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Williams was born in Tonypandy, Wales, the son of a coal miner. In 1944, he won a scholarship to study at the University of Bristol, where he earned a bachelors degree in 1948 and later a Master of Science in physics. In working to earn his masters degree, he studied stereo micro-radiography at the University of Chicag... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Groups that are attached to the side of the backbone are held by bonds which are weaker than the bonds connecting the chain. When the polymer is heated, the side groups are stripped off from the chain before it is broken into smaller pieces.
For example, the PVC eliminates HCl, under 100–120 °C.
CH(Cl)CHCHCH(Cl)→CH=CH-... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Early studies showed that individuals who swam in waters with geometric mean coliform densities above 2300/100 mL for three days had higher illness rates. In the 1960s, these numbers were converted to fecal coliform concentrations assuming 18 percent of total coliforms were fecal. Consequently, the National Technical A... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Flortaucipir (F) is a radioactive diagnostic agent for adults with cognitive impairment who are being evaluated for Alzheimers disease. It is indicated for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of the brain to estimate the density and distribution of aggregated tau neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), a primary marker ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Embryos can be either "fresh" from fertilized egg cells of the same menstrual cycle, or "frozen", that is they have been generated in a preceding cycle and undergone embryo cryopreservation, and are thawed just prior to the transfer, which is then termed "frozen embryo transfer" (FET). The outcome from using cryopreser... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One of the first common applications of surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy was the measurement of the thickness (and refractive index) of adsorbed self-assembled nanofilms on gold substrates. The resonance curves shift to higher angles as the thickness of the adsorbed film increases. This example is a static SPR me... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An anodyne is a drug used to lessen pain through reducing the sensitivity of the brain or nervous system. The term was common in medicine before the 20th century, but such drugs are now more often known as analgesics or painkillers.
The term anodyne derives from Greek anōdynos (), from an- (, "without") and odynē (, "p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Distribution of STAT4 is restricted to myeloid cells, thymus and testis. In resting human T cells it is expressed at very low levels, but its production is amplified by PHA stimulation. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Particulate matter (PM), particularly PM2.5, was found to be harmful to aquatic invertebrates. These aquatic invertebrates include fish, crustaceans, and Mollusca. In a study by Han et al, the effects of PM<2.5 micrometers on life history traits and oxidative stress were observed in Tigriopus japonicus. Exposure to par... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Vitamin D is produced when the skin is exposed to UVB, whether from sunlight or an artificial source. It is needed for mineralization of bone and bone growth. Areas in which vitamin D's role is being investigated include reducing the risk of cancer, heart disease, multiple sclerosis and glucose dysregulation. Exposing ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Detected as enhanced absorptive or emissive signals in the NMR spectra of the reaction products, CIDNP has been exploited for the last 30 years to characterise transient free radicals and their reaction mechanisms. In certain cases, CIDNP also offers the possibility of large improvements in NMR sensitivity. The princip... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
AR-TP009 is expressed by Halorubrum sp. TP009. Its ability to act as a neural silencer has been investigated in mouse cortical pyramidal neurons. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Certain kinds of IVF have been shown to lead to distortions in the sex ratio at birth. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), which was first applied in 1991, leads to slightly more female births (51.3% female). Blastocyst transfer, which was first applied in 1984, leads to significantly more male births (56.1% male)... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A membrane osmometer is a device used to indirectly measure the number average molecular weight () of a polymer sample. One chamber contains pure solvent and the other chamber contains a solution in which the solute is a polymer with an unknown . The osmotic pressure of the solvent across the semipermeable membrane is... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Source: [https://scheringstiftung.de/en/programm/lebenswissenschaften/ernst-schering-preis/ Schering Foundation]
*1992 , (Center for Molecular Biology, University of Heidelberg, Germany)
*1993 Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, (Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology in Tübingen, Germany)
*1994 Bert Vogelstein, (Onco... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The minimization of radiation dose to the subject is an attractive feature of the use of short-lived radionuclides. Besides its established role as a diagnostic technique, PET has an expanding role as a method to assess the response to therapy, in particular, cancer therapy, where the risk to the patient from lack of k... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Acoustic foam is an open celled foam used for acoustic treatment. It attenuates airbone sound waves, reducing their amplitude, for the purposes of noise reduction or noise control. The energy is dissipated as heat. Acoustic foam can be made in several different colors, sizes and thickness.
