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Levobupivacaine is a drug that has analgesic, motor blocking, and sensory blocking effects on the human body, whose properties are dictated by its chemical characteristics, such as pK, which has a value of 8.1. The pK of a drug can be informative information that indicates its ionisation under physiological conditions.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The principle of the electron was first theorised in the period of 1838-1851 by a natural philosopher by the name of Richard Laming who speculated the existence of sub-atomic, unit charged particles; he also pictured the atom as being an electrosphere of concentric shells of electrical particles surrounding a material ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The journal was established in 1963 as Clinical Chemistry/Klinische Chemie. In 1991 it was renamed to European Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry. In 1998 it obtained its present name. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Born in Pittsburg, Kansas, in 1914, Corson received a B.A. degree from the College of Emporia in 1934, his M.A. degree from the University of Kansas in 1935, and his Ph.D. in physics from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1938. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Since 2016, Mahdi as served as the Secretary-General of the Supreme Council for Planning and Development in the Government of Kuwait. Prior to this appointment, he was the Assistant Secretary General for the Follow-up and Future Forecasting besides being the Acting Assistant Secretary General for Planning.
Mahdi sits i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble secosteroids responsible for increasing intestinal absorption of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate, and for many other biological effects. In humans, the most important compounds in this group are vitamin D (cholecalciferol) and vitamin D (ergocalciferol).
The major natural source of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ronald W. Davis first discovered sticky ends as the product of the action of EcoRI, the restriction endonuclease. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Normally the heat transfer between airstreams provided by the device is termed as sensible, which is the exchange of energy, or enthalpy, resulting in a change in temperature of the medium (air in this case), but with no change in moisture content. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are several PREN formulas. They commonly range from:
: PREN = %Cr + 3.3 × %Mo + 16 × %N
to:
: PREN = %Cr + 3.3 × %Mo + 30 × %N.
There are a few stainless steels which add tungsten (W), for those the following formula is used:
: PREN = %Cr + 3.3 × (%Mo + 0.5 × %W ) + 16 × %N
All % values of elements must be e... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The gene silencing effects of transfected designed siRNA are generally transient, but this difficulty can be overcome through an RNAi approach. Delivering this siRNA from DNA templates can be done through several recombinant viral vectors based on retrovirus, adeno-associated virus, adenovirus, and lentivirus. The latt... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A grain boundary (GB) is the transition area or interface between adjacent crystallites (or grains) of the same chemical and lattice composition, not to be confused with a phase boundary. The adjacent grains do not have the same orientation of the lattice, thus giving the atoms in GB shifted positions relative to the l... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ethanol precipitation is a method used to purify and/or concentrate RNA, DNA, and polysaccharides such as pectin and xyloglucan from aqueous solutions by adding ethanol as an antisolvent. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Phase contrast MRI (PC-MRI) is used to measure flow velocities in the body. It is used mainly to measure blood flow in the heart and throughout the body. PC-MRI may be considered a method of magnetic resonance velocimetry. Since modern PC-MRI typically is time-resolved, it also may be referred to as 4-D imaging (three ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The and pH of a solution are related by the Nernst equation as commonly represented by a Pourbaix diagram . For a half cell equation, conventionally written as a reduction reaction (i.e., electrons accepted by an oxidant on the left side):
The half-cell standard reduction potential is given by
where is the standard ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The primary structure of the SUI1 protein is made up of 108 amino acids. The protein domain has a structure made of a seven-bladed beta-propeller and it also contains a C-terminal alpha helix. Homologues of SUI1 have been found in mammals, insects and plants. SUI1 is also evolutionary related to proteins from Escheric... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
or
This exact result can be obtained from the general BAR method, using (for example) the Metropolis function, in the limit . Indeed, in that case, the denominator of the general case expression above tends to 1, while the numerator tends to .
