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Rotation of the reduction furnace may be a design choice intended to circulate the ore through the furnace. It can also play an active part in the chemical reaction by ensuring mixing between the reactants present. Rotary hearth processes, where the ore rests on a fixed bed and travels through a tunnel, fall into the f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The activity coefficient , which is also a dimensionless quantity, relates the activity to a measured mole fraction (or in the gas phase), molality , mass fraction , molar concentration (molarity) or mass concentration :
The division by the standard molality (usually 1 mol/kg) or the standard molar concentration ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As aircraft performance increased in the mid-20th century, the amount of force required to operate mechanical flight controls became excessive, and hydraulic systems were introduced to reduce pilot effort. The hydraulic actuators are controlled by valves; these in turn are operated directly by input from the aircrew (h... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Foodomics was defined in 2009 as "a discipline that studies the Food and Nutrition domains through the application and integration of advanced -omics technologies to improve consumer's well-being, health, and knowledge". Foodomics requires the combination of food chemistry, biological sciences, and data analysis.
The s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A system akin to the Bessemer process has existed since the 11th century in East Asia. Economic historian Robert Hartwell writes that the Chinese of the Song Dynasty (960–1279 CE) innovated a "partial decarbonization" method of repeated forging of cast iron under a cold blast. Sinologist Joseph Needham and historian of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Red mud is composed of a mixture of solid and metallic oxides. The red colour arises from iron oxides, which can comprise up to 60% of the mass. The mud is highly basic with a pH ranging from 10 to 13. In addition to iron, the other dominant components include silica, unleached residual aluminium compounds, and titaniu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When synthesizing simple organolithium reagents, the reduction of one equivalent of a simple alkyl or aryl halide with two equivalents of lithium metal produces one equivalent of a simple alkyl- or aryl-lithium and one equivalent of lithium halide with good yield.
This reaction is known to proceed via a radical pathway... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The calculations to be performed on the measurements taken depend on the technology used, since beta counters measure the sample's radioactivity whereas AMS determines the ratio of the three different carbon isotopes in the sample.
To determine the age of a sample whose activity has been measured by beta counting, the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A Langmuir monolayer can be compressed or expanded by modifying its area with a moving barrier in a Langmuir film balance. If the surface tension of the interface is measured during the compression, a compression isotherm is obtained. This isotherm shows the variation of surface pressure (, where is the surface tensio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The advection equation is the partial differential equation that governs the motion of a conserved scalar field as it is advected by a known velocity vector field. It is derived using the scalar fields conservation law, together with Gausss theorem, and taking the infinitesimal limit.
One easily visualized example of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Power spectral-analysis have been used to examine the spatial structures for climate research. These results suggests atmospheric turbulence link climate change to more local regional volatility in weather conditions. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Given that there is no need for restriction enzymes other than for generating the linearized vector, the procedure is much simpler and faster than traditional subcloning. There is also no need to add restriction sites when designing primers and thus shorter primers can be used saving time and money. In addition, in ins... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A telluroxide is a type of organotellurium compound with the formula RTeO. These compounds are analogous to sulfoxides in some respects. Reflecting the decreased tendency of Te to form multiple bonds, telluroxides exist both the monomer and the polymer, which are favored in solution and the solid state, respectively:... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sustainable drainage systems (also known as SuDS, SUDS, or sustainable urban drainage systems) are a collection of water management practices that aim to align modern drainage systems with natural water processes and are part of a larger green infrastructure strategy. SuDS efforts make urban drainage systems more compa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many discoveries of precolonial gold artifacts go unreported because the gold is found or stolen by treasure hunters, who simply melt the gold down for profit. Among the most important gold artifact discoveries are the "Surigao Treasure" found by construction worker Berto Morales in 1991, the Agusan image found by Mano... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Changes in the RNA processing machinery may lead to mis-splicing of multiple transcripts, while single-nucleotide alterations in splice sites or cis-acting splicing regulatory sites may lead to differences in splicing of a single gene, and thus in the mRNA produced from a mutant gene's transcripts. A study in 2005 invo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the early 1900s, chemical messengers were crudely extracted from whole animal brains and tissues and studied for their physiological effects. In 1931, von Euler and Gaddum, used a similar method to try and isolate acetylcholine but instead discovered a peptide substance that induced physiological changes including m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
