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As oxygen is fundamental for oxidative phosphorylation, a shortage in O level likely alters ATP production rates. However, proton motive force and ATP production can be maintained by intracellular acidosis. Cytosolic protons that have accumulated with ATP hydrolysis and lactic acidosis can freely diffuse across the mit... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Haber process, also called the Haber–Bosch process, is the main industrial procedure for the production of ammonia. The German chemists Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch developed it in the first decade of the 20th century. The process converts atmospheric nitrogen (N) to ammonia (NH) by a reaction with hydrogen (H) usin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ulloa returned to South America in 1758 as governor of Huancavelica, in Peru, and general manager of the quicksilver mines in the region. At the time, quicksilver (mercury) was of great practical importance because of its use in the extraction of silver and gold. Ulloa fought unsuccessfully against the deep-rooted co... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The shape correction function is a ratio of the surface area of a growing organism and that of an isomorph as function of the volume. The shape of the isomorph is taken to be equal to that of the organism for a given reference volume, so for that particular volume the surface areas are also equal and the shape correcti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Raoults law ( law) is a relation of physical chemistry, with implications in thermodynamics. Proposed by French chemist François-Marie Raoult in 1887, it states that the partial pressure of each component of an ideal mixture of liquids' is equal to the vapor pressure of the pure component (liquid or solid) multiplied b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Viruses are so small that they can only be observed under an electron microscope. The structure of a virus is given by its coat of proteins, which surround the viral genome. Assembly of viral particles takes place spontaneously.
Over 50% of known plant viruses are rod-shaped (flexuous or rigid). The length of the parti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As explained in the general stream function article, definitions using an opposite sign convention – for the relationship between the Stokes stream function and flow velocity – are also in use. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Since 2007, China has restricted exports of REEs (rare-earth elements) and imposed export tariffs, both to conserve resources and to give preference to Chinese manufacturers. In 2009, China supplied more than 96% of the world's REEs. Some outside China are concerned that because rare-earths are essential to some high-t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*A web application for determining molecular geometry indices on the basis of 3D structural files can be found [http://kchn.pg.gda.pl/geom/ here]. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The modern understanding of heat is often partly attributed to Thompsons 1798 mechanical theory of heat (An Experimental Enquiry Concerning the Source of the Heat which is Excited by Friction'), postulating a mechanical equivalent of heat.
A collaboration between Nicolas Clément and Sadi Carnot (Reflections on the Moti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Once quantitative counts of each transcript are available, differential gene expression is measured by normalising, modelling, and statistically analysing the data. Most tools will read a table of genes and read counts as their input, but some programs, such as cuffdiff, will accept binary alignment map format read ali... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
While most magnetoelectric multiferroics developed to date have conventional transition-metal d-electron magnetism and a novel mechanism for the ferroelectricity, it is also possible to introduce a different type of magnetism into a conventional ferroelectric. The most obvious route is to use a rare-earth ion with a pa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If reaction sheet is not assumed to be thin, then there is a chance that one can find a value for in between zero and unity, although in reality, the reaction sheet is mostly thin compared to turbulent scales. Nevertheless, the general form the density function can be written as
where is the probability of finding th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Udayanas Nyayakusumanjali' gave the following nine arguments to prove the existence of creative God and also tried to refute the existing objections and questions by atheistic systems of charvaka, mimamsa, buddhists, jains and samkhya:
*Kāryāt (lit. "from effect"): The world is an effect, all effects have efficient cau... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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DWSIM is an open-source CAPE-OPEN compliant chemical process simulator for Windows, Linux and macOS. DWSIM is built on top of the Microsoft .NET and Mono Platforms and features a Graphical User Interface (GUI), advanced thermodynamics calculations, reactions support and petroleum characterization / hypothetic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pancratistatin occurs naturally in Hawaiian spider lily, a flowering plant within the family Amaryllidaceae. Pancratistatin is mostly found in the bulb tissues of spider lilies. It has been shown that the enrichment of atmospheric CO can enhance the production of antiviral secondary metabolites, including pancratistat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although there are no set plans to search for biosignatures on Saturns sixth-largest moon, Enceladus, the prospects of biosignature discovery there are exciting enough to warrant several mission concepts that may be funded in the future. Similar to Jupiters moon Europa, there is much evidence for a subsurface ocean to ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Titanium undergoes allotropic transformation from its α-phase (hexagonal close-packed (hcp) structure at temperatures less than 882.5 °C) to its β-phase (body centered cubic, bcc) structure at temperatures above 882.3 °C). Alpha-phase titanium products typically exhibit medium to high strength with excellent creep stre... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2003 an alternative mechanism was devised by Nadine Abraham and Peter Palffy-Muhoray of Ohio, USA, that utilizes capillary action combined with evaporation to produce motion, but has no volatile working fluid. Their paper "A Dunking Bird of the Second Kind", was submitted to the American Journal of Physics, and publ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Walsh originally constructed his diagrams by plotting what he described as "orbital binding energies" versus bond angles. What Walsh was actually describing by this term is unclear; some believe he was in fact referring to ionization potentials, however this remains a topic of debate. At any rate, the general concep... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Modern enantioselective synthesis typically applies a well-chosen homogeneous catalyst for key steps. The ligands on these catalysts confer chirality. The Josiphos family of privileged ligands provides especially high yields in enantioselective synthesis.