A direct derivation from the definitions is more straightforward, though. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The light reactions of photosynthesis generate ATP by the action of chemiosmosis. The photons in sunlight are received by the antenna complex of Photosystem II, which excites electrons to a higher energy level. These electrons travel down an electron transport chain, causing protons to be actively pumped across the thy... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The term microemulsion was first used by T. P. Hoar and J. H. Shulman, professors of chemistry at Cambridge University, in 1943. Alternative names for these systems are often used, such as transparent emulsion, swollen micelle, micellar solution, and solubilized oil. More confusingly still, the term microemulsion can... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Shapiro–Senapathy algorithm has been used to determine the various aberrant splicing mechanisms in genes due to deleterious mutations in the splice sites, which cause numerous diseases. Deleterious splice site mutations impair the normal splicing of the gene transcripts, and thereby make the encoded protein defecti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many protein-containing solutions have the highest absorption at 280 nm in the spectrophotometer, the UV range. This requires spectrophotometers capable of measuring in the UV range, which many cannot. Additionally, the absorption maxima at 280 nm requires that proteins contain aromatic amino acids such as tyrosine (Y)... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Unilever PLC in the United Kingdom is developing a pyrolysis-based fecal sludge treatment unit designed to serve over 2000 people. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
On instroke, the same relationship between force exerted, pressure and effective cross sectional area applies as discussed above for outstroke. However, since the cross sectional area is less than the piston area the relationship between force, pressure and radius is different. The calculation isn't more complicated th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
BANs are unique in that names are assigned for combination preparations as well as single-drug preparations. For example, the BAN Co-amoxiclav is assigned to preparations containing amoxicillin and clavulanic acid. Most other pharmacopoeias simply refer to combination products by both ingredients in the preparation, in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1941, the year in which they graduated from the University of Oxford, Cornforth married Rita Harriet Harradence (b. 1915), with whom he had one son, John, and two daughters, Brenda and Philippa. Cornforth had met Harradence after she had broken a Claisen flask in their second year at the University of Sydney; Cornfo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, phosphinites are organophosphorus compounds with the formula . They are used as ligands in homogeneous catalysis and coordination chemistry. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Small Tim proteins are synthesised lacking a cleavable presequence, but instead containing internal targeting information and need to be imported to the intermembrane space. The intermembrane space import and assembly machinery (MIA) is believed to mediate transport of the small Tim precursors into the intermembrane sp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Glycan-Protein interactions represent a class of biomolecular interactions that occur between free or protein-bound glycans and their cognate binding partners. Intramolecular glycan-protein (protein-glycan) interactions occur between glycans and proteins that they are covalently attached to. Together with protein-prote... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Solvation significantly affects the basicity of amines. N-H groups strongly interact with water, especially in ammonium ions. Consequently, the basicity of ammonia is enhanced by 10 by solvation. The intrinsic basicity of amines, i.e. the situation where solvation is unimportant, has been evaluated in the gas phase. ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Journal of Chemical Education is a monthly peer-reviewed academic journal available in both print and electronic versions. It is published by the Division of Chemical Education of the American Chemical Society and was established in 1924 by Neil Gordon. The journal covers research on chemical education, and its tar... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For air with a pressure of 1 bar, the Prandtl numbers in the temperature range between −100 °C and +500 °C can be calculated using the formula given below. The temperature is to be used in the unit degree Celsius. The deviations are a maximum of 0.1% from the literature values.
The Prandtl numbers for water (1 bar) can... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Another form of bioprinting involves an inkjet printer, which is primarily utilized in biomedical settings. This method prints detailed proteins and nucleic acids. Hydrogels are commonly selected as the bioink. Cells can be printed on to a selected surface media to proliferate and ultimately differentiate. A drawback o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Foldits toolbox is mainly for the design of protein molecules. The games creator announced the plan to add, by 2013, the chemical building blocks of organic subcomponents to enable players to design small molecules. The small molecule design system termed Drugit was tested on the Von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor (VHL... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Venetian blind design is a type of electrostatic direct collector. The Venetian Blind design name comes from the visual similarity of the ribbons to venetian window blinds. Designs in the early 1970s by William Barr and Ralph Moir used repeating metal ribbons at a specified angle as the ion collector plates. These... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cell proliferation is often regulated by not only external mitogens but also by anti-mitogens, which inhibit cell cycle progression past G1. In normal cells, anti-mitogenic signaling as a result of DNA damage, preventing the cells from replicating and dividing. Tumor cells that are resistant to anti-mitogens allow the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The introduction of the iron bomb was significant to the history of gunpowder weaponry. Traditionally the inspiration for the development of the iron bomb is ascribed to the tale of a fox hunter named Iron Li. According to the story, around the year 1189 Iron Li developed a new method for hunting foxes which used a cer... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
RNA polymerase II holoenzyme is a form of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II that is recruited to the promoters of protein-coding genes in living cells. It consists of RNA polymerase II, a subset of general transcription factors, and regulatory proteins known as SRB proteins.
