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The 1984 Bhopal disaster in India, the world's worst chemical disaster, is a prime example of a significant toxic hotspot. The toxic gas leaked from the understaffed Union Carbide plant killed up to 20,000 people and left 120,000 others chronically ill. Bhopal continues to face pollution problems from the abandoned fac... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* , bovine kidney pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
* , human full-length and truncated E2 (tE2) cores of PDC, expressed in E. coli | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Transcription is the process by which the information contained in a section of DNA is replicated in the form of a newly assembled piece of messenger RNA (mRNA). Enzymes facilitating the process include RNA polymerase and transcription factors. In eukaryotic cells the primary transcript is pre-mRNA. Pre-mRNA must be pr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The dispersion relation for capillary waves is
where is the angular frequency, the surface tension, the density of the
heavier fluid, the density of the lighter fluid and the wavenumber. The wavelength is
For the boundary between fluid and vacuum (free surface), the dispersion relation reduces to | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The stack effect in industrial flue gas stacks is similar to that in buildings, except that it involves hot flue gases having large temperature differences with the ambient outside air. Furthermore, an industrial flue gas stack typically provides little obstruction for the flue gas along its length and is, in fact, nor... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Transcription factor II B (TFIIB) is a general transcription factor that is involved in the formation of the RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex (PIC) and aids in stimulating transcription initiation. TFIIB is localised to the nucleus and provides a platform for PIC formation by binding and stabilising the DNA-TBP ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Relatively low array size: Although it has the potential to use an increased amount of dyes to generate millions of different array elements, the current generation of commercially available microsphere arrays (from Luminex xMAP technology) only uses two sets of dyes and therefore can only detect ~100 targets per exp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Atmospheric bomb C has been used to validate tree ring ages and to date recent trees that have no annual growth rings. It can also be used to obtain the growth rate of tropical trees and palms that have no visible annual rings. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Surface tension of a liquid is the ratio of the change in the energy of the liquid to the change in the surface area of the liquid (that led to the change in energy). This can be easily related to the previous definition in terms of force: if is the force required to stop the side from starting to slide, then this is... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Consistent with its high oxidizing power, VCl reacts with HBr at -50 °C to produce VBr. The reaction proceeds via VBr, which releases Br during warming to room temperature.
:2 VCl + 8 HBr → 2 VBr + 8 HCl + Br
VCl forms adducts with many donor ligands, for example, VCl(THF).
It is the precursor to vanadocene dichloride... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Figure 6 illustrates the generation of a yR library using a 3-way DNA junction. In summary, chemical building-blocks (BB) are attached via cleavable or non-cleavable linkers to three types of bispecific DNA oligonucleotides (oligo-BBs) representing each arm of the yR. To facilitate synthesis in a combinatorial manner, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Phosphinates or hypophosphites are a class of phosphorus compounds conceptually based on the structure of hypophosphorous acid. IUPAC prefers the term phosphinate in all cases, however in practice hypophosphite is usually used to describe inorganic species (e.g. sodium hypophosphite), while phosphinate typically refers... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Three explanations are frequently used to explain the series:
#The ionic radius is expected to decrease regularly from Mn(II) to Zn(II). This is the normal periodic trend and would account for the general increase in stability.