In the early 1990s, Antonio Togni began studying at the Ciba (... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Denitrification is the utilization of nitrate () as a terminal electron acceptor. It is a widespread process that is used by many members of the Pseudomonadota. Many facultative anaerobes use denitrification because nitrate, like oxygen, has a high reduction potential. Many denitrifying bacteria can also use ferric i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The CK1 family of monomeric serine–threonine protein kinases is found in eukaryotic organisms from yeast to humans. Mammals have seven family members (sometimes referred to as isoforms, but encoded by distinct genes): alpha, beta 1, gamma 1, gamma 2, gamma 3, delta, and epsilon. Isoforms range from 22 to 55 kDa and hav... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In an X-ray tube, electrons are accelerated in a vacuum by an electric field towards a piece of metal called the "target". X-rays are emitted as the electrons slow down (decelerate) in the metal. The output spectrum consists of a continuous spectrum of X-rays, with additional sharp peaks at certain energies. The contin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Due to the special property of photo-switchable fluorescence, Kaede protein possesses several advantages as an optical cell marker.
After the photoconversion, the photoconverted Kaede protein emits bright and stable red fluorescence. This fluorescence can last for months without anaerobic conditions. As this red state ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When the working fluid is a gas that is compressed and expanded but does not change phase, the refrigeration cycle is called a gas cycle. Air is most often this working fluid. As there is no condensation and evaporation intended in a gas cycle, components corresponding to the condenser and evaporator in a vapor compres... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The decreasing electronegativity with increasingly heavy chalcogenides leads to a reversal of the dipole. In NO, oxygen is the more electronegative element. In NS, nitrogen is more electronegative. The NS radical is significantly more unstable and prone to catenation than NO. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For phonon-phonon scattering, effects by normal processes (processes which conserve the phonon wave vector - N processes) are ignored in favor of Umklapp processes (U processes). Since normal processes vary linearly with and umklapp processes vary with , Umklapp scattering dominates at high frequency. is given by:
wh... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In enzymatic analysis (which is widely used in medical laboratories) the color reaction is preceded by a reaction catalyzed by an enzyme. As the enzyme is specific to a particular substrate, more accurate results can be obtained. Enzymatic analysis is always carried out in a buffer solution at a specified temperature ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* 2014 Monomers, polymers and articles containing the same from sugar derived compounds
* 2018 Isosorbide-based polymethacrylates | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Long non-coding RNA (LncRNA) are a type of RNA which is usually defined as transcripts which are greater than 200 base-pairs in length and not translated into proteins. This limitation distinguishes lncRNA from small non-coding RNAs which encompasses microRNAs (miRNAs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), Piwi-interacting... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Brassica species contain glucosinolates, which are sulfur-containing secondary compounds. Glucosinolates are composed of a β-thioglucose moiety, a sulfonated oxime and a side chain. The synthesis of glucosinolates starts with the oxidation of the parent amino acid to an aldoxime, followed by the addition of a thiol gro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cornstarch is a common thickening agent used in cooking. It is also a very good example of a shear-thickening system. When a force is applied to a 1:1.25 mixture of water and cornstarch, the mixture acts as a solid and resists the force. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the phosphatidylinositol signal pathway, the extracellular signal molecule binds with the G-protein receptor (G) on the cell surface and activates phospholipase C, which is located on the plasma membrane. The lipase hydrolyzes phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) into two second messengers: inositol 1,4,5-tr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy requires a confocal microscope, and a scanning probe microscope. The optical microscope is used to align the laser focal point with the tip coated with a SERS active metal. The three typical experimental configurations are bottom illumination, side illumination, and top illumination, dep... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The German Institute for Standardization publishes a standard for pH measurement using pH meters, DIN 19263.