Part of the assembly of the holoenzyme is referre... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In Japan, modafinil is Schedule I psychotropic drug. This means that it is considered to have a high potential for abuse and dependence, and is therefore subject to strict regulations. The use of Schedule I drugs in Japan is generally prohibited, except under certain circumstances, such as for medical purposes. It can ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Solvated electrons are involved in the reaction of alkali metals with water, even though the solvated electron has only a fleeting existence. Below pH = 9.6 the hydrated electron reacts with the hydronium ion giving atomic hydrogen, which in turn can react with the hydrated electron giving hydroxide ion and usual molec... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The voltaic pile stimulated a series of improved batteries, such as the Daniell cell, fuel cell and lead acid battery. Their operation was largely understood in the late 1800s from the theories by Wilhelm Ostwald and Walther Nernst. In 1894 Ostwald explained the energy conversion in a fuel cell and stressed that its ef... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
These are based upon study of the terminal velocity acquired by particles suspended in a viscous liquid. Sedimentation time is longest for the finest particles, so this technique is useful for sizes below 10 μm, but sub-micrometer particles cannot be reliably measured due to the effects of Brownian motion. Typical appa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
George W. Corner and Willard M. Allen discovered the hormonal action of progesterone in 1929. By 1931–1932, nearly pure crystalline material of high progestational activity had been isolated from the corpus luteum of animals, and by 1934, pure crystalline progesterone had been refined and obtained and the chemical stru... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A fresnel is a unit of frequency equal to 10 s. It was occasionally used in the field of spectroscopy, but its use has been superseded by terahertz (with the identical value 10 hertz). It is named for Augustin-Jean Fresnel the physicist whose expertise in optics led to the creation of Fresnel lenses. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
To see this unstable behavior more quantitatively, consider the equations of motion for a fluid element mass in circular motion with an angular velocity In general will be a function of the distance from the rotation axis and we assume that the orbital radius is The centripetal acceleration required to keep the m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The gabT gene encodes for GABA transaminase, an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GABA and 2-oxoglutarate into succinate semialdehyde and glutamate. Succinate semialdehyde is then oxidized into succinate by succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase which is encoded by the gabP gene, thereby entering the TCA cycle as a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Upon illumination with blue-green light, OCP switches from an orange form (OCP) to a red form (OCP). The reversion of OCP to OCP is light independent and occurs slowly in darkness. OCP is considered the dark, stable form of the protein, and does not contribute to phycobilisome quenching. OCP is considered to be essent... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Water is an excellent solvent due to its high dielectric constant. Substances that mix well and dissolve in water are known as hydrophilic ("water-loving") substances, while those that do not mix well with water are known as hydrophobic ("water-fearing") substances. The ability of a substance to dissolve in water is de... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An episome is a special type of plasmid, which remains as a part of the eukaryotic genome without integration. Episomes manage this by replicating together with the rest of the genome and subsequently associating with metaphase chromosomes during mitosis. Episomes do not degrade, unlike standard plasmids, and can be de... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The structure of the open channel structure was solved by two independent research teams in 2009 at low pH values of 4-4.6 (GLIC being proton-gated). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) is the most recent arms control agreement with the force of International law. Its full name is the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction. That agreement outlaws the production, stockpilin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Sherwood, L. (2004). Human Physiology From Cells to Systems, 5th Ed (p. 680). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
* Wilmore, J., Costill, D. (2004). Physiology of Sport and Exercise, 3rd Ed (p. 164). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One example is the pair . The former has one water of crystallization but the latter does not.
