text stringlengths 105 4.57k | label int64 0 1 | label_text stringclasses 2
values |
|---|---|---|
The retinoblastoma protein (protein name abbreviated Rb; gene name abbreviated Rb, RB or RB1) is a tumor suppressor protein that is dysfunctional in several major cancers. One function of pRb is to prevent excessive cell growth by inhibiting cell cycle progression until a cell is ready to divide. When the cell is ready... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Regular achiral organocatalysts are based on nitrogen such as piperidine used in the Knoevenagel condensation. DMAP used in esterifications and DABCO used in the Baylis-Hillman reaction. Thiazolium salts are employed in the Stetter reaction. These catalysts and reactions have a long history but current interest in org... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One of the important factors in determining the dentinal bonding is collagen. When dentin is etched, smear layer and minerals from dentinal structure will be removed, hence exposing the collagen fibres. The areas where the minerals are removed are filled with water which functions as plasticizer for collagen and keeps ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A use of ion chromatography can be seen in argentation chromatography. Usually, silver and compounds containing acetylenic and ethylenic bonds have very weak interactions. This phenomenon has been widely tested on olefin compounds. The ion complexes the olefins make with silver ions are weak and made based on the overl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The endogenous steroids dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfate ester, DHEA sulfate (DHEA-S), have been identified as small-molecule agonists of the TrkA and p75 with high affinity (around 5 nM), and hence as so-called "microneurotrophins". DHEA has also been found to bind to the TrkB and TrkC, though while it ac... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
We start with a three-state Λ-type system, where and are dipole-allowed transitions and is forbidden. In the rotating wave approximation, the semi-classical Hamiltonian is given by
with
where and are the Rabi frequencies of the probe field (of frequency ) and the coupling field (of frequency ) in resonance with th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The genes required for the synthesis of cysteine are coded for on the cys regulon. The integration of sulfur is positively regulated by CysB. Effective inducers of this regulon are N-acetyl-serine (NAS) and very small amounts of reduced sulfur. CysB functions by binding to DNA half sites on the cys regulon. These half ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The law itself can be stated as follows:
Boyle's law is a gas law, stating that the pressure and volume of a gas have an inverse relationship. If volume increases, then pressure decreases and vice versa, when the temperature is held constant.
Therefore, when the volume is halved, the pressure is doubled; and if the vol... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In genetics and biochemistry, sequencing means to determine the primary structure (sometimes incorrectly called the primary sequence) of an unbranched biopolymer. Sequencing results in a symbolic linear depiction known as a sequence which succinctly summarizes much of the atomic-level structure of the sequenced molecu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The list shown below enlists some common ligands (showing increasing nephelauxetic effect):
:F O ]] ]]
Although parts of this series may seem quite similar to the spectrochemical series of ligands - for example, cyanide, ethylenediamine, and fluoride seem to occupy similar positions in the two - others such as chl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In metal base-pairing, the Watson-Crick hydrogen bonds are replaced by the interaction between a metal ion with nucleosides acting as ligands. The possible geometries of the metal that would allow for duplex formation with two bidentate nucleosides around a central metal atom are tetrahedral, dodecahedral, and square p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the chromatography of a glow stick solution, a piece of chalk, a highly polar substance, is used as the stationary phase while comparatively less-polar solvents like acetone and 91% isopropyl alcohol can be used as the mobile phase. Chalk is made up of calcium carbonate (CaCO) or calcium sulfate (CaSO), and therefo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Novel treatments for autoimmune disorders: Edward Roberts and his team designed and synthesized a selective and bitopic S1P1 agonist, RPC1063. This compound showed promise as a safe treatment for autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn's disease. Ozanimod (RPC1063), now marketed ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Vancomycin is recommended to be administered in a dilute solution slowly, over at least 60 min (maximum rate of 10 mg/min for doses >500 mg) due to the high incidence of pain and thrombophlebitis and to avoid an infusion reaction known as vancomycin flushing reaction. This phenomenon has been often clinically referred ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Because of the H gradient across the thylakoid membrane, the interior of the thylakoid is acidic, with a pH around 4, while the stroma is slightly basic, with a pH of around 8.
The optimal stroma pH for the Calvin cycle is 8.1, with the reaction nearly stopping when the pH falls below 7.3.