Very precise measurements necessitate that the pH meter is calibrated before each measurement. More typically calibration is performed once per day of operation. Calibration is needed because the glass electrode... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Initially, copper is oxidized to the cuprous ion:
(1) Cu → Cu + e
The cuprous ion reacts with the chloride ion to form the insoluble white colored salt cuprous chloride:
(2) Cu + Cl → CuCl
The cuprous chloride reacts with atmospheric moisture and oxygen to form a green cupric chloride/cupric hydroxide compound and hydr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Haber–Bosch process relies on catalysts to accelerate N hydrogenation. The catalysts are heterogeneous, solids that interact with gaseous reagents.
The catalyst typically consists of finely divided iron bound to an iron oxide carrier containing promoters possibly including aluminium oxide, potassium oxide, calcium ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In thermodynamics, thermal pressure (also known as the thermal pressure coefficient) is a measure of the relative pressure change of a fluid or a solid as a response to a temperature change at constant volume. The concept is related to the Pressure-Temperature Law, also known as Amontonss law or Gay-Lussacs law.
In gen... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An example of a medium lived is Cs, which has a half-life of 30 years. Caesium is released in bomb fallout and from the nuclear fuel cycle. A paper has been written on the radioactivity in oysters found in the Irish Sea, these were found by gamma spectroscopy to contain Ce, Ce, Ru, Ru, Cs, Zr and Nb. In addition, a z... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some fjords develop euxinia if the connection to the open ocean is constricted, similar to the case of the Black Sea. This constriction prohibits relatively dense, oxygen-rich oceanic water from mixing with the bottom water of the fjord, which leads to stable stratified layers in the fjord. Low salinity melt water form... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Bodenstein number is calculated according to
where
* : flow velocity
* : length of the reactor
* : axial dispersion coefficient
It can also be determined experimentally from the distribution of the residence times. Assuming an open system:
holds, where
* : dimensionless variance
* : variance of the mean ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Matrai is originally from Chile. Matria has a B.A. from the Universidad de Concepción (1981), an M.S. (1984) and a Ph.D. (1988) from Scripps Institution of Oceanography and the University of California San Diego. Following her Ph.D. she moved to the University of Miami. She became a senior research scientist at Bigelow... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A helpful classification scheme for multiferroics into so-called type-I and type-II multiferroics was introduced in 2009 by D. Khomskii.
Khomskii suggested the term type-I multiferroic for materials in which the ferroelectricity and magnetism occur at different temperatures and arise from different mechanisms. Usually ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carbon subsulfide is an organic, sulfur-containing chemical compound with the formula and structure . This deep red liquid is immiscible with water but soluble in organic solvents. It readily polymerizes at room temperature to form a hard black solid. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
During application, the building is enclosed and filled with the gas for a period of time, usually at least 16–18 hours, sometimes as long as 72 hours. The building must then be ventilated, generally for at least 6 hours, before occupants can return. California regulations are such that the tent will be on for three t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One of the best studied graphite intercalation compounds, , is prepared by melting potassium over graphite powder. The potassium is absorbed into the graphite and the material changes color from black to bronze. The resulting solid is pyrophoric. The composition is explained by assuming that the potassium to potassium ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ternary fission is a comparatively rare (0.2 to 0.4% of events) type of nuclear fission in which three charged products are produced rather than two. As in other nuclear fission processes, other uncharged particles such as multiple neutrons and gamma rays are produced in ternary fission.
Ternary fission may happen dur... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A cartilage-derived angiogenesis inhibitor is an angiogenesis inhibitor produced from cartilage. Examples include the peptide troponin I and chondromodulin I.
The antiangiogenic effect may be an inhibition of basement membrane degradation.