Acoustic foam can be attached... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Biocatalysis refers to the use of living (biological) systems or their parts to speed up (catalyze) chemical reactions. In biocatalytic processes, natural catalysts, such as enzymes, perform chemical transformations on organic compounds. Both enzymes that have been more or less isolated and enzymes still residing insid... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Unsaturated polyesters are condensation polymers formed by the reaction of polyols (also known as polyhydric alcohols), organic compounds with multiple alcohol or hydroxy functional groups, with unsaturated and in some cases saturated dibasic acids. Typical polyols used are glycols including ethylene glycol, propylene ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The widespread application of passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) technologies that use the infrared window (8–13 µm) to dissipate heat through longwave infrared (LWIR) thermal radiation heat transfer with outer space, has been proposed as a method of reducing temperature increases caused by climate change. The in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In geometry and crystallography, the Laves graph is an infinite and highly symmetric system of points and line segments in three-dimensional Euclidean space, forming a periodic graph. Three equal-length segments meet at 120° angles at each point, and all cycles use ten or more segments. It is the shortest possible trip... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Marcus' theory of outer sphere electron transfer predicts that such a tunneling process will occur most quickly in systems where the electron transfer is thermodynamically favorable (i.e. between strong reductants and oxidants) and where the electron transfer has a low intrinsic barrier.
The intrinsic barrier of electr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Total suspended solids (TSS) concentration is the concentration (dry weight mass per unit volume of water) of all the material in water that is caught on a filter, usually a filter with about a 0.7 micrometer pore size. This includes all the particles suspended in water, such as mineral particles (silt, clay), organic ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Calcite rafts were first observed by Allison in 1923 on solution drops attached to concrete derived straw stalactites, and later by Ver Steeg. When the drip rate is ≥5 minutes between drops, calcium carbonate will have precipitated on the solution drop surface (at the end of a stalactite) to form calcite rafts visible ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Capsular exopolysaccharides can protect pathogenic bacteria against desiccation and predation, and contribute to their pathogenicity. Sessile bacteria fixed and aggregated in biofilms are less vulnerable compared to drifting planktonic bacteria, as the EPS matrix is able to act as a protective diffusion barrier. The ph... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Molecular medicine is a broad field, where physical, chemical, biological, bioinformatics and medical techniques are used to describe molecular structures and mechanisms, identify fundamental molecular and genetic errors of disease, and to develop molecular interventions to correct them. The molecular medicine perspect... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Azlocillin is considered a broad spectrum antibiotic and can be used against a number of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. The following represents MIC susceptibility data for a few medically significant organisms.
* Escherichia coli 1 μg/mL – 32 μg/mL
* Haemophilus spp. 0.03 μg/mL – 2 μg/mL
* Pseudomonas aerug... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In continuum mechanics, this theorem is often used for material elements. These are parcels of fluids or solids which no material enters or leaves. If is a material element then there is a velocity function , and the boundary elements obey
This condition may be substituted to obtain: | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Different countries around the world maintain regulatory frameworks that are responsible for the management and use of radionuclides in different medical settings. For example, in the US, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have guidelines in place for hospitals to follow.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sensory and neurological implants are used for disorders affecting the major senses and the brain, as well as other neurological disorders. They are predominately used in the treatment of conditions such as cataract, glaucoma, keratoconus, and other visual impairments; otosclerosis and other hearing loss issues, as wel... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sumerians from 4500 years ago have said to use insecticides in the form of sulfur compounds. Additionally, the Chinese from about 3200 years ago used mercury and arsenic compounds to control the body lice.
