The amount removed is controlled by the hydraulic residence time (HRT). When water flows through a volume at a slower rate, less energy... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The modest acidity of carbons adjacent to the sulfonyl group has made sulfones useful for organic synthesis. Upon removal of the sulfonyl group with desulfonylation or reductive elimination, the net result is the formation of a carbon-carbon bond single or double bond between two unfunctionalized carbons, a ubiquitous ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Arrhenius equation gives the dependence of the rate constant of a chemical reaction on the absolute temperature as
where
* is the rate constant (frequency of collisions resulting in a reaction),
* is the absolute temperature,
* is the pre-exponential factor or Arrhenius factor or frequency factor. Arrhenius orig... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Textbooks in physical chemistry generally give two derivations of the title equation. One is the conventional derivation that goes back to Van der Waals, a mechanical equation of state that cannot be used to specify all thermodynamic functions; the other is a statistical mechanics derivation that makes explicit the int... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This trend is also generally true of pentacoordinated main-group elements with one or more lone-pair-containing ligand, including the oxygen-pentacoordinated silicon examples shown below.
The Si-halogen bonds range from close to the expected van der Waals value in A (a weak bond) almost to the expected covalent single ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The simple Streeter–Phelps model is based on the assumptions that a single BOD input is distributed evenly at the cross section of a stream or river and that it moves as plug flow with no mixing in the river. Furthermore, only one DO sink (carbonaceous BOD) and one DO source (reaeration) is considered in the classical ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The theory of relativistic heat conduction is a model that is compatible with the theory of special relativity. For most of the last century, it was recognized that the Fourier equation is in contradiction with the theory of relativity because it admits an infinite speed of propagation of heat signals. For example, acc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics, helicity is, under appropriate conditions, an invariant of the Euler equations of fluid flow, having a topological interpretation as a measure of linkage and/or knottedness of vortex lines in the flow. This was first proved by Jean-Jacques Moreau in 1961 and Moffatt derived it in 1969 without the kno... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A pH meter is a scientific instrument that measures the hydrogen-ion activity in water-based solutions, indicating its acidity or alkalinity expressed as pH. The pH meter measures the difference in electrical potential between a pH electrode and a reference electrode, and so the pH meter is sometimes referred to as a "... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The particular drawing on the pediment of the gate, with two overlapping triangles and Latin inscriptions, recapitulates the title page in the posthumous 1677 edition—which differed from the title page of the first edition—of the alchemical book Aureum Saeculum Redivivum (1621) by Adrian von Mynsicht (known also as Mad... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the surrounding pressure, causing the liquid to rapidly evaporate, or boil. It is closely related to vapor pressure, but is dependent on pressure. The normal boiling point is the boiling point at atmospheric pressure, but it can also b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Infant formula: Historically HMOs were not part of infant formula, and bottle-fed babies could not benefit from their positive health effects. However recently more and more HMOs, including 2'-Fucosyllactose and Lacto-N-neotetraose, are being added as supplements to modern infant formula. Recently an infant formula w... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
To derive the Turbine specific speed equation we first start with the Power formula for water then using proportionalities with η,ρ, and g being constant they can be removed. The power of the turbine is therefore only dependent on the head H and flow Q.
:so
let:
: = Diameter of the turbine runner
: = Width of the turb... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Gaps often remain after initial BAC contig construction. These gaps occur if the Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library screened has low complexity, meaning it does not contain a high number of STS or restriction sites, or if certain regions were less stable in cloning hosts and thus underrepresented in the lib... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In titrations, the concentration of analyte in solution can be determined by titrating the standard solution against the analyte solution to determine the threshold of neutralization. For example, to calculate the concentration of hydrogen chloride, a standard solution of known concentration, such as 0.5 M sodium hydro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Toxicity is the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substances can damage an organism. Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as an animal, bacterium, or plant, as well as the effect on a substructure of the organism, such as a cell (cytotoxicity) or an organ such as the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are no widely accepted functions for the resulting truncated RNA transcripts. However, a study in 1981 found evidence that there was a relationship between the number of abortive transcripts produced and the time until long RNA strands are successfully produced. When RNA polymerase undergoes abortive transcriptio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Poliakoff is the most visible presenter on the videos; his hair, reminiscent of Albert Einstein or a mad scientist, is frequently commented upon. The combination of the professors hair and amusing experiments has made these videos quite popular. Although uncertain what to think about the attention given to his hair, Pr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Amphoteric or zwitterionic detergents have zwitterions within a particular pH range, and possess a net zero charge arising from the presence of equal numbers of +1 and −1 charged chemical groups. Examples include CHAPS. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A couple of Escherichia coli mutant strains have been bioengineered to ferment glucose under aerobic conditions. One group developed the ECOM3 (E. coli cytochrome oxidase mutant) strain by removing three terminal cytochrome oxidases (cydAB, cyoABCD, and cbdAB) to reduce oxygen uptake. After 60 days of adaptive evolut... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An inert gas (or noble gas), such as helium, is one that does not react with other elements or compounds. Adding an inert gas into a gas-phase equilibrium at constant volume does not result in a shift. This is because the addition of a non-reactive gas does not change the equilibrium equation, as the inert gas appears... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Euromaster is a registered trademark and an initiative adopted by the EuCheMS General Assembly in 2005. It is associated with the Chemistry Quality Eurolabels. As of 8 April 2013, 36 Euromaster quality labels have been awarded. The label is intended for master's degrees.