These inhibitory agents prevent vascular invasion, which is the proliferation of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The efficiency of solar-to-hydrogen (STH) of photocatalytic water splitting, however, has remained very low. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Poly(amidoamine), or PAMAM, is a class of dendrimer which is made of repetitively branched subunits of amide and amine functionality. PAMAM dendrimers, sometimes referred to by the trade name Starburst, have been extensively studied since their synthesis in 1985, and represent the most well-characterized dendrimer fami... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A Diffusion Ellipsoid is completely represented by the Diffusion Tensor, D. FA is calculated from the eigenvalues () of the diffusion tensor. The eigenvectors give the directions in which the ellipsoid has major axes, and the corresponding eigenvalues give the magnitude of the peak in that direction.
with being the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Like other β-lactam antibiotics, renal excretion of cefalexin is delayed by probenecid. It is also not recommended to take cefalexin with dofetilide, live Cholera vaccine, warfarin, and cholestyramine. Alcohol consumption reduces the rate at which it is absorbed. Cefalexin also interacts with metformin, an antidiabetic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
MIF with Borazocine linker was developed for hydrogen storage. Cu2I2Se6 has Se6 linkers. There are many MIFs with pnictogen linkers. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The above derivation can be used when dealing with the Eötvös number, a dimensionless quantity that represents the ratio between the buoyancy forces and surface tension of the liquid. Despite being introduced by Loránd Eötvös in 1886, he has since become fairly dissociated with it, being replaced with Wilfrid Noel Bond... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Another pharmaceutical that contains dextroamphetamine is commonly known by the brand name Adderall. It is available as immediate release (IR) tablets and extended release (XR) capsules. Adderall contains equal amounts of four amphetamine salts:
* One-quarter racemic (d,l-)amphetamine aspartate monohydrate
* One-quarte... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Blood plasma is the liquid component of blood, which contains dissolved proteins, nutrients, ions, and other soluble components. In whole blood, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are suspended within the plasma. The goal of plasma purification and processing is to extract specific materials that are pre... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fermentation is the metabolism of organic compounds in the absence of air. It involves substrate-level phosphorylation in the absence of a respiratory electron transport chain. The equation for the reaction of glucose to form lactic acid is:
: + 2 ADP + 2 P → 2 + 2 ATP + 2
Anaerobic respiration is respiration in the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hennig Brand (; or ) was a German alchemist who lived and worked in Hamburg. In 1669, Brand accidentally discovered the chemical element phosphorus while searching for the "philosopher's stone", a substance which was believed to transmute base metals into gold. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Discrete misorientations or the misorientation distribution can be fully described as plots in the Euler angle, axis/angle, or Rodrigues vector space. Unit quaternions, while computationally convenient, do not lend themselves to graphical representation because of their four-dimensional nature. For any of the represe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Kidney impairment decreases the rate of elimination of levetiracetam from the body. Individuals with reduced kidney function may require dose adjustments. Kidney function can be estimated from the rate of creatinine clearance.
Dose adjustment of levetiracetam is not necessary in liver impairment. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Evans took a postdoctoral fellowship at the University of Texas at Arlington for the 1970–1971 academic year, followed by second fellowship at the University of Notre Dame in Indiana, where he worked with the organic chemist Ernest L. Eliel studying stereochemistry. Upon the completion of the fellowship, he was invited... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In molecular biology, a reading frame is a way of dividing the sequence of nucleotides in a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) molecule into a set of consecutive, non-overlapping triplets. Where these triplets equate to amino acids or stop signals during translation, they are called codons.
A single strand of a nucleic acid mol... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Diffusers are typically connected to a piping system which is supplied with pressurized air by a blower. This system is commonly referred to as a diffused aeration system or aeration grid.
There are two main types of diffused aeration systems, retrievable and fixed grid, that are designed to serve different purposes. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In a real detector setup, some photons can and will undergo one or potentially more Compton scattering processes (e.g. in the housing material of the radioactive source, in shielding material or material otherwise surrounding the experiment) before entering the detector material. This leads to a peak structure that can... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1967, Akira Fujishima discovered the Honda-Fujishima effect, (the photocatalytic properties of titanium dioxide).
Titanium dioxide| and other metal oxides are still most prominent catalysts for efficiency reasons. Including Strontium titanate| and Barium titanate|, this kind of semiconducting titanates, the conducti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
ELS has been used to characterize the polydispersity, nanodispersity, and stability of single-walled carbon nanotubes in an aqueous environment with surfactants. The technique can be used in combination with dynamic light scattering to measure these properties of nanotubes in many different solvents. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Salbutamol is typically used to treat bronchospasm (due to any cause—allergic asthma or exercise-induced), as well as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It is also one of the most common medicines used in rescue inhalers (short-term bronchodilators to alleviate asthma attacks).