Agrochemicals were introduced to protect crops from pests and enhance crop yields. The most common agrochemicals i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
High-level waste (HLW) is produced by nuclear reactors and the reprocessing of nuclear fuel. The exact definition of HLW differs internationally. After a nuclear fuel rod serves one fuel cycle and is removed from the core, it is considered HLW. Spent fuel rods contain mostly uranium with fission products and transurani... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Activation of β adrenergic receptors on airway smooth muscle leads to the activation of adenylate cyclase and to an increase in the intracellular concentration of 3,5-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP). The increase in cyclic AMP is associated with the activation of protein kinase A, which in turn, inhibits th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An interesting property of Stokes flow is known as the Stokes' paradox: that there can be no Stokes flow of a fluid around a disk in two dimensions; or, equivalently, the fact there is no non-trivial solution for the Stokes equations around an infinitely long cylinder. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Transcription can be measured and detected in a variety of ways:
* G-Less Cassette transcription assay: measures promoter strength
* Run-off transcription assay: identifies transcription start sites (TSS)
* Nuclear run-on assay: measures the relative abundance of newly formed transcripts
* KAS-seq: measures single-stra... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In transient equilibrium, the daughter activity increases and eventually reaches a maximum value that can exceed the parent activity. The time of maximum activity is given by:
where and are the half-lives of the parent and daughter, respectively. In the case of generator, the time of maximum activity () is approxima... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The oxygen effect is quantified by measuring the radiation sensitivity or Oxygen Enhancement Ratio (OER) of a particular biological effect (e.g., cell death or DNA damage), which is the ratio of doses under pure oxygen and anoxic conditions. Consequently, OER varies from unity in anoxia to a maximum value for 100% oxyg... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Essential medicines, as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), are "those drugs that satisfy the health care needs of the majority of the population; they should therefore be available at all times in adequate amounts and in appropriate dosage forms, at a price the community can afford." Recent studies have f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Isomers are types of molecules that share a chemical formula but have difference geometries, resulting in different properties:
* A pure substance is composed of only one type of isomer of a molecule (all have the same geometrical structure).
* Structural isomers have the same chemical formula but different physical ar... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many laboratory techniques rely on the ability of nucleic acid strands to separate. By understanding the properties of nucleic acid denaturation, the following methods were created:
* PCR
* Southern blot
* Northern blot
* DNA sequencing | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The water enters the boiler through a section in the convection pass called the economizer. From the economizer it passes to the steam drum and from there it goes through downcomers to inlet headers at the bottom of the water walls. From these headers the water rises through the water walls of the furnace where some of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There is no specific antidote to common tear gases. At the first sign of exposure or potential exposure, masks are applied when available. People are removed from the affected area when possible. Immediate removal of contact lenses has also been recommended, as they can retain particles.
Decontamination is by physical ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Scientific publications of the society include , Angewandte Chemie, Chemistry: A European Journal, European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, European Journal of Organic Chemistry, ChemPhysChem, ChemSusChem, ChemBioChem, ChemMedChem, ChemCatChem, ChemistryViews, Chemie Ingenieur Technik and Chemie in unserer Zeit.
In th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
3D cell culturing by magnetic levitation method (MLM) was developed from collaboration between scientists at Rice University and University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in 2008. Since then, this technology has been licensed and commercialized by Nano3D Biosciences. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The RNA Characterization of Secondary Structure Motifs database (RNA CoSSMos) is a repository of three-dimensional nucleic acid PDB structures containing secondary structure motifs ( loops, hairpin loops ...). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The formation of an amide using a carbodiimide is a common reaction, but carries the risk of several side reactions. The acid 1 will react with the carbodiimide to produce the key intermediate: the O-acylisourea 2, which can be viewed as a carboxylic ester with an activated leaving group. The O-acylisourea will react ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A direct indicating dial thermometer, common in household devices (such as a patio thermometer or a meat thermometer), uses a bimetallic strip wrapped into a coil in its most common design. The coil changes the linear movement of the metal expansion into a circular movement thanks to the helicoidal shape it draws. One ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The process flow diagram below depicts a single chemical engineering unit process known as an amine treating plant: | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Principal component analysis (PCA) was one of the earliest methods used for pump–probe data analysis, as it is commonly used for hyperspectral data analysis. PCA decomposes the data into orthogonal components. In melanoma studies, the principal components have shown good agreement with the signals obtained from the dif... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Given an incompressible two-dimensional flow which is also irrotational we have:
Which is in cylindrical coordinates
We look for a solution with separated variables:
which gives
