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We consider a polymer as a chain of monomers, each with its position vector and scattering amplitude . For simplicity, it is worthwhile considering identical monomers in the chain, such that all .
An incoming ray (of light/neutrons/X-ray etc.) has a wave vector (or momentum) , and is scattered by the polymer to the ve... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Saturated hydronitrogens can be:
* linear (general formula ) wherein the nitrogen atoms are joined in a snakelike structure
* branched (general formula , n > 3) wherein the nitrogen backbone splits off in one or more directions
* cyclic (general formula , n > 2) wherein the nitrogen backbone is linked so as to form a l... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Copper is a biologically important metal to detect. It has many sensors developed for it including:
*CTAP-1, a sensor that shows a response in the UV region when Cu(I) binds to an azatetrathiacrown motif that in turn excites a pyrazoline-based dye that is attached. To use the probe, one excites it at 365 nm. If it is b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Catalysts for artificial photosynthesis are expected to effect turn over numbers in the millions. Catalysts often corrode in water, especially wen irradiated. Thus, they may be less stable than photovoltaics over long periods of time. Hydrogen catalysts are very sensitive to oxygen, being inactivated or degraded in its... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
With the development of various next-generation sequencing platforms, there has been a substantial reduction in costs, and increase in throughput of DNA sequencing. However, the majority of the sequencing technologies rely on PCR-based clonal amplification of the DNA molecule in order to bring the signal to a detectab... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
UV light, specifically non-ionizing shorter-wavelength radiation such as UVC and UVB, causes direct DNA damage by initiating a synthesis reaction between two thymine molecules. The resulting dimer is very stable. Although they can be removed through excision repairs, when UV damage is extensive, the entire DNA molecule... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A polymer shell is formed by conjugation of multiple molecules of polymers onto the protein core. The polymer shell can either protect the protein core from unwanted degradation or create desired interactive sites for guest molecules. The first generation of polymer shell protein core structures mainly used of Polyethy... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pseudin-2 is the most abundant version of the pseudins found on the skin of the paradoxical frog. The primary sequence reads as GLNALKKVFQGIHEAIKLINNHVQ. Its secondary/tertiary structure consists of one cationic amphipathic α-helix. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Prehistoric links between Mesoamerica and the Andes have been suggested on several occasions. Early Mesoamerican and Ecuadorian pottery style show some similarities, both in technique and motifs. Likewise, similarities in early burial styles (so-called "shaft tombs") present in Ecuador and western Mesoamerica have been... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Womersley number, usually denoted , is defined by the relation
where is an appropriate length scale (for example the radius of a pipe), is the angular frequency of the oscillations, and , , are the kinematic viscosity, density, and dynamic viscosity of the fluid, respectively. The Womersley number is normally wr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nucleation in microcellular plastic is an important stage which decides the final cell size, cell density and cell morphology of the foam. In the recent past, numerous researchers have studied the cell nucleation phenomenon in microcellular polymers.
Studies were performed with ultrasound induced nucleation during micr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The phase diagram explains why liquids do not exist in space or any other vacuum. Since the pressure is essentially zero (except on surfaces or interiors of planets and moons) water and other liquids exposed to space will either immediately boil or freeze depending on the temperature. In regions of space near the Earth... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An MPS gas is a mixture of two or more of propane, butane, butadiene, methylacetylene (propyne, CHC≡CH) and propadiene (CH=C=CH). They are marketed under different names including: "MPS", "Chem-O-Lean", "Apachi Gas", "FG-2 Gas", "Flamex" and "natural gas". The most commonly known type of MPS gas is the discontinued MAP... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nitric acid is subject to thermal or light decomposition and for this reason it was often stored in brown glass bottles:
This reaction may give rise to some non-negligible variations in the vapor pressure above the liquid because the nitrogen oxides produced dissolve partly or completely in the acid.
The nitrogen dioxi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
HNF4 was originally classified as an orphan receptor that exhibits constitutive transactivation activity apparently by being continuously bound to a variety of fatty acids. The existence of a ligand for HNF4 has been somewhat controversial, but linoleic acid (LA) has been identified as the endogenous ligand of native H... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Coinage metals, such as copper and silver, slowly corrode through use.
A patina of green-blue copper carbonate forms on the surface of copper with exposure to the water and carbon dioxide in the air. Silver coins or cutlery that are exposed to high sulfur foods such as eggs or the low levels of sulfur species in the ai... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
UV pinning enhances the management of drop size and image integrity, minimizing the unwanted mixing of drops and providing the highest possible image quality and the sharpest colour rendering.