As a β agonist, salbutamol also has u... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most popular way of generating a frequency comb is with a mode-locked laser. Such lasers produce a series of optical pulses separated in time by the round-trip time of the laser cavity. The spectrum of such a pulse train approximates a series of Dirac delta functions separated by the repetition rate (the inverse o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Iodosobenzene or iodosylbenzene is an organoiodine compound with the empirical formula . This colourless solid compound is used as an oxo transfer reagent in research laboratories examining organic and coordination chemistry. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In turbulent combustion, a quantity called the scalar dissipation rate with dimensional units of that of an inverse time is used to define a characteristic diffusion time. Its definition is given by
where is the diffusion coefficient of the scalar. Its stoichiometric value is . | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Phosphofructokinase 1 catalyzes the first committed step of glycolysis.
* LpxC catalyzes the first committed step of lipid A biosynthesis.
* 8-amino-7-oxononanoate synthase catalyzes the first committed step in plant biotin synthesis.
* MurA catalyzes the first committed step of peptidoglycan biosynthesis.
*Aspartate... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Extractive metallurgy is the practice of removing valuable metals from an ore and refining the extracted raw metals into a purer form. In order to convert a metal oxide or sulphide to a purer metal, the ore must be reduced physically, chemically, or electrolytically. Extractive metallurgists are interested in three pri... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nickel allergy is any of several allergic conditions provoked by exposure to the chemical element nickel. Nickel allergy often takes the form of nickel allergic contact dermatitis (Ni-ACD), a form of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). Ni-ACD typically causes a rash that is red and itchy and that may be bumpy or scaly. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The earliest use of chromatography—passing a mixture through an inert material to create separation of the solution components based on differential adsorption—is sometimes attributed to German chemist Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge, who in 1855 described the use of paper to analyze dyes. Runge dropped spots of different ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The major statistical software packages do not cover dilution assays although a statistician should not have difficulties to write suitable scripts or macros to that end. Several special purpose software packages for dilution assays exist. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
is a dense, colourless liquid, although crude samples may be yellow or even red-brown. It is one of the rare transition metal halides that is a liquid at room temperature, vanadium tetrachloride| being another example. This property reflects the fact that molecules of weakly self-associate. Most metal chlorides are po... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The following have been named in his honour:
* Wollaston Medal
** List of Wollaston Medal recipients
* Wollaston, a lunar impact crater
* Wollaston Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada a 2,681 square kilometre (1,035 sq mi) freshwater lake
* Wollaston Islands, Chile are named for him
* Wollaston Foreland, NE Greenland.
* Wollast... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Homer Eugene Le Grand Jr. (September 3, 1944, Charlotte, North Carolina – January 16, 2017, Melbourne, Australia) was an American-Australian historian of science. The Geological Society of London awarded him the 1995 Sue Tyler Friedman Medal. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The atoms hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon co-exist naturally in specific proportions with their stable isotopes, 2H (or D), 18O and 13C respectively, in different proportions as shown in the figure 2 below.
The amount and distribution of the different isotopes in a molecule is influenced by:
* Environmental (climatic an... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Jurins law, or capillary rise, is the simplest analysis of capillary action—the induced motion of liquids in small channels—and states that the maximum height of a liquid in a capillary tube is inversely proportional to the tubes diameter. Capillary action is one of the most common fluid mechanical effects explored in ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Reporter genes are used in some cloning vectors to facilitate the screening of successful clones by using features of these genes that allow successful clone to be easily identified. Such features present in cloning vectors may be the lacZα fragment for α complementation in blue-white selection, and/or marker gene or ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Aromatic nitriles are often prepared in the laboratory from the aniline via diazonium compounds. This is the Sandmeyer reaction. It requires transition metal cyanides. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Production cost of microalgae-biofuel through implementation of raceway pond systems is dominated by the operational cost which includes labour, raw materials, and utilities. In raceway pond system, during the cultivation process, electricity takes up the largest energy fraction of total operational energy requirements... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemistry, binding selectivity is defined with respect to the binding of ligands to a substrate forming a complex. Binding selectivity describes how a ligand may bind more preferentially to one receptor than another. A selectivity coefficient is the equilibrium constant for the reaction of displacement by one ligand... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Technically a perfect crystal must be infinite, so a finite size is an imperfection. Real crystals always exhibit imperfections of their order besides their finite size, and these imperfections can have profound effects on the properties of the material. André Guinier proposed a widely employed distinction between impe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Methionine synthase regenerates methionine (Met) from homocysteine (Hcy). The overall reaction transforms 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (N-MeTHF) into tetrahydrofolate (THF) while transferring a methyl group to Hcy to form Met. Methionine Syntheses can be cobalamin-dependent and cobalamin-independent: Plants have both, anim... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Measurement of the abundance of clumped isotopes (doubly substituted isotopologues) of gases has been used in the field of stable isotope geochemistry to trace equilibrium and kinetic processes in the environment inaccessible by analysis of singly substituted isotopologues alone.