Euromaster, introduced after Eurobachelor, is in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Variations in iron isotopes are caused by a number of chemical processes which result in the preferential incorporation of certain isotopes of iron into certain phases. Many of the chemical processes which fractionate iron are not well understood and are still being studied. The most well-documented chemical processes ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An example of a Curtin–Hammett scenario in which the more stable conformational isomer reacts more quickly is observed during the oxidation of piperidines. In the case of N-methyl piperidine, inversion at nitrogen between diastereomeric conformers is much faster than the rate of amine oxidation. The conformation which ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are several types of glycosylation, although the first two are the most common.
* In N-glycosylation, sugars are attached to nitrogen, typically on the amide side-chain of asparagine.
* In O-glycosylation, sugars are attached to oxygen, typically on serine or threonine, but also on tyrosine or non-canonical amino... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Clathrate hydrates were discovered in 1810 by Humphry Davy. Clathrates were studied by P. Pfeiffer in 1927 and in 1930, E. Hertel defined "molecular compounds" as substances decomposed into individual components following the mass action law in solution or gas state. Clathrate hydrates were discovered to form blockages... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Consider two coupled ultrasensitive modules, disregarding effects of sequestration of molecular components between layers. In this case, the expression for the system's dose-response curve, , results from the mathematical composition of the functions, , which describe the input/output relationship of isolated modules :... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For a single Ca-looping cycle installed on a 500MW power plant:
# Amount of CaO from purge annually = 12.6 kg CaO/s × 365 days/year × 24 hr/day × 3600s / hour = 3.97 × 10 kg CaO/ year
# Cement that can be obtained from purge annually= 3.97 × 10 kg CaO/ year × 1 kg cement/ 0.65 kg CaO = 6.11 × 10 kg cement/year
# Net el... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
PaNie is a 25 kDa protein produced by the root rot disease-causing pathogen Pythium aphanidermatum. It stands for Pythium aphanidermatum Necrosis inducing elicitor. PaNie (aka NLP) belongs to a family of elicitors named the Nep1-like proteins (NLPs), which cause necrosis when injected into the leaves of dicotyledonous ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Benzylidene acetal and acetonide, protecting groups
*Dimethoxymethane, a solvent, a.k.a. methylal, a.k.a. formal [ambiguous]
*Dioxolane
*Metaldehyde
*Paraldehyde
*1,3,5-Trioxane
*Phenylsulfonylethylidene (PSE) acetal is an example of arylsulfonyl acetal possessing atypical properties, like resistance to acid hydrolysi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Similar to xylitol, hydrogenated starch hydrolysates are not readily fermented by oral bacteria and are used to formulate sugarless products that do not promote dental caries.