With a relatively low global warming potential (GWP) index of 124 and favorable thermophysical properties, 1,1-difluoroethane has been proposed as an environmentally friendly alternative to R134a. Despite its flammability, R152a also presents operating pressures and volumetric cooling capacity (VCC) similar to R134a so... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mixer settlers are a class of mineral process equipment used in the solvent extraction process. A mixer settler consists of a first stage that mixes the phases together followed by a quiescent settling stage that allows the phases to separate by gravity. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An alternative approach for applying the Hellmann–Feynman theorem is to promote a fixed or discrete parameter which appears in a Hamiltonian to be a continuous variable solely for the mathematical purpose of taking a derivative. Possible parameters are physical constants or discrete quantum numbers. As an example, the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
PDC electrolysis was first considered theoretically in 1952, and experimental research began as early as 1960 however it was originally focused on its technical applications to industry and the possibilities of improving the quality and rate of metal deposition. It partially succeeded, providing promising results its a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
1-Arseno-3-phosphoglycerate can be derived from the glycolytic pathway via the bonding of Arsenate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, which is catalyzed by glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). The net production of ATP is zero as a result of the formation of the intermediate, 1-arseno-3-phosphoglycerate, as opp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In order to combat the potential global warming effects of F-gases, and as part of the EU's Kyoto protocol commitments, in 2006 the European Union passed two pieces of legislation controlling their use: the [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:161:0001:0011:EN:PDF F-gas Regulation (EC) No 84... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Xiang et al. found a new approach in inhibiting tumour growth and metastasis by simultaneously attacking both the tumour and its vasculature by a cytotoxic T cell (CTL) response against the survivin protein, which will later result in the activation of apoptosis in tumour cells.
The idea and general principle behind hi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Positions of the CBED disks are the same as the positions of the Bragg peaks and are given approximately by the relation:
where is the distance between the crystallographic planes , is the Bragg angle, is an integer, and is the wavelength of the probing electrons.
* The beam convergence semi-angle - is controll... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When two streams or rivers merge or water is discharged to a stream it is possible to determine the BOD and DO after mixing assuming steady state conditions and instantaneous mixing. The two streams are considered as dilutions of each other thus the initial BOD and DO will be
and
where
* is the initial concentration ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Generally, the Koenigs–Knorr reaction refers to the use of glycosyl chlorides, bromides and more recently iodides as glycosyl donors. The Koenigs–Knorr reaction can be performed with alternative promoters such as various heavy metal salts including mercuric bromide/mercuric oxide, mercuric cyanide and silver triflate. ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Arachidonoyl serotonin (N-arachidonoyl-serotonin, AA-5-HT) is an endogenous lipid signaling molecule. It was first described in 1998 as being an inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). In 2007, it was shown to have analgesic properties and to act as an antagonist of the TRPV1 receptor. In 2011, it was shown to ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Oxidative deamination is a form of deamination that generates α-keto acids and other oxidized products from amine-containing compounds, and occurs primarily in the liver. Oxidative deamination is stereospecific, meaning it contains different stereoisomers as reactants and products; this process is either catalyzed by L... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The basic idea of the DDA was introduced in 1964 by DeVoe who applied it to study the optical properties of molecular aggregates; retardation effects were not included, so DeVoe's treatment was limited to aggregates that were small compared with the wavelength. The DDA, including retardation effects, was proposed in 19... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Vaska published ca. eighty journal articles on the coordination chemistry of transition metals, homogeneous catalysis, and both organometallic and bioinorganic chemistry. His years at Mellon were especially productive. With J.W. Di Luzio in 1962 he first described the iridium compound which became known as Vaskas compl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Latticial metal complex or grid complex is a supramolecular complex of several metal atoms and coordinating ligands which form a grid-like structural motif. The structure formation usually occurs while on thermodynamic molecular self-assembly. They have properties that make them interesting for information technology ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some subfields of geochemistry are:
*Aqueous geochemistry studies the role of various elements in watersheds, including copper, sulfur, mercury, and how elemental fluxes are exchanged through atmospheric-terrestrial-aquatic interactions.