CO in water can form carbonic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
:La yielded the highest water splitting rate of photocatalysts without using sacrificial reagents. This ultraviolet-based photocatalyst was reported to show water splitting rates of 9.7 mmol/h and a quantum yield of 56%. The nanostep structure of the material promotes water splitting as edges functioned as production... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Almost all the information available on the structure of the Earths deep interior is derived from observations of the travel times, reflections, refractions and phase transitions of seismic body waves, or normal modes. P waves travel through the fluid layers of the Earths interior, and yet they are refracted slightly w... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Plant viruses can be used to engineer viral vectors, tools commonly used by molecular biologists to deliver genetic material into plant cells; they are also sources of biomaterials and nanotechnology devices. Knowledge of plant viruses and their components has been instrumental for the development of modern plant biote... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Hyrcania, ancient state in the north of Iran
*Sari, Mazandaran Province of Iran
*Anzali, Gilan Province of Iran
*Astara, Gilan Province of Iran
*Astarabad, Golestan Province of Iran
*Tamisheh, Golestan Province of Iran
*Atil, Khazaria
*Khazaran
*Baku, Azerbaijan
*Derbent, Dagestan, Russia
*Xacitarxan, modern-day Astra... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nuclease Prime Editor uses Cas9 nuclease instead of Cas9(H840A) nickase. Unlike prime editor 3 (PE3) that requires dual-nick at both DNA strands to induce efficient prime editing, Nuclease Prime Editor requires only a single pegRNA since the single-gRNA already creates double-strand break instead of single-strand nick. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A recent report on the Sava river in Serbia suggests that many of the river silts contain about 100 Bq kg of natural radioisotopes (Ra, Th, and U). According to the United Nations the normal concentration of uranium in soil ranges between 300 μg kg and 11.7 mg kg. It is well known that some plants, called hyperaccumula... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In crystallography, the term polysome is used to describe overall mineral structures which have structurally and compositionally different framework structures.
A general example is amphiboles, in which cutting along the {010} plane yields alternating layers of pyroxene and trioctahedral mica. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When drained, soils containing Reduced Inorganic Sulfides such as pyrite may become extremely acidic (pH SO):
The product Fe(OH), iron(III) hydroxide (orange), precipitates as a solid, insoluble mineral by which the alkalinity component is immobilized, while the acidity remains active in the sulfuric acid. The process ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carbon is one of the few elements that can form long chains of its own atoms, a property called catenation. This coupled with the strength of the carbon–carbon bond gives rise to an enormous number of molecular forms, many of which are important structural elements of life, so carbon compounds have their own field of s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
According to crystal field theory, the interaction between a transition metal and ligands arises from the attraction between the positively charged metal cation and the negative charge on the non-bonding electrons of the ligand. The theory is developed by considering energy changes of the five degenerate d-orbitals upo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The cost of sequencing has dropped dramatically while the cost of construction of jumping libraries has not. Therefore, as new sequencing technologies and bioinformatic tools are developed, jumping libraries may become redundant. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Reactants of the photoreactions can be both gaseous and liquids. In general, it is necessary to bring the reactants close to the light source in order to obtain the highest possible luminous efficacy. For this purpose, the reaction mixture can be irradiated either directly or in a flow-through side arm of a reactor wi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The three most important roles that PEP carboxylase plays in plants and bacteria metabolism are in the cycle, the CAM cycle, and the citric acid cycle biosynthesis flux.
The primary mechanism of carbon dioxide assimilation in plants is through the enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (also known as R... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many sulfate reducers are organotrophic, using carbon compounds such as lactate and pyruvate (among many others) as electron donors, while others are lithotrophic, using hydrogen gas () as an electron donor. Some unusual autotrophic sulfate-reducing bacteria (e.g. Desulfotignum phosphitoxidans) can use phosphite () as... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chloramphenicol is a rare example of a naturally occurring nitro compound. At least some naturally occurring nitro groups arose by the oxidation of amino groups. 2-Nitrophenol is an aggregation pheromone of ticks.