HSHs are also more slowly absorbed in the digestive tract, thus, have a reduced glycemic potential relative to glucose. However, they do have a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chlorophyll fluorescence appears to be a measure of photosynthesis, but this is an over-simplification. Fluorescence can measure the efficiency of PSII photochemistry, which can be used to estimate the rate of linear electron transport by multiplying by the light intensity. However, researchers generally mean carbon fi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Common methods include those of the DISCO family, including 3DISCO, and CLARITY and related protocols. Others include BABB, PEGASOS, SHANEL, SeeDB, CUBIC, ExM, and SHIELD. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, an oxime is an organic compound belonging to the imines, with the general formula , where R is an organic side-chain and R' may be hydrogen, forming an aldoxime, or another organic group, forming a ketoxime. O-substituted oximes form a closely related family of compounds. Amidoximes are oximes of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Vitamin A deficiency is common in developing countries, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. Deficiency can occur at any age, but is most common in pre-school-age children and pregnant women, the latter due to a need to transfer retinol to the fetus. The causes are low intake of retinol-containing, anim... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*1913 - Radioactive Transformations and the Periodic System of the Elements
*1941 - Artificial radioactive isotopes of Thallium, Lead and Bismuth
*1947 - Application of the resonance theory to the structure of the water molecule
*1948 - Electronic structure of molecules | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
All peroxisomal proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm and must be directed to the peroxisome. The first step in this process is the binding of the protein to a receptor. The receptor then directs the complex to the peroxisome. Receptors recognize and bind to a region of the peroxisomal protein called a peroxisomal ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Marchywka effect refers to electrochemical cleaning of diamond using an electric field induced with remote electrodes. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The six bonding molecular orbitals that are formed are "filled" with the electrons from the ligands, and electrons from the d-orbitals of the metal ion occupy the non-bonding and, in some cases, anti-bonding MOs. The energy difference between the latter two types of MOs is called Δ (O stands for octahedral) and is dete... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*AMCA Publication 99 - Standards Handbook is a compilation of important AMCA standards that include the Fan Laws, common industry terminology and symbols, classifications for spark resistant construction, and various other useful data.
*AMCA Publication 200 - Air Systems. Part 1 of the Fan Application Manual, this publ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Where a given letter is used in both capital and lower case form (, and , ) the capital letter refers to the macroscopic observable and the lower case letter to the corresponding variable for an individual particle or layer of the material. Greek symbols are used for properties of a single particle.
* – absorption ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Individual species’ reactions to eutrophication can vary widely. For example, some organisms, such as primary producers, can adapt very quickly and even thrive under anoxic conditions. However, most organisms are extremely susceptible to slight changes in aquatic oxygen levels. Simply put - if a respirating organism is... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Two main trends impinge on the industry. On the supply side, biotechnology is rapidly gaining importance. In the synthesis of small molecule fine chemicals, the use of biocatalysts and microbial fermentation enable both a more sustainable and economic production than conventional organic chemistry. In the synthesis of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* [https://archive.org/details/radioactivity00ruthgoog Radio-activity] (1904), 2nd ed. (1905),
* [https://archive.org/details/radioactivetran02ruthgoog Radioactive Transformations (1906)],
* [https://archive.org/details/radioactivesubst00ruthuoft Radioactive Substances and their Radiations (1913)]
* The Electrical St... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The WPB placed penicillin under a wartime allocation system on 16 July 1943. All supplies were designated for use by the armed forces and the Public Health Service. Penicillin production in the United States ramped up from 800 million Oxford units in the first half of 1943 to 20 billion units in the second half. The US... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Prime editor 4 utilizes the same machinery as PE2, but also includes a plasmid that encodes for dominant negative MMR protein MLH1. Dominant negative MLH1 is able to essentially knock out endogenous MLH1 by inhibition, thereby reducing cellular MMR response and increasing prime editing efficiency. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The solid medium is used to grow lactose-fermenting coliforms and utilizes a neutral red pH indicator. Pink colonies appear when lactose is fermented and are surrounded by bile that has precipitated out. To confirm if these colonies are coliforms, they are transferred to brilliant green lactose bile (BGLB) and incubate... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
At non-relativistic energies, single particles generally produce effects too small to enable their direct detection. The microchannel plate functions as a particle amplifier, turning a single impinging particle into a cloud of electrons. By applying a strong electric field across the MCP, each individual microchannel b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