*Biogeochemistry is the field of study focusing on the effect of life on the chemi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Covalent bonds can be polarized depending on the relative electronegativity of the two atoms forming the bond. The electron cloud in a σ-bond between two unlike atoms is not uniform and is slightly displaced towards the more electronegative of the two atoms. This causes a permanent state of bond polarization, where the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Markstein number with respect to the unburnt gas mixture for a one step reaction in the limit of large activation energy asymptotics was derived by Paul Clavin and Forman A. Williams in 1982. The Markstein number then is
where
* is the heat release parameter defined with density ratio,
* is the Zel'dovich number,
... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Like esters, most carboxylic acids can be reduced to alcohols by hydrogenation, or using hydride transferring agents such as lithium aluminium hydride. Strong alkyl transferring agents, such as organolithium compounds but not Grignard reagents, will reduce carboxylic acids to ketones along with transfer of the alkyl gr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In humans, about 70% of promoters located near the transcription start site of a gene (proximal promoters) contain a CpG island. CpG islands are generally 200 to 2000 base pairs long, have a C:G base pair content >50%, and have regions of DNA where a cytosine nucleotide is followed by a guanine nucleotide and this occ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Elmer V. McCollum, the Department’s first Professor and Chair, discovered vitamins A, B and D, as well as the importance of trace metals in diets. McCollum was the chair of the department for 27 years, from 1917 until 1944. After stepping down as the Chair of the Department, McCollum went on to help establish the McCol... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* TsOH may be converted to p-toluenesulfonic anhydride by heating with phosphorus pentoxide.
* When heated with acid and water, TsOH undergoes hydrolysis to toluene:
:CHCHSOH + HO → CHCH + HSO
This reaction is general for aryl sulfonic acids. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The converting process occurs in a converter. Two kinds of converters are widely used: horizontal and vertical.
Horizontal (which are an improvement of the ) prevail in the metallurgy of non-ferrous metals. Such a converter is a horizontal barrel lined with refractory material inside. A hood for the purpose of the loa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Rhazinilam is an alkaloid first isolated in 1965 by Linde from the Melodinus australis plant. It was later isolated from the shrub Rhazya stricta as well as from other organisms. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many of the non-metals that could make mixed-anion compounds may have greatly varying volatilities. This makes it more difficult to combine the elements together. Compounds may be produced in a solid state reaction, by heating solids together, either in a vacuum or a gas. Common gases used include, oxygen, hydrogen, am... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Different applications move over their particular map along different paths. An example map with no operating lines is shown as a pictorial reference with the stall/surge line on the left and the steepening speed lines towards choke and overload on the right.
Maps have similar features and general shape because they al... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Le Chatelier's principle refers to states of thermodynamic equilibrium. The latter are stable against perturbations that satisfy certain criteria; this is essential to the definition of thermodynamic equilibrium.
OR
It states that changes in the temperature, pressure, volume, or concentration of a system will result in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Supercritical water gasification is a process of exploiting the beneficial effect of supercritical water to convert aqueous biomass streams into clean water and gases like H, CH, CO, CO etc. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Coverage (read depth or depth) is the average number of reads representing a given nucleotide in the reconstructed sequence. It can be calculated from the length of the original genome (G), the number of reads(N), and the average read length(L) as . For example, a hypothetical genome with 2,000 base pairs reconstruct... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide has several essential roles in metabolism. It acts as a coenzyme in redox reactions, as a donor of ADP-ribose moieties in ADP-ribosylation reactions, as a precursor of the second messenger molecule cyclic ADP-ribose, as well as acting as a substrate for bacterial DNA ligases and a grou... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Virokines are proteins encoded by some large DNA viruses that are secreted by the host cell and serve to evade the host's immune system. Such proteins are referred to as virokines if they resemble cytokines, growth factors, or complement regulators; the term viroceptor is sometimes used if the proteins resemble cellula... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bacterial recombination is a type of genetic recombination in bacteria characterized by DNA transfer from one organism called donor to another organism as recipient. This process occurs in three main ways:
* Transformation, the uptake of exogenous DNA from the surrounding environment.