#The crystal field stabilization energy (CFSE) increases from zero for Mn(II) to a maximum a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*R for any alkyl group or even any organyl group (Alk can be used to unambiguously indicate an alkyl group)
*Me for the methyl group
*Et for the ethyl group
*Pr, n-Pr, or Pr for the (normal) propyl group (Pr is also the symbol for the element praseodymium. However, since the propyl group is monovalent, while praseodym... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Optical depth of a material is also related to its attenuation coefficient by:where
*l is the thickness of that material through which the light travels;
*α(z) is the attenuation coefficient or Napierian attenuation coefficient of that material at z,
and if α(z) is uniform along the path, the attenuation is said to be ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics, dispersion of water waves generally refers to frequency dispersion, which means that waves of different wavelengths travel at different phase speeds. Water waves, in this context, are waves propagating on the water surface, with gravity and surface tension as the restoring forces. As a result, water ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Once the friction factors of the pipes are obtained (or calculated from pipe friction laws such as the Darcy-Weisbach equation), we can consider how to calculate the flow rates and head losses on the network. Generally the head losses (potential differences) at each node are neglected, and a solution is sought for the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In side stream membrane bioreactor technology, the filtration modules are outside the aerobic tank, hence the name side-stream configuration. Like the immersed or submerged configuration, the aeration system is also used to clean and supply oxygen to the bacteria that degrade the organic compounds. The biomass is eithe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY is an open-access website, acting as a portal to information on the biological targets of licensed drugs and other small molecules. The Guide to PHARMACOLOGY (with GtoPdb being the standard abbreviation) is developed as a joint venture between the International Union of Basic and Cl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The genetic material in retroviruses is in the form of RNA molecules, while the genetic material of their hosts is in the form of DNA. When a retrovirus infects a host cell, it will introduce its RNA together with some enzymes, namely reverse transcriptase and integrase, into the cell. This RNA molecule from the retrov... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Around 2004, new mechanical biological treatment technologies were beginning to utilise wet MRFs. These combine a dirty MRF with water, which acts to densify, separate and clean the output streams. It also hydrocrushes and dissolves biodegradable organics in solution to make them suitable for anaerobic digestion. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The crystal structure of ScS is closely related to that of sodium chloride, in that it is based on a cubic close packed array of anions. Whereas NaCl has all the octahedral interstices in the anion lattice occupied by cations, ScS has one third of them vacant. The vacancies are ordered, but in a very complicated patter... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When tin is combined with an alkali or alkaline earth metal some of the compounds formed have ionic structures containing monatomic or polyatomic tin anions (Zintl ions), such as Sn in MgSn or in KSn.
Even with these metals not all of the compounds formed can be considered to be ionic with localised bonding, for examp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mineral processing and extraction of metals are very energy-intensive processes, which are not exempted of producing large volumes of solid residues and wastewater, which also require energy to be further treated and disposed. Moreover, as the demand for metals increases, the metallurgical industry must rely on sources... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The parent metallacyclopentadiene, or metallole, has the formula LM(CH). Most arise from the coupling of two alkynes at a low valent metal centers such as derivatives of Co(I) and Zr(II). Late metal derivatives (Co, Ni) are intermediates in the metal-catalysed trimerization of alkynes to arenes. Early metal derivativ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are a variety of approaches to identifying large-scale genomic variations (such as indels, duplications, inversions, translocations) between genomes. Other categories of methods include using microarrays, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, cytogenetics and paired-end tags. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The protein encoded by this gene contains a RING zinc finger, a motif known to be involved in protein-protein interactions. This protein interacts with androgen receptor (AR) and may function as a coactivator that induces AR target gene expression in prostate. A dominant negative mutant of this gene has been demonstrat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Arthur C. Cope Scholar Awards (2020)
* Chemical Research Society of India Medal (2013)
* Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (2012)
* Distinguished Alumnus, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras (2008) | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Concentrations of VOCs in indoor air may be 2 to 5 times greater than in outdoor air, sometimes far greater. During certain activities, indoor levels of VOCs may reach 1,000 times that of the outside air. Studies have shown that emissions of individual VOC species are not that high in an indoor environment, but the tot... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gemperline is author of more than 60 peer-reviewed publications in the field of Chemometrics.
His most-cited publication is his book, Practical Guide to Chemometrics (CRC Press), for which he served as both editor and as a contributor. The chapters he contributed were based on the teaching notes he had developed at Eas... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Therminol heat transfer fluids were developed in 1963 by Monsanto. In 1997, the chemical businesses of Monsanto were spun off to form a new company called Solutia Inc. In 2012, Solutia was acquired by Eastman Chemical Company. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
ScBCSi (x = 0.52, y = 1.42, z = 1.17 and w = 0.02) has a hexagonal crystal structure with space group Pm2 (No. 187) and lattice constants a = b = 1.43055(8) and c = 2.37477(13) nm. Single crystals of this compound were obtained as an intergrowth phase in a float-zoned single crystal of ScBCSi. This phase is not describ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Methanandamide (AM-356) is a synthetically created stable chiral analog of anandamide. Its effects have been observed to act on the cannabinoid receptors (specifically on CB receptors, which are part of the central nervous system) found in different organisms such as mammals, fish, and certain invertebrates (e.g. Hydr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Listed below are the cell types (primary and cell lines) that have been successfully cultured by the magnetic levitation method. The second table is the same but with images included.