NUT carcinoma is a rare, highly aggressive malignancy. Initially, it was regarded as occurring in the midline areas of the upper respiratory tract, upper digestive tract, and mediastinum (i.e. central compartment of the thoracic cavity) of young adults and to lesser extents children and infants. It was therefore terme... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Typically, the mixture of "compound A" and "impurity B" is dissolved in the smallest amount of hot solvent to fully dissolve the mixture, thus making a saturated solution. The solution is then allowed to cool. As the solution cools the solubility of compounds in the solution drops. This results in the desired compound ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Disrupting pRb expression in vitro, either by gene deletion or knockdown of pRb short interfering RNA, causes dendrites to branch out farther. In addition, Schwann cells, which provide essential support for the survival of neurons, travel with the neurites, extending farther than normal. The inhibition of pRb supports ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Magma exists in three main forms that vary in composition. When magma crystallizes within the crust, it forms an extrusive igneous rock. Dependent on the composition of the magma, it may form either rhyolite, andesite, or basalt. Volatiles, particularly water and carbon dioxide, significantly impact the behavior of eac... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An enthalpy–entropy chart, also known as the H–S chart or Mollier diagram, plots the total heat against entropy, describing the enthalpy of a thermodynamic system. A typical chart covers a pressure range of 0.01–1000 bar, and temperatures up to 800 degrees Celsius. It shows enthalpy in terms of internal energy , pres... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Black light incandescent lamps are also made from an incandescent light bulb with a filter coating which absorbs most visible light. Halogen lamps with fused quartz envelopes are used as inexpensive UV light sources in the near UV range, from 400 to 300 nm, in some scientific instruments. Due to its black-body spectrum... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are proteins or protein complexes involved in the initiation phase of eukaryotic translation. These proteins help stabilize the formation of ribosomal preinitiation complexes around the start codon and are an important input for post-transcription gene regulation. Several initiation... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nuclear fission produces radioactive fission products which can have half-lives from days to greater than 200,000 years. According to some toxicity studies, the thorium cycle can fully recycle actinide wastes and only emit fission product wastes, and after a few hundred years, the waste from a thorium reactor can be le... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Liquid marbles are non-stick droplets (normally aqueous) wrapped by micro- or nano-metrically scaled hydrophobic, colloidal particles (Teflon, polyethylene, lycopodium powder, carbon black, etc.); representing a platform for a diversity of chemical and biological applications. Liquid marbles are also found naturally; a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Biogeochemistry Department, headed by Ralf Conrad, is focused on the microbial metabolism and biogeochemical matter cycling in soil. Soil microbial metabolism plays an important role in the global cycling of matter and — through the formation of atmospheric trace gases such as methane and nitrous oxide — also influ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The tendency in Europe is the increasing use of glass packaging to substitute plastic packaging. As a response to the increase of glass waste, the recycling and recovery rates has grown in the last 10 years.
To assure the circularity and recycling of glass packaging it's possible to follow these principles applied to ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A chirality center (chiral center) is a type of stereocenter. A chirality center is defined as an atom holding a set of four different ligands (atoms or groups of atoms) in a spatial arrangement which is non-superposable on its mirror image. Chirality centers must be sp hybridized, meaning that a chirality center can o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Of commercial interest, acyl chlorides react with HF to give acyl fluorides. Aromatic (as well as aliphatic) acyl fluorides are conveniently prepared directly from carboxylic acids, using stable, inexpensive commodity chemicals: , NBS and in a bench-top protocol. Cyanuric fluoride converts carboxylic acids to acyl flu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
According to Schlüter et al. (2004) chloride pore water profiles can be used to investigate submarine groundwater discharge. Chloride can be used as a conservative tracer, as it is enriched in seawater and depleted in groundwater. Three different shapes of chloride pore water profiles reflect three different transport ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thiourea reduces peroxides to the corresponding diols. The intermediate of the reaction is an unstable endoperoxide.
Thiourea is also used in the reductive workup of ozonolysis to give carbonyl compounds. Dimethyl sulfide is also an effective reagent for this reaction, but it is highly volatile (boiling point ) and has... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
qPCR using reverse transcription (RT-qPCR) can be used to detect GMOs given its sensitivity and dynamic range in detecting DNA. Alternatives such as DNA or protein analysis are usually less sensitive. Specific primers are used that amplify not the transgene but the promoter, terminator or even intermediate sequences us... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Single-cell AMTECs with open voltages as high as 1.55 V and maximum power density as high as 0.50 W/cm of solid electrolyte area at a temperature of 1173 K (900 °C) have been obtained with long-term stable refractory metal electrodes.