* Transduction, the virus-mediate... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cosmic inflation is phase of accelerated cosmic expansion just after the Big Bang. It explains the origin of the large-scale structure of the cosmos. It is believed quantum vacuum fluctuations caused by zero-point energy arising in the microscopic inflationary period, later became magnified to a cosmic size, becoming t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In practice, the Joule–Thomson effect is achieved by allowing the gas to expand through a throttling device (usually a valve) which must be very well insulated to prevent any heat transfer to or from the gas. No external work is extracted from the gas during the expansion (the gas must not be expanded through a turbine... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In viruses this phenomenon may be programmed to occur at particular sites and allows the virus to encode multiple types of proteins from the same mRNA. Notable examples include HIV-1 (human immunodeficiency virus), RSV (Rous sarcoma virus) and the influenza virus (flu), which all rely on frameshifting to create a prope... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Yukawa–Tsuno equation allows for treatment of both para- and meta- substituents, and it also better correlates data from reactions with high electron demand than the original Hammett equation. However, this equation does not take into account the effects of various solvents on organic reactions. Also, Yukawa and Ts... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The bromodomain is a motif that is responsible for acetylated lysine recognition on histones by nucleosome remodelling proteins. Posttranslational modifications of N- and C-terminal histone tails attracts various transcription initiation factors that contain bromodomains, including human transcriptional coactivator PCA... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1992, Canadian authorities determined that eating fish contaminated with malachite green posed a significant health risk. Malachite green was classified a Class II Health Hazard. Due to its low manufacturing cost, malachite green is still used in certain countries with less restrictive laws for non aquaculture purpo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The hybrid sulfur cycle (HyS) is a two-step water-splitting process intended to be used for hydrogen production. Based on sulfur oxidation and reduction, it is classified as a hybrid thermochemical cycle because it uses an electrochemical (instead of a thermochemical) reaction for one of the two steps. The remaining t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cannabinoid binding sites exist throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems. The two most relevant receptors for cannabinoids are the CB and CB receptors, which are expressed predominantly in the brain and immune system respectively. Density of expression varies based on species and correlates with the effica... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Relativistic heat conduction refers to the modelling of heat conduction (and similar diffusion processes) in a way compatible with special relativity. In special (and general) relativity, the usual heat equation for non-relativistic heat conduction must be modified, as it leads to faster-than-light signal propagation.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
First steps towards solving the paradox were made by Saint-Venant, who modelled viscous fluid friction. Saint-Venant states in 1847:
:"But one finds another result if, instead of an ideal fluid – object of the calculations of the geometers of the last century – one uses a real fluid, composed of a finite number of mole... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The concept of a nanocar built out of molecular "tinkertoys" was first hypothesized by M.T. Michalewicz at the Fifth Foresight Conference on Molecular Nanotechnology (November 1997). Subsequently, an expanded version was published in Annals of Improbable Research. These papers were supposed to be a not-so-serious contr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The frequency at which vortex shedding takes place for an infinite cylinder is related to the Strouhal number by the following equation:
Where is the dimensionless Strouhal number, is the vortex shedding frequency (s), is the diameter of the cylinder (m), and is the flow velocity (m s).
The Strouhal number depends ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Walden reductor can be used to obtain chemical species in their low valence state if required for chemical analyses or to obtain small amounts of the compound in the appropriate form. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Side effects are mild, usually at the start of treatment; they include:
*Cough
*Fatigue
*Weakness/Asthenia
*Headache
*Disturbances of mood and/or sleep
Less often
*Taste impairment
*Epigastric discomfort
*Nausea
*Abdominal pain
*Rash
Reversible increases in blood urea and creatinine may be observed. Proteinuria has occ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A mutation in genes encoding 11β-hydroxylase is associated with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 11β-hydroxylase deficiency.
11β-hydroxylase is involved in the metabolism of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone to 21-deoxycortisol, in cases of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the past, devices with controlled strain or strain rate (CR rheometers) were distinguished from rheometers with controlled stress (CS rheometers) depending on the measuring principle.