Another example is the pair of titanium(III) chlorides, . The former is violet and the latter, with two molecules of water of crystallization, is green. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
To determine the energy levels, the polygon corresponding to the cyclic annulene is desired is inscribed in the circle of radius 2β and centered at α (the energy of an isolated p orbital). The y-coordinate of the vertices of the polygon are the simple Hückel theory orbital energies. For systems with Hückel topology, th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As well as the faecally derived stanol, two other isomers can be identified in the environment; 5α-cholestanol | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Human genes encoding KRAB-ZFPs include KOX1/ZNF10, KOX8/ZNF708, ZNF43, ZNF184, ZNF91, HPF4, HTF10 and HTF34. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nitriles are precursors to transition metal nitrile complexes, which are reagents and catalysts. Examples include tetrakis(acetonitrile)copper(I) hexafluorophosphate () and bis(benzonitrile)palladium dichloride (). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Alkyl sulfonates are esters of alkane sulfonic acids with the general formula R-SO-O-R'. They act as alkylating agents, some of them are used as alkylating antineoplastic agents in the treatment of cancer, e.g. Busulfan. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The five littoral states build consensus on legally binding governance of the Caspian Sea through Special Working Groups of a Convention on the Legal Status of the Caspian Sea. In advance of a Caspian Summit, the 51st Special Working Group took place in Astana in May 2018 and found consensus on multiple agreements: Agr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
AMGs are not randomly distributed throughout genomes. Current research is being done to determine the genes that most commonly surround specific AMGs. Hyperplastic regions including the region between genes g15-g18 has been classified as locales where multiple AMGs have been inserted. Possible AMG contexts can be divid... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Xerophthalmia, caused by a severe vitamin A deficiency, is described by pathologic dryness of the conjunctival epithelium and cornea. The conjunctiva becomes dry, thick, and wrinkled. Indicative is the appearance of Bitots spots, which are clumps of keratin debris that build up inside the conjunctiva. If untreated, xer... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A mechanism involving arbitrium has recently been described in bacteriophages infecting several Bacillus species. The viruses communicate with each other to ascertain their own density compared to potential hosts. They use this information to decide whether to enter a lytic or lysogenic life-cycle.This decision is cruc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Articles relating to Tampa Bay, the body of water. For articles on the wider area, see :Category:Tampa Bay Area. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Until recently thermodynamics has only considered systems coupled to a thermal bath and, therefore, satisfying Boltzmann statistics. However, some systems do not satisfy these conditions and are far from equilibrium such as living matter, for which fluctuations are expected to be non-Gaussian.
Active particle systems a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
MMC Estates and Rathbone Jersey Limited purchased the site in May 2004, and said: "Any successful regeneration must find alternative uses and following discussions with the council, the site was defined as an area of opportunity for a mixed use urban village type development, comprising primarily employment and residen... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some researchers have speculated that Earth may have been seeded by organic compounds early in its development by tholin-rich comets, providing the raw material necessary for life to develop (see Miller–Urey experiment for discussion related to this). Tholins do not exist naturally on present-day Earth due to the oxidi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
NETA is marketed in high-dose 5 mg oral tablets in the United States under the brand names Aygestin and Norlutate for the treatment of gynecological disorders. In addition, it is available under a large number of brand names at much lower dosages (0.1 to 1 mg) in combination with estrogens such as ethinylestradiol and ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Internal heat is the heat source from the interior of celestial objects, such as stars, brown dwarfs, planets, moons, dwarf planets, and (in the early history of the Solar System) even asteroids such as Vesta, resulting from contraction caused by gravity (the Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism), nuclear fusion, tidal heating, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Asymmetrical flow field flow fractionation (AF4) is nowadays a common and state-of-the art method for fractionation and separation of macromolecules and particles in a suspension. AF4 is an alternative to HPLC and SEC in cases where column chromatography is not suitable for the analyte. HPLC or SEC would be used for li... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) is the optically measurable component of dissolved organic matter in water. Also known as chromophoric dissolved organic matter, yellow substance, and gelbstoff, CDOM occurs naturally in aquatic environments and is a complex mixture of many hundreds to thousands of individual, un... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cement, California is a mining and manufacturing ghost town in Solano County now enveloped within the boundaries of the United States city of Fairfield. Cement was established as a company town at the turn of the 20th century and it quickly became a boomtown. It was founded and owned by the Pacific Portland Cement Comp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