Efficiency of AMTEC cells has reached 16% in the laboratory. High-voltage multi-tube ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
By the 14th century, the majority of the more easily accessible ore deposits were exhausted. Thus, more advanced technological achievements were introduced in order to keep up with the demand in metal. The alchemical laboratory, separating precious metals from the baser ones they are typically found with, was an essent... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The active transport of monoamines from the cytosol into storage vesicles operates against a large (>10) concentration gradient. Secondary active transport is the type of active transport used, meaning that VMAT1 is an antiporter. This transport is facilitated via proton gradient generated by the protein proton ATPas... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Alkalinity
* Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
* Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
* Dissolved oxygen (DO)
* Total hardness (TH)
* Heavy metals
* Nitrate
* Orthophosphates
* pH
* Pesticides
* Residual sodium carbonate index (RSC)
* Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR)
* Surfactants | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An assay is a type of biological titration used to determine the concentration of a virus or bacterium. Serial dilutions are performed on a sample in a fixed ratio (such as 1:1, 1:2, 1:4, 1:8, etc.) until the last dilution does not give a positive test for the presence of the virus. The positive or negative value may ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) are linear DNA molecules containing the necessary features of an authentic yeast chromosome, including telomeres, a centromere, and an origin of replication. Large inserts of DNA can be ligated into the middle of the YAC so that there is an “arm” of the YAC on either side of the inse... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When Hitchins first worked with Soddy, researchers were still searching for new chemical elements, and isotopes were not yet understood. As early as 1904, researchers had hypothesized that the decay of uranium resulted in the creation of radium, but how this occurred was not clear. In 1907, the American radiochemist ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Titanium foams are characterized structurally by their pore topology (relative percentage of open vs. closed pores), porosity (the multiplicative inverse of relative density), pore size and shape, and anisotropy. Microstructures are most often examined by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray tomog... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There remain a few ambiguities about the effect. The current theory of triboluminescence—based upon crystallographic, spectroscopic, and other experimental evidence—is that upon fracture of asymmetrical materials, charge is separated. When the charges recombine, the electrical discharge ionizes the surrounding air, cau... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gravimetric analysis describes a set of methods used in analytical chemistry for the quantitative determination of an analyte (the ion being analyzed) based on its mass. The principle of this type of analysis is that once an ions mass has been determined as a unique compound, that known measurement can then be used to ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Grüner, George. Density Waves in Solids. Addison-Wesley, 1994.
* Review of experiments as of 2013 by Pierre Monceau. [https://arxiv.org/abs/1307.0929 Electronic crystals: an experimental overview]. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The concentration-intensity proportionality is valid at least in two very important cases that distinguish two corresponding classes of DDM methods:
# scattering-based DDM: where the image is the result of the superposition of the strong transmitted beam with the weakly scattered light from the particles. Typical cases... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hydrogen and deuterium nuclei are grossly different in their magnetic properties. Thus it is possible to distinguish between them by NMR spectroscopy. Deuterons will not be observed in a H NMR spectrum and conversely, protons will not be observed in a H NMR spectrum. Where small signals are observed in a H NMR spectrum... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mobility and access to medical care are one of the major challenges for many disabled Iranian veterans. In Tehran alone there are very few wheelchair-accessible ramps, elevators and parking spots and the problem is more serious in smaller cities. This is while by 2018 over 5,000 disabled Iranian veterans, mostly living... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Two different variations of electron transport are used during photosynthesis:
*Noncyclic electron transport or non-cyclic photophosphorylation produces NADPH + H and ATP.
*Cyclic electron transport or cyclic photophosphorylation produces only ATP.
The noncyclic variety involves the participation of both photosystems, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Rapid fentanyl test strips are decriminalized in Tennessee. Representative William Lamberth, R-Portland, introduced HB2177 in the Tennessee General Assembly on January 31, 2022, followed by the introduction of SB2427 by Senator Jack Johnson, R-Franklin, the following day. The bill was eventually passed by Governor Bill... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Stomatal crypts are sunken areas of the leaf epidermis which form a chamber-like structure that contains one or more stomata and sometimes trichomes or accumulations of wax. Stomatal crypts can be an adaption to drought and dry climate conditions when the stomatal crypts are very pronounced. However, dry climates are n... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Several azo dyes like Metanil Yellow, Disperse Orange 1, and Acid orange 5 are derivatives of diphenylamine. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Irreversible inhibitors covalently bind to an enzyme, and this type of inhibition can therefore not be readily reversed. Irreversible inhibitors often contain reactive functional groups such as nitrogen mustards, aldehydes, haloalkanes, alkenes, Michael acceptors, phenyl sulfonates, or fluorophosphonates. These electro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dicumyl peroxide is an organic compound with the formula (Me = CH). Classified as a dialky peroxide, it is produced on a large scale industrially for use in polymer chemistry. It serves as an initiator and crosslinking agent in the production of low density polyethylene. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Solventogenic Clostridium species have a biphasic metabolism composed of an acidogenic phase and a solventogenic phase. During acidogenesis, these bacteria are able to convert several carbon sources into organic acids, commonly butyrate and acetate. As acid accumulates, cells begin to assimilate the organic acids to ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An alternative hypothesis is that the pharmaceutical industry has become cartelized and formed a bureaucratic oligopoly, resulting in reduced innovation and efficiency. As of 2022, approximately 20 Big Pharma companies control the majority of global branded drug sales (on the scale of ±$1 trillion annually). Critics po... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The concept of hydrogen bonding once was challenging. Linus Pauling credits T. S. Moore and T. F. Winmill with the first mention of the hydrogen bond, in 1912. Moore and Winmill used the hydrogen bond to account for the fact that trimethylammonium hydroxide is a weaker base than tetramethylammonium hydroxide. The descr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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