Challenge:
Overcome the wetting problems that were causing UV-Curable inks to spread and cause ink droplets to bleed into each ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The coat of arms is a shield with two figures. On the left a helmeted woman, Pallas Athene, the goddess of wisdom, and on the right, a bearded man with a large hammer, Hephaestus the god of technology and of fire. The shield itself shows a salamander as the symbol of chemistry, and a corn grinding mill as a symbol of c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The increasing of the mean value of AoA leads to more evident flow separation, higher overshoots of lift and pitch moment, and larger airloads hysteresis, which may ultimately result in deep dynamic stall. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Other than for vision, the metabolic functions of vitamin A are mediated by all-trans-retinoic acid (RA). The formation of RA from retinal is irreversible. To prevent accumulation of RA it is oxidized and eliminated fairly quickly, i.e., has a short half-life. Three cytochromes catalyze the oxidation of retinoic acid. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The most prominent roles of mitochondria are to produce the energy currency of the cell, ATP (i.e., phosphorylation of ADP), through respiration and to regulate cellular metabolism. The central set of reactions involved in ATP production are collectively known as the citric acid cycle, or the Krebs cycle, and oxidative... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
While a simple siphon cannot output liquid at a level higher than the source reservoir, a more complicated device utilizing an airtight metering chamber at the crest and a system of automatic valves, may discharge liquid on an ongoing basis, at a level higher than the source reservoir, without outside pumping energy be... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Methylene blue is used in endoscopic polypectomy as an adjunct to saline or epinephrine, and is used for injection into the submucosa around the polyp to be removed. This allows the submucosal tissue plane to be identified after the polyp is removed, which is useful in determining if more tissue needs to be removed, or... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Desulfonylation reactions are chemical reactions leading to the removal of a sulfonyl group from organic compounds. As the sulfonyl functional group is electron-withdrawing, methods for cleaving the sulfur–carbon bonds of sulfones are typically reductive in nature. Olefination or replacement with hydrogen may be accomp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A deuterated drug is a small molecule medicinal product in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms contained in the drug molecule have been replaced by deuterium. Because of the kinetic isotope effect, deuterium-containing drugs may have significantly lower rates of metabolism, and hence a longer half-life. In 2017, de... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Glycosylation-dependent cell adhesion molecule-1 (GLYCAM1) is a proteoglycan ligand expressed on cells of the high endothelial venules in lymphoid tissues. It is the ligand for the receptor L-selectin allowing for naive lymphocytes to exit the bloodstream into lymphoid tissues.
GLYCAM1 binds to L-selectin by presenting... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
William Webster (1855–1910) was an English chemical engineer credited with developments in gas detection, sewage treatment and medical use of x-rays. A gifted artist and musician, Webster also helped found the Blackheath Concert Halls and the adjacent Conservatoire in Blackheath in south-east London during the 1890s. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The freezing from liquid state to amorphous solid - glass transition - is considered one of the very important and unsolved problems of physics. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
By combining microfluidics with landscape ecology and nanofluidics, a nano/micro fabricated fluidic landscape can be constructed by building local patches of bacterial habitat and connecting them by dispersal corridors. The resulting landscapes can be used as physical implementations of an adaptive landscape, by gener... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In February 2017, DuPont and Chemours (a DuPont spin-off) agreed to pay $671 million to settle lawsuits arising from 3,550 personal injury claims related to releasing of PFASs from their Parkersburg, West Virginia, plant into the drinking water of several thousand residents. This was after a court-created independent s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Surfactant behavior is highly dependent on the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value. The HLB is a coding scale from 0 to 20 for non-ionic surfactants, and takes into account the chemical structure of the surfactant molecule. A zero value corresponds to the most lipophilic and a value of 20 is the most hydrophilic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In interfacial synthesis, the polymerization happens at the interface between an aqueous and an organic layer. A typical reaction involves an aqueous solution of acid and oxidant and an organic layer of aniline together. This creates the reactive interface for polymerization to occur. As polymerization proceeds, the po... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ekman transport is part of Ekman motion theory, first investigated in 1902 by Vagn Walfrid Ekman. Winds are the main source of energy for ocean circulation, and Ekman transport is a component of wind-driven ocean current. Ekman transport occurs when ocean surface waters are influenced by the friction force acting on th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bimodal AFM is widely used to provide high-spatial resolution maps of material properties, in particular, mechanical properties. Elastic and/or viscoelastic property maps of polymers, DNA, proteins, protein fibers, lipids or 2D materials were generated. Non-mechanical properties and interactions including crystal magne... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The nitrogen vacancy defect in diamond consists of a single substitutional nitrogen atom (replacing one carbon atom) and an adjacent gap, or vacancy, in the lattice where normally a carbon atom would be located.