Examples of nitro compounds are rare in nature. 3-Nitropropionic acid found in fungi and plants (Indigofer... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Research efforts have been focused on determining how thalidomide causes birth defects and its other activities in the human body, efforts to develop safer analogs, and efforts to find further uses for thalidomide. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When the nasal decongestant is taken in excess, levomethamphetamine has potential side effects. These would be similar to those of other decongestants. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Up-regulated expression of genes in mammals is initiated when signals are transmitted to the promoters associated with the genes. Promoter DNA sequences may include different elements such as CpG islands (present in about 70% of promoters), a TATA box (present in about 24% of promoters), initiator (Inr) (present in abo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Epoxidation of a substituted cyclohexene affords a product where the R group resides in the pseudo-equatorial position. Nucleophilic ring-opening of this class of epoxides can occur by an attack at either the C1 or C2-position. It is well known that nucleophilic ring-opening reactions of these substrates can proceed wi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Phosphoramidites derived from protected nucleosides are referred to as nucleoside phosphoramidites and are widely used in chemical synthesis of DNA, RNA, and other nucleic acids and their analogs. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Charles James was born on 27 April 1880 to William James and Mary Diana Shatford-James at Earls Barton near Broughton, Northamptonshire. His father died when he was six and he was brought up by his mother. He attended school in
Wellinborough, taking classes through Cambridge University. His father's chemistry books sp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Medical organizations recommend that patients protect themselves from UV radiation by using sunscreen. Five sunscreen ingredients have been shown to protect mice against skin tumors. However, some sunscreen chemicals produce potentially harmful substances if they are illuminated while in contact with living cells. The ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Langmuir films are formed when amphiphilic (surfactants) molecules or nanoparticles are spread on the water at an air–water interface. Surfactants (or surface-acting agents) are molecules with hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads. When surfactant concentration is less than the minimum surface concentration of collap... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The creation of a complete organ often requires incorporation of a variety of different cell types, arranged in distinct and patterned ways. One advantage of 3D-printed organs, compared to traditional transplants, is the potential to use cells derived from the patient to make the new organ. This significantly decreases... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Urethane (ethyl carbamate) was once produced commercially in the United States as a chemotherapy agent and for other medicinal purposes. It was found to be toxic and largely ineffective. It is occasionally used in veterinary medicine in combination with other drugs to produce anesthesia. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2012, the first two methods for m6A sequencing came out that enabled transcriptome-wide profile of m6A in mammalian cells. These two techniques, called m6A-seq and MeRIP-seq (m6A-specific methylated RNA immunoprecipitation), are also the first methods to allow for any type of RNA modification sequencing. These metho... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Until 2007, in the United States, Lugol's solution was unregulated and available over the counter as a general reagent, an antiseptic, a preservative, or as a medicament for human or veterinary application.
Since 1 August 2007, the DEA regulates all iodine solutions containing greater than 2.2% elemental iodine as a Li... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Self-splicing occurs for rare introns that form a ribozyme, performing the functions of the spliceosome by RNA alone. There are three kinds of self-splicing introns, Group I, Group II and Group III. Group I and II introns perform splicing similar to the spliceosome without requiring any protein. This similarity sugg... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Most living things have predators and therefore are in a constant evolutionary arms race to develop antipredator adaptations, while the predator adapts to become more efficient at defeating the prey's adaptations. Some organisms have evolved to make detection less likely, for example by nocturnality and camouflage. Oth... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Phonons can scatter through several mechanisms as they travel through the material. These scattering mechanisms are: Umklapp phonon-phonon scattering, phonon-impurity scattering, phonon-electron scattering, and phonon-boundary scattering. Each scattering mechanism can be characterised by a relaxation rate 1/ which is t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A typical sublimation apparatus separates a mix of appropriate solid materials in a vessel in which it applies heat under a controllable atmosphere (air, vacuum or inert gas). If the material is not at first solid, then it may freeze under reduced pressure. Conditions are so chosen that the solid volatilizes and conden... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
DKPs are synthesized by a wide range of organisms, including bacteria, fungi, more complex marine microorganisms, and even mammals. However, 90% of gram-negative bacteria synthesize these molecules, making them the target of most studies. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nickel-cobalt lateritic ores can be treated by either hydrometallurgical processes or pyrometallurgical processes, such as matte or ferronickel smelting, which require the entire ore to be melted and the metal values to be separated from the residual components of the ore. The hydrometallurgical process for laterite or... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Several transition metal dithiocarbamate complexes are useful in industry. Zinc dithiocarbamates are used to modify the crosslinking of certain polyolefins with sulfur, a process called vulcanization. They are used as ligands for chelating metals.