In a controlled strain (CR) rheometer, the sample is subjected to displacement or speed (strain or strain rate) using a DC motor, and... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Primary (1°) phosphines, with the formula RPH, are typically prepared by alkylation of phosphine. Simple alkyl derivatives such as methylphosphine (CHPH) are prepared by alkylation of alkali metal derivatives MPH (M is Li, Na, or K). Another synthetic route involves treatment of the corresponding chlorophosphines wit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An assay is an analytic tool often used in a laboratory setting in order to assess or measure some quality of a target entity. In virology, assays can be used to differentiate between transformed and non-transformed cells. Varying the assay used, changes the selective pressure on the cells and therefore can change wh... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sodium amide induces the loss of two equivalents of hydrogen bromide from a vicinal dibromoalkane to give a carbon–carbon triple bond, as in a preparation of phenylacetylene.
Usually two equivalents of sodium amide yields the desired alkyne. Three equivalents are necessary in the preparation of a terminal alkynes becau... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A Bancroft point is the temperature where an azeotrope occurs in a binary system. Although vapor liquid azeotropy is impossible for binary systems which are rigorously described by Raoult's law, for real systems, azeotropy is inevitable at temperatures where the saturation vapor pressure of the components are equal. Su... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sulfide minerals such as pyrite (FeS) and pyrrhotite (FeS) occur in many ore deposits. Pyrite and its polymorph marcasite also are important in many coal deposits and shales. These sulfide minerals form in environments more reducing than that of the Earth's surface. When in contact with oxidizing surface waters, sulfid... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1987 the private New York laboratory, Lifecodes, began assisting Dr. Ferrara in his efforts to establish a DNA laboratory for the state of Virginia.
In 1988 Timothy Spencer, the "Southside Strangler", became first serial killer in the United States to be convicted on the basis of DNA evidence. Spencer committed thre... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An inexact differential or imperfect differential is a differential whose integral is path dependent. It is most often used in thermodynamics to express changes in path dependent quantities such as heat and work, but is defined more generally within mathematics as a type of differential form. In contrast, an integral o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
BJP-led NDA government of Atal Bihari Vajpayee had propagated the idea of interlinking of rivers to deal with the problem of drought and different parts of the country at the same time.
The Congress general secretary Rahul Gandhi said in 2009 that the entire idea of interlinking of rivers was dangerous and that he was ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In physical organic chemistry, the Swain–Lupton equation is a linear free energy relationship (LFER) that is used in the study of reaction mechanisms and in the development of quantitative structure activity relationships for organic compounds. It was developed by C. Gardner Swain and Elmer C. Lupton Jr. in 1968 as a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fast Sulphon Black is purple when complexed with copper, and turns green when titrated against EDTA, as the EDTA displaces it, being the better complexing agent due to the chelate effect. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The cell used in this process consists of an iron tank lined with carbon at the bottom.
A molten alloy of copper, crude aluminium and silicon is used as the anode. It forms the lowermost layer in the cell.
The middle layer consists of molten mixture of fluorides of sodium, aluminium and barium (cryolite + BaF).
The upp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Functional groups containing heteroatoms in low oxidation states can be oxidised by trifluoroperacetic acid. Common cases include the oxidation of iodine (for example, the formation of the hypervalent iodine compound from iodobenzene mentioned earlier), nitrogen, sulfur, and selenium.
In the case of nitrogen-containing... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Analytical quality control (AQC) refers to all those processes and procedures designed to ensure that the results of laboratory analysis are consistent, comparable, accurate and within specified limits of precision. Constituents submitted to the analytical laboratory must be accurately described to avoid faulty interpr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The core idea is to create a noise texture on a regular grid and then bend this grid according to the flow (the vector field). The bent grid is then sampled at the original grid locations. Thus, the output is a version of the noise, that is displaced according to the flow.