The nitrogen vacancy occurs in three possible charge states: positive (NV), neutral (NV) and negative (NV). ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Transketolase (abbreviated as TK) is an enzyme that, in humans, is encoded by the TKT gene. It participates in both the pentose phosphate pathway in all organisms and the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis. Transketolase catalyzes two important reactions, which operate in opposite directions in these two pathways. In the f... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
With these technologies, cold water circulates through a blanket, or torso wraparound vest and leg wraps. To lower temperature with optimal speed, 70% of a persons surface area should be covered with water blankets. The treatment represents the most well studied means of controlling body temperature. Water blankets low... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The cyano group usually cannot be introduced by nucleophilic substitution of haloarenes, but such compounds can be easily prepared from diazonium salts. Illustrative is the preparation of benzonitrile using the reagent cuprous cyanide:
This reaction is a special type of Sandmeyer reaction. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
According to a story collected by the erudite Francesco Cancellieri in 1802, a pilgrim named "Stibeum" (from Latin: stibium, which means "antimony") was hosted in the villa for a night. That night, the pilgrim, identified later by some as the alchemist Giuseppe Francesco Borri—known as Giustiniano Bono—, searched the g... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Christian Alfred Elie Janot (January 4, 1936 – February 23, 2022) was a French physicist and materials scientist known for his work on materials characterization using Mössbauer spectroscopy and his physical metallurgy studies of quasicrystals and noncrystalline materials using neutron scattering techniques. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pest management in the home begins with restricting the availability to insects of three vital commodities: shelter, water and food. If insects become a problem despite such measures, it may become necessary to control them using chemical methods, targeting the active ingredient to the particular pest.
Insect repellent... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
External covers or shrouds should be used to protect the internal bellows from being damaged. They also serve a purpose as insulation of the bellows. Covers can either be designed as removable or permanent accessories. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Carbonate esters can be converted to other carbonates by transesterification. A more nucleophilic alcohol will displace a less nucleophilic alcohol. In other words, aliphatic alcohols will displace phenols from aryl carbonates. If the departing alcohol is more volatile, the equilibrium may be driven by distilling that ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the 1990s, the Chinese government decided to increase the efficiency of the Chinese economy and reduce the environmental effects of heavy industry by modernising plants. As a response, the Yunnan Copper Corporation ("YCC") upgraded its existing plant, which was based on a sinter plant and an electric furnace, with a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chemical imaging shares the fundamentals of vibrational spectroscopic techniques, but provides additional information by way of the simultaneous acquisition of spatially resolved spectra. It combines the advantages of digital imaging with the attributes of spectroscopic measurements. Briefly, vibrational spectroscopy m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
With the insurgence in the usage of PPA during the past few years for various applications, the need to ameliorate the transient properties and enhance the mechanical features of this polymer has come to surface. PPA is known to be brittle; it possesses a large storage modulus, and a glass transition temperature that i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The boundaries of the valley of stability, that is, the upper limits of the valley walls, are the neutron drip line on the neutron-rich side, and the proton drip line on the proton-rich side. The nucleon drip lines are at the extremes of the neutron-proton ratio. At neutron–proton ratios beyond the drip lines, no nucle... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A positive balance is a result of energy intake being higher than what is consumed in external work and other bodily means of energy expenditure.
The main preventable causes are:
*Overeating, resulting in increased energy intake
*Sedentary lifestyle, resulting in decreased energy expenditure through external work
A pos... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Periphyton communities are used in aquaculture food production systems for the removal of solid and dissolved pollutants. Their performance in filtration is established and their application as aquacultural feed is being researched.