Some dithiocarbamates, specifically ethylene bisdithiocarbamates (), in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A biosurvey, or biological survey, is a scientific study of organisms to assess the condition of an ecological resource, such as a water body. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In sizing, the strength and printability of paper is increased. Sizing also improves the hydrophilic character, liquid spreading, and affinity for ink. Starch is the most common sizing agent. Cationic starch and hydrophilic agents are also applied, including alkenyl succinic anhydride (ASA) and alkyl ketene dimers (AK... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The U.S. "Secondary Treatment Regulation" is the national standard for municipal sewage treatment plants. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
LeDock is a molecular docking software designed for protein-ligand interactions, compatible with Linux, macOS, and Windows. It supports the [http://www.csb.yale.edu/userguides/datamanip/dock/DOCK_4.0.1/html/Manual.41.html Tripos Mol2] file format and employs a simulated annealing and genetic algorithm approach for dock... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In bioinformatics, the BLOSUM (BLOcks SUbstitution Matrix) matrix is a substitution matrix used for sequence alignment of proteins. BLOSUM matrices are used to score alignments between evolutionarily divergent protein sequences. They are based on local alignments. BLOSUM matrices were first introduced in a paper by St... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Since its adoption into the International System of Units in 1971, numerous criticisms of the concept of the mole as a unit like the metre or the second have arisen:
* the number of molecules, etc. in a given amount of material is a fixed dimensionless quantity that can be expressed simply as a number, not requiring a ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Harry Julius Emeléus CBE, FRS (22 June 1903 – 2 December 1993) was an English inorganic chemist and a professor in the department of chemistry, Cambridge University. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are three basic methodologies: gel-clot, turbidimetric, and chromogenic. The primary application for LAL is the testing of parenteral pharmaceuticals and medical devices that contact blood or cerebrospinal fluid. In the United States, the FDA has published a guideline for validation of the LAL test as an endotoxi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Its use as an analgesic during labor is not advised due to its long onset of action (1 hour). The ratio of the mean concentration of the drug in the fetus compared to that of the mother when it is given intramuscularly for labor pains has been estimated to be 1:94. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Randle cycle is a biochemical mechanism involving the competition between glucose and fatty acids for their oxidation and uptake in muscle and adipose tissue. The cycle controls fuel selection and adapts the substrate supply and demand in normal tissues. This cycle adds a nutrient-mediated fine tuning on top of the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Promoters reside at the beginning of the gene and serve as the site where the transcription machinery assembles and transcription of the gene begins. Enhancers turn on the promoters at specific locations, times, and levels and can be simply defined as the “promoters of the promoter.” Silencers are thought to turn off ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are two main classes of chemoreceptor: direct and distance.
* Examples of distance chemoreceptors are:
**olfactory receptor neurons in the olfactory system: Olfaction involves the ability to detect chemicals in the gaseous state. In vertebrates, the olfactory system detects odors and pheromones in the nasal cavi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For the first time Kirschner's group in Max Planck institute of Microstructure Physics showed that the signature of the large wave vector spin waves can be detected by spin polarized electron energy loss spectroscopy (SPEELS). Later, with a better momentum resolution, the spin wave dispersion was fully measured in 8 mo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This process was patented and sold to Hoffmann-La Roche in 1934. The first commercially sold vitamin C product was either Cebion from Merck or Redoxon from Hoffmann-La Roche.