PELP1 is located on chromosome 17p13.2 and PELP1 is expressed in a wide variety of tissues; its highest expression levels are found in the brain, testes, ovaries, and uterus. Currently, there are two known isoforms (long 3.8 Kb and short 3.4 Kb) and short isoform is widely expressed in cancer cells. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Flocculation is widely employed to measure the progress of curd formation in the initial stages of cheese making to determine how long the curds must set. The reaction involving the rennet micelles are modeled by Smoluchowski kinetics. During the renneting of milk the micelles can approach one another and flocculate, a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Cossee–Arlman mechanism in polymer chemistry is the main pathway for the formation of C–C bonds in the polymerization of alkenes. The mechanism features an intermediate coordination complex that contains both the growing polymer chain and the monomer (alkene). These ligands combine within the coordination sphere o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
; Note
* There is no difference between the lower and higher heating values for the combustion of carbon, carbon monoxide and sulfur since no water is formed during the combustion of those substances.
* BTU/lb values are calculated from MJ/kg (1 MJ/kg = 430 BTU/lb). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Millon's reagent is an analytical reagent used to detect the presence of soluble proteins. A few drops of the reagent are added to the test solution, which is then heated gently. A reddish-brown coloration or precipitate indicates the presence of tyrosine residue which occur in nearly all proteins. The test was develop... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
While at Loughborough, Scarlett served as a local councillor for Charnwood District Council and was appointed to represent Leicestershire County Council on the Trent River Authority, where he rose to the position of Chairman of Water Management. He contemplated a full-time career in politics, but decided to stay as an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The hemin/G-Quadruplex DNAzyme consists of G-Quadruplex forming DNA that can bind the co-factor hemin (a.k.a. Fe(III)Protoporphyrin IX), forming a complex that can perform certain oxidation reaction in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. This DNAzyme can oxidize small molecules, such as dopamine and adenosine triphospha... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A given restriction enzyme cuts DNA segments within a specific nucleotide sequence, at what is called a restriction site. These recognition sequences are typically four, six, eight, ten, or twelve nucleotides long and generally palindromic (i.e. the same nucleotide sequence in the 5 – 3 direction). Because there are on... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The majority of synthetic ion channels follow an Eisenman I sequence (Cs > Rb > K > Na >> Li) in their selectivity for alkali metal cations, suggesting that the origin of the selectivity is governed by the difference in energy required to remove water from a fully hydrated cation. A few synthetic channels show other p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Copper and copper-based metals continued to be the major metal in use during the first part of the Iron Age (end of 2nd–beginning of 1st millennium BCE). Bronze scrap re-melting continued (mainly v-shaped clay crucibles, slags, clay tuyères) and structures of open campfires full of metal production remains were found i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The protons and neutrons that comprise an atomic nucleus behave almost identically within the nucleus. The approximate symmetry of isospin treats these particles as identical, but in a different quantum state. This symmetry is only approximate, however, and the nuclear force that binds nucleons together is a complicate... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Rivers have always been a reliable source for human communities. They have been a preferable place for settlements in early history and still provide a rich environment for big cities. Many trade routes lead along rivers and build global connections. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
They directly damage DNA, but may or may not undergo metabolism to produce promutagens (metabolites that can have higher mutagenic potential than their substrates).
* Reactive oxygen species (ROS) – These may be superoxide, hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen peroxide, and large number of these highly reactive species are g... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Splat cooling is a method for quenching small droplets of molten materials by rapid contact with a cold surface. The particles undergo a characteristic cooling process, with the heat profile at for initial temperature as the maximum at and at and , and the heat profile at for as the boundary conditions. Splat coo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Center of pressure is used in sailboat design to represent the position on a sail where the aerodynamic force is concentrated.