Periphyton serves as an indicator of water quality because:
:*It has a naturally high n... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Aquasomes can be characterized by a variety of techniques that analyze the properties of their three functional units: the ceramic core, carbohydrate coating, and bioactive drug. Characterization of aquasomes after synthesis is done to gain a better understanding of each of the facets that provide or contribute to thei... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Macroscopic viscous flow fields can direct self-assembly of a random solution of particles into ordered crystals. However, the assembled particles tend to disassemble when the flow is stopped or removed. Shear flows are useful for jammed suspensions or random close packing. As these systems begin in nonequilibrium, flo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Researchers are attempting to eliminate the problem of blinking nanocrystals. One common solution is to suppress nanocrystal ionization. This could be done, for example, by growing a very thick semiconductor shell around the nanocrystal core. However, blinking was reduced, not eliminated, because the fundamental proces... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Discoveries of the microwave spectra of a considerable number of molecules prove the existence of rather complex molecules in the interstellar clouds, and provides the possibility to study dense clouds, which are obscured by the dust they contain. The HO molecule has been observed in the interstellar medium since 1963 ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The atmosphere of Early Earth is widely speculated to have been reducing. The Miller–Urey experiment, related to some hypotheses for the origin of life, entailed reactions in a reducing atmosphere composed of a mixed atmosphere of methane, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide. Some hypotheses for the origin of life invoke a r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tool compounds are an important class of reagent in biology. They are small molecules or biochemicals like siRNA or antibodies that are known to affect a given biomolecule—for example a drug target—but are unlikely to be useful as drugs themselves, and are often starting points in the drug discovery process.
However, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For over two millennia, texts in Chinese herbology and traditional Chinese medicine have recorded medicinal plants that are also hallucinogens and psychedelics. Some are familiar psychoactive plants in Western herbal medicine (e.g., , i.e. Hyoscyamus niger), but several Chinese plants have not been noted as hallucinoge... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Insensitive nuclei enhanced by polarization transfer (INEPT) is a signal resolution enhancement method. Because N has a gyromagnetic ratio that is small in magnitude, the resolution is quite poor. A common pulse sequence which dramatically improves the resolution for N is INEPT. The INEPT is an elegant solution in most... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A whiting event is a phenomenon that occurs when a suspended cloud of fine-grained calcium carbonate precipitates in water bodies, typically during summer months, as a result of photosynthetic microbiological activity or sediment disturbance. The phenomenon gets its name from the white, chalky color it imbues to the wa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Effluent in the artificial sense is in general considered to be water pollution, such as the outflow from a sewage treatment facility or an industrial wastewater discharge. An effluent sump pump, for instance, pumps waste from toilets installed below a main sewage line. In the context of waste water treatment plants, e... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The calibration of magnetometers is usually performed by means of coils which are supplied by an electrical current to create a magnetic field. It allows to characterize the sensitivity of the magnetometer (in terms of V/T). In many applications the homogeneity of the calibration coil is an important feature. For this ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
With cyclopropylketones, transition metal can coordinate to the ketone to direct oxidative addition into the proximal C-C bond. The resulting metallacyclobutane intermediate can be in equilibrium with the six-membered alkyl metal enolate depending on presence of a Lewis acid (e.g. dimethylaluminum chloride).
With the m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first transition metal complexes of nontrigonal pnictogen compounds have been reported in the 1980s and '90s. Up to now, several complexes have been successfully synthesized, but they have not yet been applied in secondary processes, such as catalytic cycles.
In 2018, the synthesis and reactivity of a chelating lig... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Strouhal number is most commonly used for assessing oscillating flow as a result of an objects motion through a fluid. The Strouhal number reflects the difficulty for animals to travel efficiently through a fluid with their cyclic propelling motions. The number relates to propulsive efficiency, which peaks between ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Because the energy of an X-ray with particular wavelength is known (for Al K X-rays, E = 1486.7 eV), and because the emitted electrons' kinetic energies are measured, the electron binding energy of each of the emitted electrons can be determined by using the photoelectric effect equation,
where E is the binding energy ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are many biologically active chemicals which elicit an effect on the nervous system. Neurotransmitters and similarly functioning biochemical messengers elicit effects on postsynaptic neurons at neuronal synapses. Excitatory Amino Acids include Glutamate, whereas inhibitory Amino Acids include GABA and Glycine. Ad... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In aqueous solution, oxyanions with high charge can undergo condensation reactions, such as in the formation of the dichromate ion, :
The driving force for this reaction is the reduction of electrical charge density on the anion and the elimination of the hydronium () ion. The amount of order in the solution is decreas... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many proteins and hormones are synthesized in the form of their precursors - zymogens, proenzymes, and prehormones. These proteins are cleaved to form their final active structures. Insulin, for example, is synthesized as preproinsulin, which yields proinsulin after the signal peptide has been cleaved. The proinsulin i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Consider two points and in the plane, and a curve , also in the plane, that connects them. Then every point on the curve has coordinate . Let the total length of the curve be .