Even today industrial methods for the production of ascorbic acid can be based on the Reichstein process. In modern methods however, sorbose is d... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Indicator bacteria can be cultured on media which are specifically formulated to allow the growth of the species of interest and inhibit growth of other organisms. Typically, environmental water samples are filtered through membranes with small pore sizes and then the membrane is placed onto a selective agar. It is o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In an attempt to improve the predictions of druglikeness, the rules have spawned many extensions, for example the Ghose filter:
* Partition coefficient log P in −0.4 to +5.6 range
* Molar refractivity from 40 to 130
* Molecular weight from 180 to 480
* Number of atoms from 20 to 70 (includes H-bond donors [e.g. OHs and... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In humans, the major route of excretion of most arsenic compounds is via the urine. The biological half-life of inorganic arsenic is about 4 days, but is slightly shorter following exposure to arsenate than to arsenite. The main metabolites excreted in the urine of humans exposed to inorganic arsenic are mono- and dim... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When separating zeotropic mixtures with three or greater liquid components, each distillation column removes only the lowest-boiling point component and the highest boiling point component. In other words, each column separates two components purely. If three substances are separated with a single column, the substance... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Kissing hairpins are formed when a single strand of nucleic acid complements with itself creating loops of RNA in the form of a hairpin. When two hairpins come into contact with each other in vivo, the complementary bases of the two strands form up and begin to unwind the hairpins until a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) co... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 2005, Oladipo achieved the rank of Research Professor at the Centre for Energy Research and Development (CERD) at Obafemi Awolowo University. He began his career as a Senior Research Fellow in CERD in 1993. He is also a member of Nigerian Association of Medical Physicists. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Diphosphines are a class of chelating ligands that contain two phosphine groups connected by a bridge (also referred to as a backbone). The bridge, for instance, might consist of one or more methylene groups or multiple aromatic rings with heteroatoms attached. Examples of common diphosphines are dppe, dcpm (Figure 1),... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemistry, an alcohol is a type of organic compound that carries at least one hydroxyl () functional group bound to a saturated carbon atom. Alcohols range from the simple, like methanol and ethanol, to complex, like sugar alcohols and cholesterol. The presence of an OH group strongly modifies the properties of hyd... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Oganessian relocated to Russia, where he graduated from the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute (MEPhI) in 1956. He thereafter sought to join the Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy in Moscow, but as there were no vacancies left in Gersh Budker's team, he was instead recruited by Georgy Flyorov and began working at t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bioretention is the process in which contaminants and sedimentation are removed from stormwater runoff. The main objective of the bioretention cell is to attenuate peak runoff as well as to remove stormwater runoff pollutants. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bi-metallic coins and medals have been issued for a long time. The Roman Empire issued special-occasion, large medallions with a center of bronze or copper and an outer ring of orichalcum, starting with the reign of Hadrian. Meanwhile, circulating bi-metallic coins are known from the 17th century. English farthings fro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Under high pressure, solubility of increases. On opening the bottle to atmospheric pressure, solubility decreases and the gas bubbles are released from the liquid. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The isotopic composition of the components in a biochemical system can be defined in different ways depending on the definition of isotopic ratio. Three definitions are described here: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
HDPE pipe is a type of flexible plastic pipe used to transfer fluids and gases. It is often employed for replacing aging concrete or steel main pipelines. Constructed from the thermoplastic HDPE (high-density polyethylene), it has low permeability and robust molecular bonding, making it suitable for high-pressure pipel... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A fermionic condensate (or Fermi–Dirac condensate) is a superfluid phase formed by fermionic particles at low temperatures. It is closely related to the Bose–Einstein condensate, a superfluid phase formed by bosonic atoms under similar conditions. The earliest recognized fermionic condensate described the state of elec... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the European Union, metreleptin is indicated in addition to diet to treat lipodystrophy, where people have a loss of fatty tissue under the skin and a build-up of fat elsewhere in the body such as in the liver and muscles. It is used in adults and children above the age of two years with generalised lipodystrophy (B... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An MFT with a glucose tail of n units is termed MFT-n; MFT-nH in the reduced form. An MFT with a 2-O-methylglucose is termed a methylmycofactocin (MMFT), with analogous numbering. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ligand efficacy refers to the ability of the ligand to produce a biological response upon binding to the target receptor and the quantitative magnitude of this response. This response may be as an agonist, antagonist, or inverse agonist, depending on the physiological response produced. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1934, Frédéric and Irène Joliot-Curie bombarded aluminium with alpha particles to effect the nuclear reaction + → + , and observed that the product isotope emits a positron identical to those found in cosmic rays (discovered by Carl David Anderson in 1932). This was the first example of decay (positron emission... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
According to pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data of the drugs, the pharmacological action is integrated in the model. By means of specific electrical stimuli protocols, the pharmacological effect of a new drug can be investigated in a completely safe, and controlled computational environment, providing preliminary... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In March 2014, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory demonstrated a unique way to study the origins of life: fuel cells. Fuel cells are similar to biological cells in that electrons are also transferred to and from molecules. In both cases, this results in electricity and power. The study of fuel cells suggest that an impor... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The ARC gene, located on chromosome 15 in the mouse, chromosome 7 in the rat, and chromosome 8 in the human, is conserved across vertebrate species and has low sequence homology to spectrin, a cytoskeletal protein involved in forming the actin cellular cortex. A number of promoter and enhancer regions have been identif... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nearly all materials could be seen as hierarchically structured, since the changes in spatial scale bring about different mechanisms of deformation and damage. However, in biological materials, this hierarchical organization is inherent to the microstructure. One of the first examples of this, in the history of structu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
According to DLVO theory, particles are held in suspension by a balance of attractive and repulsive forces. This theory can be applied to the adsorption of small molecules like mucoadhesive polymers, on surfaces, like mucus layers. Particles in general experience attractive van der Waals forces that promote coagulation... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The North Australian Pastoral Company (NAPCO) is a large, privately owned, Australian cattle company which operates 13 cattle stations (as well as the Wainui farm and feedlot) covering over 60,000 km, managing about 200,000 cattle, in Queensland and the Northern Territory. It produces beef cattle which are grass fed a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
MALDI techniques typically employ the use of UV lasers such as nitrogen lasers (337 nm) and frequency-tripled and quadrupled Nd:YAG lasers (355 nm and 266 nm respectively).