The advantage of this approach is that it can ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The space-holder technique is the most commonly employed method for producing titanium foams. The space-holder technique allows for the fabrication of higher porosity foams (35–80% ) than other techniques, while also giving the engineer more control over pore fraction, shape and connectivity. Mechanical properties can ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The South Atlantic Gyre is located in the southern hemisphere in the Atlantic Ocean, between the Intertropical Convergence Zone in the north and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to the south. The South Equatorial Current brings water west towards South America, forming the northern boundary of the South Atlantic gyre.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Embrittlement is a series complex mechanism that is not completely understood. The mechanisms can be driven by temperature, stresses, grain boundaries, or material composition. However, by studying the embrittlement process, preventative measures can be put in place to mitigate the effects. There are several ways to st... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pressure–volume work (or PV or P-V work) occurs when the volume of a system changes. PV work is often measured in units of litre-atmospheres where . However, the litre-atmosphere is not a recognized unit in the SI system of units, which measures P in pascals (Pa), V in m, and PV in joules (J), where 1 J = 1 Pa·m. PV w... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the mid 2010s several techniques combined with Next Generation Sequencing were developed that employ the "tag" principle for "digital gene expression profiling" but without the use of the tagging enzyme. The "MACE" approach, (=Massive Analysis of cDNA Ends) generates tags somewhere in the last 1500 bps of a transcri... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the pre-modern chemistry of Paracelsus, a clyssus, or clissus, was one of the effects, or productions of that art; consisting of the most efficacious principles of any body, extracted, purified, and then remixed.
Or, a clyssus is when the several constituents of a body are prepared and purified separately, and then ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophic factor found originally in the brain, but also found in the periphery. To be specific, it is a protein that has activity on certain neurons of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system; it helps to support the survival of existing neurons, an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Molded and laser-ablated shark skin replicas have been fabricated, and shown to be oleophobic in water. The molded replicas use a negative made of polyvinylsiloxane dental wax and the positive replica was made of epoxy. These replicas have also shown that the structure of shark skin reduces the fluid drag caused by tur... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Oxidation state is an important index to evaluate the charge distribution within molecules. The most common definition of oxidation state was established by IUPAC, which let the atom with higher electronegativity takes all the bonding electrons and calculated the difference between the number of electrons and protons a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bottromycin is produced naturally as a series of products differing in methylation patterns. All products contain valine and phenylalanine methylation. Bottromycin A2 is singly methylated on proline, bottromycin B lacks methylation on proline, and bottromycin C contains a doubly methylated proline.
A partial structure ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (an international standards organization known also by its French-language initials BIPM) recognizes the use of parts-per notation, it is not formally part of the International System of Units (SI). Note that although "percent" (%) is not formally part of the SI... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This occurs when the rate of rainfall on a surface exceeds the rate at which water can infiltrate the ground, and any depression storage has already been filled. This is also called Hortonian overland flow (after Robert E. Horton), or unsaturated overland flow. This more commonly occurs in arid and semi-arid regions, w... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The RT instability can be seen as the result of baroclinic torque created by the misalignment of the pressure and density gradients at the perturbed interface, as described by the two-dimensional inviscid vorticity equation, , where ω is vorticity, ρ density and p is the pressure. In this case the dominant pressure gra... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many metabolites found in nature contain alkyne or enyne moieties, and therefore, the Sonogashira reaction has found frequent utility in their syntheses. Several of the most recent and promising applications of this coupling methodology toward the total synthesis of natural products exclusively employed the typical cop... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some molecules, such as XeF or , have a lone pair that distorts the symmetry of the molecule from O to C. The specific geometry is known as a monocapped octahedron, since it is derived from the octahedron by placing the lone pair over the centre of one triangular face of the octahedron as a "cap" (and shifting the posi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hydron is a generic term for hydrogen cation; protons, deuterons and tritons are all hydrons.
The hydrons are not found in heavier isotopes, however. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
They are mild acylating agents. With aqueous base, acyl cyanides break down to cyanide and the carboxylate:
With azides, acyl cyanides undergo the click reaction to give acyl tetrazoles. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The earliest compelling evidence for human habitation of the Americas comes from the Clovis complex, between 11,050 and 10,800 C yr B.P. However, a series of human tracks were identified at White Sands National Park, New Mexico, which have been dated contentiously dated to between 23,000 and 21,000 years ago - during t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Optical data from satellites and from aircraft are increasingly being used to inform application decisions. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Levonorgestrel is a hormonal medication which is used in a number of birth control methods. It is combined with an estrogen to make combination birth control pills. As an emergency birth control, sold under the brand names Plan B One-Step and Julie, among others, it is useful within 72 hours of unprotected sex. The mor... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Helmut Cölfen discovered and named mesocrystals in 2005 during his studies on biominerals. He suggested that their growth was due to a non-classical, self-assembly based process. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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