Suppose a ribbon-shaped surface is created by extending the curve upward to the horizontal plane , where is the thickness of the flow... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Stringing is perhaps the most crucial of these effects, and is often seen on adhesive tapes. Stringing occurs when a separation of two surfaces is beginning and molecules at the interface bridge out across the gap, rather than cracking like the interface itself. The most significant consequence of this effect is the re... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
PKA has always been considered important in formation of a memory. In the fruit fly, reductions in expression activity of DCO (PKA catalytic subunit encoding gene) can cause severe learning disabilities, middle term memory and short term memory. Long term memory is dependent on the CREB transcription factor, regulated ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In Prinzbach's optimized route from pagodane to dodecahedrane, the original low-yielding isomerization of parent pagodane to dodecahedrane is replaced by a longer but higher yielding sequence - which nevertheless still relies heavily on pagodane derivatives. In the scheme below, the divergence from the original happen... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It is still not clear on how to find the linear range of the BET plot for microporous materials in a way that reduces any subjectivity in the assessment of the monolayer capacity. A crowd-sourced study involving 61 research groups has shown that reproducibility of BET area determination from identical isotherms is, in ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
García Mancheño is head of a research group at the University of Münster that focuses on developing new catalysts to accomplish organic chemical transformations. She has authored several review articles in peer-reviewed journals on topics in organocatalytic chemistry, and is the editor of a textbook on anion-binding ca... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
MAP4 was previously not thought to exist in neuronal tissue however the MAP-SP has been found in certain mammalian brain tissue. MAP4 is not confined to just nerve cells, but rather can be found in nearly all types of cells. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Translation in plants is tightly regulated as in animals, however, it is not as well understood as transcriptional regulation. There are several levels of regulation including translation initiation, mRNA turnover and ribosome loading. Recent studies have shown that translation is also under the control of the circadia... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* 1941: Isaac Asimov published the science fiction short story "Reason," in which a space station transmits energy collected from the sun to various planets using microwave beams. "Reason" was published in the "Astounding Science Fiction" magazine.
*1968: Peter Glaser introduces the concept of a "solar power satellite... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* J. Day and R. F. Tylecote, The Industrial Revolution in Metals (The Institute of Metals, London 1991).
* Söderberg, A. 2011. [http://web.comhem.se/vikingbronze/soderberg_situne_dei_2011.pdf Eyvind Skáldaspillir's silver - refining and standards in pre-monetary economies in the light of finds from Sigtuna and Gotland]... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An alternative method to assess DNA and RNA concentration is to tag the sample with a Fluorescent tag, which is a fluorescent dye used to measure the intensity of the dyes that bind to nucleic acids and selectively fluoresce when bound (e.g. Ethidium bromide). This method is useful for cases where concentration is too ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Glycogen is cleaved from the nonreducing ends of the chain by the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase to produce monomers of glucose-1-phosphate:
In vivo, phosphorolysis proceeds in the direction of glycogen breakdown because the ratio of phosphate and glucose-1-phosphate is usually greater than 100. Glucose-1-phosphate is t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Grand potential is defined by
where U is the internal energy, T is the temperature of the system, S is the entropy, μ is the chemical potential, and N is the number of particles in the system.
The change in the grand potential is given by
where P is pressure and V is volume, using the fundamental thermodynamic relation... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Svante Arrhenius (1889) equation is often used to characterize the effect of temperature on the rates of chemical reactions. The Arrhenius formula gave a simple and powerful law, which in a vast generality of cases describes the dependence on absolute temperature of the rate constant as following,
where is the abs... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Vitamin B, CHCoNOP, is the most complex of all known vitamins. Its chemical structure had been determined by x-ray crystal structure analysis in 1956 by the research group of Dorothy Hodgkin (Oxford University) in collaboration with Kenneth N. Trueblood at UCLA and John G. White at Princeton University.
Core of the mol... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dilution of sample or reducing the volume of sample injected may give a reduction of ion suppression by reducing the quantity of interfering species present, although the quantity of analyte of interest will also be reduced, making this an undesirable approach for trace analysis.