Currently measured doubly substituted i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Floral scent emissions of most flowering plants vary predictably throughout the day, following a circadian rhythm. This variation is controlled by light intensity. Maximal emissions coincide with peaks of the highest activity of visiting pollinators. For instance, snapdragon flowers, mostly pollinated by bees, have the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Metabolites can be divided into two groups: those produced during the growth phase of the organism, called primary metabolites and those produced during the stationary phase, called secondary metabolites. Some examples of primary metabolites are ethanol, citric acid, glutamic acid, lysine, vitamins and polysaccharides.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When samples show elevated levels of indicator bacteria, further analysis is often undertaken to look for specific pathogenic bacteria. Species commonly investigated in the temperate zone include Salmonella typhi and Salmonella Typhimurium.
Depending on the likely source of contamination investigation may also extend t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Near Eastern development of bronze technology spread across Central Asia by way of the Eurasian Steppes, and with it came the knowledge and technology for tin prospection and extraction. By 2000 to 1500 BC Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan appear to have exploited their sources of tin, carrying the resources east... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chrysoine resorcinol is a synthetic azo dye which was formerly used as a food additive. In Europe, it was banned as a food additive in 1977. In the US, it was banned in 1988.
Chrysoine resorcinol can be used as a pH indicator with a color change between pH 11 and pH 12.7.
In colorimetry, it has an absorption maximum o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Stearoyl-CoA is a coenzyme involved in the metabolism of fatty acids. Stearoyl-CoA is an 18-carbon long fatty acyl-CoA chain that participates in an unsaturation reaction. The reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme stearoyl-CoA desaturase, which is located in the endoplasmic reticulum. It forms a cis-double bond between t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
To process bastnäsite ore, it is finely ground and subjected to froth flotation to separate the bulk of the bastnäsite from the accompanying barite, calcite, and dolomite. Marketable products include each of the major intermediates of the ore dressing process: flotation concentrate, acid-washed flotation concentrate, c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The tetrahedral molecule features C-I distances of 2.12 ± 0.02 Å. The molecule is slightly crowded with short contacts between iodine atoms of 3.459 ± 0.03 Å, and possibly for this reason, it is thermally and photochemically unstable.
Carbon tetraiodide crystallizes in tetragonal crystal structure (a 6.409, c 9.558 (.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Its not certain when the Ottomans started using firearms, however its argued that they had been using cannons since the Battles of Kosovo (1389) and Nukap (1396) and most certainly by the 1420s. Some argue that field guns only entered service shortly after the Battle of Varna (1444) and more certainly used in the Secon... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fibulin (FY-beau-lin) (now known as Fibulin-1 FBLN1) is the prototypic member of a multigene family, currently with seven members. Fibulin-1 is a calcium-binding glycoprotein. In vertebrates, fibulin-1 is found in blood and extracellular matrices. In the extracellular matrix, fibulin-1 associates with basement membra... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Multiple challenges exist in assessing exposure to pesticides in the general population, and many others that are specific to occupational exposures of agricultural workers. Beyond farm workers, estimating exposure to family members and children presents additional challenges, and may occur through "take-home" exposure... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An example of sorption of ligands occurs in metallic oxides and silicate surfaces. In a mineral surface, the metal ion acts as a Lewis acid, and the ligands act as the Lewis base. For ligands that have protons, the sorption is dependent on the pH.
In cases of where ligands affect the surface coordination by performing ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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