Infrared laser wavelengths used for infrared MALDI include the 2.94 μm Er:YAG laser, mid-IR optical parametric oscillator, and 10.6 μm carbon dioxi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cleaving relies on planar weaknesses of the chemical bonds in the crystal structure of a mineral. If a sharp blow is applied at the correct angle, the stone may split cleanly apart. While cleaving is sometimes used to split uncut gemstones into smaller pieces, it is never used to produce facets. Cleaving of diamonds wa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1891, approximately ten years after Pockels first surface tension measurements, through her brother Friedrich Pockels, she became aware that John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh [Lord Rayleigh] was publishing studies of the effect of small amounts of oils on the surface of water. It was clear to her that Lord Ray... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The mold, protozoan, and coelenterate mitochondrial code and the mycoplasma/spiroplasma code (translation table 4) is the genetic code used by various organisms, in some cases with slight variations, notably the use of UGA as a tryptophan codon rather than a stop codon. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Green vegetables such as spinach provide magnesium because of the abundance of chlorophyll molecules, which contain the ion. Nuts (especially Brazil nuts, cashews and almonds), seeds (e.g., pumpkin seeds), dark chocolate, roasted soybeans, bran, and some whole grains are also good sources of magnesium.
Although many fo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
BUN is an indication of kidney health. The normal range is 2.1–7.1 mmol/L or 6–20 mg/dL.
The main causes of an increase in BUN are: high-protein diet, decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (suggestive of kidney failure), decrease in blood volume (hypovolemia), congestive heart failure, gastrointestinal hemorrha... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Melt inclusions can be used to determine the composition, compositional evolution and volatile components of magmas that existed in the history of magma systems. This is because melt inclusions act as a tiny pressure vessel that isolates and preserves the ambient melt surrounding the crystal before they are modified by... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Enzyme inhibitors are a chemically diverse set of substances that range in size from organic small molecules to macromolecular proteins.
Small molecule inhibitors include essential primary metabolites that inhibit upstream enzymes that produce those metabolites. This provides a negative feedback loop that prevents over... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Turbulent mixing in stratified flows is described by mixing efficiency. This mixing efficiency compares the energy used in irreversible mixing, enlarging the minimum gravitational potential energy that can be kept in the density field, to the
entire change in mechanical energy during the mixing process. It can be defin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Steroid sulfates are endogenous sulfate esters of steroids. They are formed by steroid sulfotransferases via sulfation of endogenous steroids like cholesterol and steroid hormones. Although steroid sulfates do not bind to steroid hormone receptors and hence are hormonally inert, they can be desulfated by steroid sulfat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Hamiltonian describing a spinor condensate is most frequently written using the language of
second quantization. Here the field operator
creates a boson in Zeeman level at position . These
operators satisfy bosonic commutation relations:
The free (non-interacting) part of the Hamiltonian is
where denotes the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nitrogen is an element required for growth by all biological systems. While extremely common (80% by volume) in the atmosphere, dinitrogen gas () is generally biologically inaccessible due to its high activation energy. Throughout all of nature, only specialized bacteria and Archaea are capable of nitrogen fixation, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.