Same table as above, but with images. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Atomitat was an underground house in Plainview, Texas: it was designed by Jay Swayze and completed in 1962. The house was designed in response to the fear of nuclear war during the Cold War. The house was designed to be an "atomic-habitat" which met the United States Civil Defense specifications. It was the first b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pharming, a portmanteau of "farming" and "pharmaceutical", refers to the use of genetic engineering to insert genes that code for useful pharmaceuticals into host animals or plants that would otherwise not express those genes, thus creating a genetically modified organism (GMO). Pharming is also known as molecular farm... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Solvated electrons are involved in electrode processes, a broad area with many technical applications (electrosynthesis, electroplating, electrowinning).
A specialized use of sodium-ammonia solutions is the Birch reduction. Other reactions where sodium is used as a reducing agent also are assumed to involve solvated e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The limiting case of the Venturi effect is when a fluid reaches the state of choked flow, where the fluid velocity approaches the local speed of sound. When a fluid system is in a state of choked flow, a further decrease in the downstream pressure environment will not lead to an increase in velocity, unless the fluid i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Eichengrün has made his name through numerous inventions, such as processes for synthesizing chemical compounds. Aside from Aspirin, Eichengrün held 47 patents.
Bayer's official story credits Felix Hoffmann, a young Bayer chemist, with the invention of aspirin in 1897. Impure acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, the active compo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The electrons from NADH and FADH are transferred to oxygen (O) and hydrogen (protons) in several steps via an electron transport chain. NADH and FADH molecules are produced within the matrix via the citric acid cycle and in the cytoplasm by glycolysis. Reducing equivalents from the cytoplasm can be imported via the mal... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chemotaxis (from chemo- + taxis) is the movement of an organism or entity in response to a chemical stimulus. Somatic cells, bacteria, and other single-cell or multicellular organisms direct their movements according to certain chemicals in their environment. This is important for bacteria to find food (e.g., glucose) ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ordinarily, the body responds to reduced energy intake by burning fat reserves and consuming muscle and other tissues. Specifically, the body burns fat after first exhausting the contents of the digestive tract along with glycogen reserves stored in liver cells via glycogenolysis, and after significant protein loss. A... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In oxidative phosphorylation, the key control point is the reaction catalyzed by cytochrome c oxidase, which is regulated by the availability of its substrate – the reduced form of cytochrome c. The amount of reduced cytochrome c available is directly related to the amounts of other substrates:
which directly implies t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Founded in 1877 the North Australian Pastoral Company is one of Australia's leading agricultural enterprises as well as being one of its oldest and largest. NAPCO’S rangelands span 6.4 million hectares across both Queensland and the Northern Territory where a variety of stations have been established. The company is cu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A revetment in stream restoration, river engineering or coastal engineering is a facing of impact-resistant material (such as stone, concrete, sandbags, or wooden piles) applied to a bank or wall in order to absorb the energy of incoming water and protect it from erosion. River or coastal revetments are usually built ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Several sets of data can be collected during the experimental process of smelting including fuel consumption rates, the effects of variation in furnace airflow,
temperatures, production time, and chemical composition. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A cointegrate is the intermediate molecule between donor DNA and target DNA covalently bind during the formation of a Holliday junction. Transposons elements are DNA sequences that can change its position within the genome, sometimes creating reversing mutations. A number of bacterial transposons, especially those rela... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) is an analytical method that combines the features of gas-chromatography and mass spectrometry to identify different substances within a test sample. Applications of GC–MS include drug detection, fire investigation, environmental analysis, explosives investigation, food and ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A second major group of British bun ingots date to the Roman period and are found mostly in the copper-rich highland areas of Wales and in Scotland. They are heavier than the LBA examples, with weights ranging between 12 and 22 kg.