Similar is the effect of reducing the m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Since PECT materials expand and contract upon ion-insertion it is possible to use this effect for actuation. Several different materials have been proposed for this, including: carbon fibers inserted with lithium, sodium, and potassium; lithium cobalt oxide; and vanadium oxide nanofibers inserted with lithium and sodiu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sulfuric acid contains not only molecules, but is actually an equilibrium of many other chemical species, as it is shown in the table below.
Sulfuric acid is a colorless oily liquid, and has a vapor pressure of <0.001 mmHg at 25 °C and 1 mmHg at 145.8 °C, and 98% sulfuric acid has a vapor pressure of <1 mmHg at 40 °C.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A doublet can be thought of as a combination of a source and a sink of equal strengths kept at an infinitesimally small distance apart. Thus the streamlines can be seen to start and end at the same point.
The strength of a doublet made by a source and sink of strength kept a distance is given by –
The velocity of flu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Substances that have the ability to reduce other substances (cause them to gain electrons) are said to be reductive or reducing and are known as reducing agents, reductants, or reducers. The reductant transfers electrons to another substance and is thus itself oxidized. Because it donates electrons, the reducing agent ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Plant cells are surrounded by cell walls which are barriers for cell-cell communication. This barrier is overcome by specialized junctions called plasmodesmata. They are similar to gap junctions, connecting the cytosol of adjacent cells. Small molecules (<1000 Da), such as ions, amino acids, and sugars, can diffuse fr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The history of acid-base titration dates back to the late 19th century when advancements in analytical chemistry fostered the development of systematic techniques for quantitative analysis. The origins of titration methods can be linked to the work of chemists such as Karl Friedrich Mohr in the mid-1800s. His contribut... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pharmacological cardiotoxicity is a cardiac damage under the action of drugs and it can occur both affecting the performances of the cardiac muscle and by altering the ion channels/currents of the functional cardiac cells, named the cardiomyocytes.
Two distinct case in which can occur are related to anti-cancer drugs a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
After the sample has been processed, the extract can be analysed using a variety of data analysis techniques. The chemical analysis and analytical instrumentation used depends on the goal of the study. Many analyses require multiple samples, although in some cases a single POCIS sample can be used for multiple analyses... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The common feature of early kilns was an egg-cup shaped burning chamber, with an air inlet at the base (the "eye"), constructed of brick. Limestone was crushed (often by hand) to fairly uniform lumps – fine stone was rejected. Successive dome-shaped layers of limestone and wood or coal were built up in the kiln on gra... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For a normal crystalline ice far below its melting point, there will be some relaxation of the atoms near the surface. Simulations of ice near to its melting point show that there is significant melting of the surface layers rather than a symmetric relaxation of atom positions. Nuclear magnetic resonance provided evide... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
a cells produce a-factor, a mating pheromone which signals the presence of an a cell to neighbouring α cells. a cells respond to α-factor, the α cell mating pheromone, by growing a projection (known as a shmoo, due to its distinctive shape resembling the Al Capp cartoon character Shmoo) towards the source of α-factor. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
James Derek Birchall (usually known as Derek) was born in Leigh, the son of David Birchall, who managed a butcher's shop, and Valetta (née Marsh), who died in childbirth, aged 25. David Birchall remarried four years later, to Dora Mary Leather. In the meantime, Derek had been brought up by his grandparents.
Birchall le... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chronobiology, an ultradian rhythm is a recurrent period or cycle repeated throughout a 24-hour day. In contrast, circadian rhythms complete one cycle daily, while infradian rhythms such as the menstrual cycle have periods longer than a day. The Oxford English Dictionarys definition of Ultradian' specifies that it r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1843, Louis Pasteur discovered optical activity in paratartaric, or racemic, acid found in grape wine. He was able to separate two enantiomer crystals that rotated polarized light in opposite directions. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Modern artificially-constructed vectors contain essential components found in all vectors, and may contain other additional features found only in some vectors:
*Origin of replication: Necessary for the replication and maintenance of the vector in the host cell.
*Promoter: Promoters are used to drive the transcription ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Within the CH group, commonly found in organic compounds, the two low mass hydrogens can vibrate in six different ways which can be grouped as 3 pairs of modes: 1. symmetric and asymmetric stretching, 2. scissoring and rocking, 3. wagging and twisting. These are shown here:
(These figures do not represent the "recoil" ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A jet engine is a type of reaction engine, discharging a fast-moving jet of heated gas (usually air) that generates thrust by jet propulsion. While this broad definition may include rocket, water jet, and hybrid propulsion, the term typically refers to an internal combustion air-breathing jet engine such as a turbojet... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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