The relationship of the aerodynamic center of pressure on the sails to the hydrodynamic center of pressure (referred to as the center of lateral resistance) on the hull determines the behavior ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Vancomycin is one of the few antibiotics used in plant tissue culture to eliminate Gram-positive bacterial infection. It has relatively low toxicity to plants. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Turbidity is the cloudiness or haziness of a fluid caused by large numbers of individual particles that are generally invisible to the naked eye, similar to smoke in air. The measurement of turbidity is a key test of both water clarity and water quality.
Fluids can contain suspended solid matter consisting of particles... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carbon-carbon bond activation refers to the breaking of carbon-carbon bonds in organic molecules. This process is an important tool in organic synthesis, as it allows for the formation of new carbon-carbon bonds and the construction of complex organic molecules. However, C–C bond activation is challenging mainly for th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Catholic Bishops in Kenya are among those who have spread a conspiracy theory asserting that HCG forms part of a covert sterilization program, forcing denials from the Kenyan government.
In order to induce a stronger immune response, some versions of human chorionic gonadotropin-based anti-fertility vaccines were desig... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In quantum physics, the scattering amplitude is the probability amplitude of the outgoing spherical wave relative to the incoming plane wave in a stationary-state scattering process.
At large distances from the centrally symmetric scattering center, the plane wave is described by the wavefunction
where is the positio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Photostimulation is the use of light to artificially activate biological compounds, cells, tissues, or even whole organisms. Photostimulation can be used to noninvasively probe various relationships between different biological processes, using only light. In the long run, photostimulation has the potential for use in ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Like all fluid dynamics-related disciplines, the modelling of particle-laden flows is an enormous challenge for researchers - this is because most flows of practical interest are turbulent.
Direct numerical simulations (DNS) for single-phase flow, let alone two-phase flow, are computationally very expensive; the comput... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Liquids are often used in cooking due to their excellent heat-transfer capabilities. In addition to thermal conduction, liquids transmit energy by convection. In particular, because warmer fluids expand and rise while cooler areas contract and sink, liquids with low kinematic viscosity tend to transfer heat through con... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Despite the name, siphonic roof drainage does not work as a siphon; the technology makes use of gravity induced vacuum pumping to carry water horizontally from multiple roof drains to a single downpipe and to increase flow velocity. Metal baffles at the roof drain inlets reduce the injection of air which increases the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
AMGs employ diverse functions including pathways not involved in metabolism despite what the name suggests. They are categorized in two classes based on their presence in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). AMGs do not encompass metabolic genes involved in typical viral functions, such as nucleotide and... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the following discussion, we define volumetric flow rate V̇ (i.e. volume of fluid flowing per time) as
where
: r = radius of the pipe (for a pipe of circular section, the internal radius of the pipe).
: v = mean velocity of fluid flowing through the pipe.
: A = cross sectional area of the pipe.
In long pipes, the l... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thermochemistry is the study of the heat energy which is associated with chemical reactions and/or phase changes such as melting and boiling. A reaction may release or absorb energy, and a phase change may do the same. Thermochemistry focuses on the energy exchange between a system and its surroundings in the form of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mechanical coalescers, which are the more common type of coalescers, operate by physically altering a droplet by mechanical means. They are commonly applied in the global oil and gas industries for the removal of water or hydrocarbon condensate. While coalescers by definition function as a separation tool for liquids, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As a byproduct of the ethoxylation process, a route to some ingredients found in cleansing and moisturizing products, dioxane can contaminate cosmetics and personal care products such as deodorants, perfumes, shampoos, toothpastes and mouthwashes. The ethoxylation process makes the cleansing agents, such as sodium laur... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The growth of Alabamas iron and steel industry was significantly influenced by Tannehill iron-making practices, such as using distilled coal residues as a furnace fuel, making early experimentation with coke, and reducing red iron ore from Red Mountain in a blast furnace. Due to the significant role that Tannehill pays... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Laid down in the environment, territorial pheromones mark the boundaries and identity of an organisms territory. In cats and dogs, these hormones are present in the urine, which they deposit on landmarks serving to mark the perimeter of the claimed territory. In social seabirds, the preen gland is used to mark nests, n... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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