Some have stamps clearly dating them to the Roman period including an example that reads... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The electrons are partially transferred from a d-orbital of the metal to anti-bonding molecular orbitals of CO (and its analogs). This electron-transfer strengthens the metal–C bond and weakens the C–O bond. The strengthening of the M–CO bond is reflected in increases of the vibrational frequencies for the M–C bond (of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemistry, absorption is a physical or chemical phenomenon or a process in which atoms, molecules or ions enter some bulk phase – liquid or solid material. This is a different process from adsorption, since molecules undergoing absorption are taken up by the volume, not by the surface (as in the case for adsorption)... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first recorded observations of oscillating genes come from the marches of Alexander the Great in the fourth century B.C. At this time, one of Alexanders generals, Androsthenes, wrote that the tamarind tree would open its leaves during the day and close them at nightfall. Until 1729, the rhythms associated with osc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In neuroscience, Dales principle (or Dales law) is a rule attributed to the English neuroscientist Henry Hallett Dale. The principle basically states that a neuron performs the same chemical action at all of its synaptic connections to other cells, regardless of the identity of the target cell. However, there has been... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Catalytic DNA (deoxyribozyme or DNAzyme) catalyze a reaction when interacting with the appropriate input, such as a matching oligonucleotide. These DNAzymes are used to build logic gates analogous to digital logic in silicon; however, DNAzymes are limited to 1-, 2-, and 3-input gates with no current implementation for ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 2012 scientists from the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine published their own findings regarding hair cloning. During their investigation, they found that non-bald and bald scalps have the same number of stem cells, but the progenitor cell number was significantly depleted in the case of the latter. Bas... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many high-pressure, high-temperature materials have been observed in fulgurites. Many of these minerals and compounds are also known to be formed in extreme environments such as nuclear weapon tests, hypervelocity impacts, and interstellar space. Shocked quartz was first described in fulgurites in 1980. Other materials... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In microwave telecommunications, a flange is a type of cable joint which allows different types of waveguide to connect.
Several different microwave RF flange types exist, such as CAR, CBR, OPC, PAR, PBJ, PBR, PDR, UAR, UBR, UDR, icp and UPX. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When purifying by electrolysis, an aqueous sulfate solution at 50 to 70 °C is typically used with a lead anode (corrosion products from which will not contaminate the cobalt oxy-hydroxide (CoOOH) electrolyte solution) and a stainless steel cathode which will allow for the easy removal of the deposited cobalt. Electro r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The chloroplasts of plant and algal cells can orient themselves to best suit the available light. In low-light conditions, they will spread out in a sheet—maximizing the surface area to absorb light. Under intense light, they will seek shelter by aligning in vertical columns along the plant cell's cell wall or turning ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The actions of Ang II are mediated by angiotensin receptors, AT and AT. These receptors are members of the G protein-coupled receptors family which are seven transmembrane helices, connected by interchanging extracellular and intracellular loops.
Each G protein-coupled receptor couples to a specific G-protein which lea... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Secondary standards are compounds with a concentration determined by a primary standard. Secondary standards do not satisfy the requirements for a primary standard. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Based on the density functional theory, a full set of orbitals will compose the resulting OSLOs for each fragment. Then, these sets will be imported to the algorithm for further assignment of oxidation states and construction of OSLOs. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In commercial or laboratory preparations, reagent-grade designates chemical substances meeting standards of purity that ensure the scientific precision and reliability of chemical analysis, chemical reactions or physical testing. Purity standards for reagents are set by organizations such as ASTM International or the A... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hexamethylenetetramine is also used in pyrotechnics to reduce combustion temperatures and decrease the color intensity of various fireworks. Because of its ash-free combustion, hexamethylenetetramine is also utilized in indoor fireworks alongside magnesium and lithium salts. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Volume number density is the number of specified objects per unit volume:
where N is the total number of objects in a volume V.
Here it is assumed that N is large enough that rounding of the count to the nearest integer does not introduce much of an error, however V is chosen to be small enough that the resulting n do... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Metal ions are Lewis acids, and in aqueous solution they form metal aquo complexes of the general formula . The aqua ions undergo hydrolysis, to a greater or lesser extent. The first hydrolysis step is given generically as
Thus the aqua cations behave as acids in terms of Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory. This effect is... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
mRNA methylation is important throughout the entire life-cycle of the mRNA, starting with the alternative polyadenylation (APA) of some transcripts. mA sites are often located in the last exon, mostly in the 3’ untranslated region (3-UTR). The presence of mA in the 3’-UTR promotes the use of the proximal APA site, resu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the late 1960s, the laboratory of chemist Jean-Marie Conia investigated small carbocyclic molecules, specifically as products of ene-type reactions with carbonyls. These efforts culminated in a 1975 review paper titled “The Thermal Cyclisation of Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds.”
In its original manifestation, the Co... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Even though glycosylation is the most common form of protein modification, with highly complex carbohydrate structures, the bioinformatics on glycome is still very poor.
Unlike proteins and nucleic acids which are linear, carbohydrates are often branched and extremely complex. For instance, just four sugars can be stru... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A magnetometer is a device that measures magnetic field or magnetic dipole moment. Different types of magnetometers measure the direction, strength, or relative change of a magnetic field at a particular location. A compass is one such device, one that measures the direction of an ambient magnetic field, in this case, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This is the traditional approach, in which the pressure increases continuously at a constant rate (figure 1), which can be modified depending the instrument and the user's requirements, and the gas flow through the sample is measured. Again, the number of data points acquired can be adjusted by the user.
It is a fast a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The global market for diisocyanates in the year 2000 was 4.4 million tonnes, of which 61.3% was methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), 34.1% was toluene diisocyanate (TDI), 3.4% was the total for hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), and 1.2% was the total for various others. A monofunct... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Devapamil consists of two aromatic rings with methoxy substituents connected by an alkylamine chain increasing flexibility and overall potency. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The only two pentagonal planar species known are the isoelectronic (nine valence electrons) ions Tetramethylammonium pentafluoroxenate| (pentafluoroxenate(IV)) and (pentafluoroiodate(III)). Both are derived from the pentagonal bipyramid with two lone pairs occupying the apical positions and the five fluorine atoms all... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Anion (−) and cation (+) indicate the net electric charge on an ion. An ion that has more electrons than protons, giving it a net negative charge, is named an anion, and a minus indication "Anion (−)" indicates the negative charge. With a cation it is just the opposite: it has fewer electrons than protons, giving it a ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Water vapor, water vapour or aqueous vapor is the gaseous phase of water. It is one state of water within the hydrosphere. Water vapor can be produced from the evaporation or boiling of liquid water or from the sublimation of ice. Water vapor is transparent, like most constituents of the atmosphere. Under typical atmos... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood FRS
* Ronald George Wreyford Norrish FRS
* Nevil Vincent Sidgwick FRS
* Sir Harold Warris Thompson FRS | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This transition to BEC occurs below a critical temperature, which for a uniform three-dimensional gas consisting of non-interacting particles with no apparent internal degrees of freedom is given by
where:
: is the critical temperature,
: is the particle density,
: is the mass per boson,
: is the reduced Planck con... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In March 2017 an hydrated calcium phyllomanganate with formula CaMnO•1.5-2HO (x = 0.05–0.08) was accepted as new mineral by the International Mineralogical Association. This new species was discovered and described by Dr. Thomas Witzke and colleagues. It was named Lagalyite, in honor of Gerhad Lagaly and his contributi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The basis vectors of unit cell U can be transformed to basis vectors of supercell S by linear transformation
where is a transformation matrix. All elements should be integers with (with the transformation preserves volume). For example, the matrix
transforms a primitive cell to body-centered. Another particular ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In Dubin–Johnson syndrome, impaired biliary excretion of bilirubin glucuronide is due to a mutation in the canalicular multiple drug-resistance protein 2 (MRP2). A darkly pigmented liver is due to polymerized epinephrine metabolites, not bilirubin. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Esomeprazole is a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme CYP2C19, and may therefore interact with drugs that depend on it for metabolism, such as diazepam and warfarin; the concentrations of these drugs may increase if they are used concomitantly with esomeprazole. Conversely, clopidogrel (Plavix) is an inactive prodrug t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Stress is the quantity that describes the magnitude of a force that is causing a deformation of an object. Therefore, stress is defined as the force per unit area and its SI unit is the Pascal. When the deforming force acts parallel to the object's surface, this force is called a shear force and the stress it causes is... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* The copper cycle is not entirely well described. It is suggested that the presence of a base results in the formation of a π-alkyne complex E. This increases the acidity of the terminal proton and leads to the formation of copper acetylide, complex F, upon deprotonation.
* Acetylide F is then involved in the transmet... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most naïve way of specifying, e.g., a protein in a biological model is to specify each of its states explicitly and use each of them as a molecular species in a simulation framework that allows transitions from state to state. For instance, if a protein can be ligand-bound or not, exist in two conformational states... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
While the original Y2H system used a reconstituted transcription factor, other systems create enzymatic activities to detect PPIs. For instance, the KInase Substrate Sensor ("KISS"), is a mammalian two-hybrid approach has been designed to map intracellular PPIs. Here, a bait protein is fused to a kinase-containing por... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Unlike other fluorescent proteins, PAFPs can be used as selective optical markers. An entirely labeled cell can be followed to assess cell division, migration, and morphology. Very small volumes containing PAFPs can be activated with a laser. In these cases, protein trafficking, diffusion, and turnover can be assessed. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The signal that starts the MAPK/ERK pathway is the binding of extracellular mitogen to a cell surface receptor. This allows a Ras protein (a Small GTPase) to swap a GDP molecule for a GTP molecule, flipping the "on/off switch" of the pathway. The Ras protein can then activate MAP3K (e.g., Raf), which activates MAP2K, w... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chirality is not limited to carbon atoms, though carbon atoms are often centers of chirality due to their ubiquity in organic chemistry. Nitrogen and phosphorus atoms can also form bonds in a tetrahedral configuration. A nitrogen in an amine may be a stereocenter if all three groups attached are different because the e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the 1920s Davenport and Bain discovered a new steel microstructure which they provisionally called martensite-troostite, due to it being intermediate between the already known low-temperature martensite phase and what was then known as troostite (now fine-pearlite). This microstructure was subsequently named bainite... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
:V09DB01 Technetium (Tc) nanocolloid
:V09DB02 Technetium (Tc) microcolloid
:V09DB03 Technetium (Tc) millimicrospheres
:V09DB04 Technetium (Tc) tin colloid
:V09DB05 Technetium (Tc) sulfur colloid
:V09DB06 Technetium (Tc) rheniumsulfide colloid
:V09DB07 Technetium (Tc) phytate | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A variety of alloys exhibit the shape-memory effect. Alloying constituents can be adjusted to control the transformation temperatures of the SMA. Some common systems include the following (by no means an exhaustive list):
* Ag-Cd 44/49 at.% Cd
* Au-Cd 46.5/50 at.% Cd
* Co-Ni-Al
* Co-Ni-Ga
* Cu-Al-Be-X(X:Zr, B, Cr, Gd)
... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Conventionally, redox reactions of coordination complexes are assumed to be metal-centered. The reduction of MnO to MnO is described by the change in oxidation state of manganese from 7+ to 6+. The oxide ligands do not change in oxidation state, remaining 2-. Oxide is an innocent ligand. Another example of conventi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Spectra cannot be acquired quickly due to the monochromatic laser source which is used. Having said this, some groups are now beginning to develop the use of broadband LED or supercontinuum sources for CRDS, the light of which can then be dispersed by a grating onto a CCD, or Fourier transformed spectrometer (mainly i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ketogenesis is the biochemical process through which organisms produce ketone bodies by breaking down fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids. The process supplies energy to certain organs, particularly the brain, heart and skeletal muscle, under specific scenarios including fasting, caloric restriction, sleep, or other... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The RNA markers consist of RNA transcripts of various incrementing lengths. For example, the Lonza 0.5-9 kbp marker has bands marking 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 9 kilobase pairs. Markers are dissolved in a storage buffer, such as EDTA, and can have a shelf life of up to 2 years when stored at -80 °C. To use t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
While there have been some reports about preparing β-W with chemical methods such as hydrogen reduction reaction, almost all the reported β-W in the recent thirty years are prepared through sputter deposition, an atom-by-atom physical vapor deposition (PVD) technique. In the sputter deposition, a tungsten target is bo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The analogy is useful for both using heat and mass transport to predict one another, or for understanding systems which experience simultaneous heat and mass transfer. For example, predicting heat transfer coefficients around turbine blades is challenging and is often done through measuring evaporating of a volatile co... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Brevianamides are indole alkaloids that belong to a class of naturally occurring 2,5-diketopiperazines produced as secondary metabolites of fungi in the genus Penicillium and Aspergillus. Structurally similar to paraherquamides, they are a small class compounds that contain a bicyclo[2.2.2]diazoctane ring system. One... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In molecular biology, the BSD domain is an approximately 60-amino-acid-long protein domain named after the BTF2-like transcription factors, synapse-associated proteins and DOS2-like proteins in which it is found. It is also found in several hypothetical proteins. It occurs in one or two copies in a variety of species r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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