Given the left part depends only on r and the right parts depends only on , the two parts must be equal to a constant independent from r and ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Although the concept of circles and spheres can be extended to hyperbolic space, finding the densest packing becomes much more difficult. In a hyperbolic space there is no limit to the number of spheres that can surround another sphere (for example, Ford circles can be thought of as an arrangement of identical hyperbol... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Several definitions describe a "molecular machine" as a class of molecules typically described as an assembly of a discrete number of molecular components intended to produce mechanical movements in response to specific stimuli. The expression is often more generally applied to molecules that simply mimic functions tha... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Because of the complex inter-relationship between analytical method, sample concentration, limits of detection and method precision, the management of Analytical Quality Control is undertaken using a statistical approach to determine whether the results obtained lie within an acceptable statistical envelope. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Maximum entropy method is an analysis method that has great developmental potential. The method is also used for the quantification of sedimentation velocity data from analytical ultracentrifugation. The maximum entropy method involves several iterative steps to minimize the deviation of the fitted data from the ex... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Multiple classical translation factor family GTPases play important roles in initiation, elongation and termination of protein biosynthesis. Sharing a similar mode of ribosome binding due to the β-EI domain following the GTPase, the most well-known members of the family are EF-1A/EF-Tu, EF-2/EF-G, and class 2 release f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
11β-hydroxylase is a steroidogenic enzyme, i.e. the enzyme involved in the metabolism of steroids. The enzyme is primarily localized in the zona glomerulosa and zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex. The enzyme functions by introducing a hydroxyl group at carbon position 11β on the steroid nucleus, thereby facilitatin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Variant annotation tools use machine learning algorithms to predict variant annotations. Different annotation tools use different algorithms. Common algorithms include:
* Interval/Random forest-eg.MutPred, SNPeff
* Neural networks-eg.SNAP
* Support Vector Machines-e.g. PhD-SNP, SNPs&GO
* Bayesian classification-eg.Poly... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A thermocouple can produce current to drive some processes directly, without the need for extra circuitry and power sources. For example, the power from a thermocouple can activate a valve when a temperature difference arises. The electrical energy generated by a thermocouple is converted from the heat which must be su... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It is free to become a member of BOGS. To join the mailing list for BOGS, an email is sent to the BOGS webmaster at calewis@plymouth.ac.uk. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the United States, it is normal to use fuel once in a power reactor before placing it in a waste store. The long-term plan is currently to place the used civilian reactor fuel in a deep store. This non-reprocessing policy was started in March 1977 because of concerns about nuclear weapons proliferation. President Ji... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A semi-closed impeller has an additional back wall, giving it more strength. These impellers can pass mixed solid-liquid mixtures at the cost of reduced efficiency. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Numerous reports show a link between age-related diseases, birth defects, and several types of cancer with disruption of certain histone post translational modifications. Studies have identified that N- and C-terminal tails are main targets for acetylation, methylation, ubiquitination and phosphorylation. New eviden... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In a 1987 article in New Scientist, Jack Harris reported that oxide jacking has caused significant damage to many historic structures in the United Kingdom, including St Pauls Cathedral, the British Museum and the Albert Memorial in London, Gloucester Cathedral, St. Margarets Church in King's Lynn, Winchester Cathedral... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pervious concrete consists of cement, coarse aggregate (size should be 9.5 mm to 12.5 mm) and water with little to no fine aggregates. The addition of a small amount of sand will increase the strength. The mixture has a water-to-cement ratio of 0.28 to 0.40 with a void content of 15 to 25 percent.
The correct quantity ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 4.755. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As EPIC-seq studies epigenetic markers to infer gene expression, one can study epigenetic sequencing methods like ChIP-seq, ATAC-seq, MeDIP-seq, and Bisulfite-Free DNA Methylation sequencing in combination with methods for profiling RNA expression such as RNA-seq and scRNA-seq.
Considering the method is mainly develope... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
FSL constructs, when in solution (saline) and in contact, will spontaneously incorporate into cell and virus membranes. The methodology involves simply preparing a solution of FSL constructs in the range of 1–1000 μg/mL. The actual concentration will depend on the construct and the quantity of construct required in the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In his 1891 novel The Doings of Raffles Haw, Arthur Conan Doyle talks about turning elements into other elements of decreasing atomic number, until a gray matter is reached.
In his 1959 novel Life and Fate, Vasily Grossmans principal character, the physicist Viktor Shtrum, reflects on Prouts hypothesis about hydrogen ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Glycine encephalopathy, also known as non-ketotic hyperglycinemia (NKH), is a primary disorder of the glycine cleavage system, resulting from lowered function of the glycine cleavage system causing increased levels of glycine in body fluids. The disease was first clinically linked to the glycine cleavage system in 1969... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A fallout shelter is an enclosed space specially designated to protect occupants from radioactive debris or fallout resulting from a nuclear explosion. Many such shelters were constructed as civil defense measures during the Cold War.
During a nuclear explosion, matter vaporized in the resulting fireball is exposed to ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most common application of passive daytime radiative cooling currently is on building envelopes, including PDRC cool roofs, which can significantly lower indoor space temperatures within buildings. A PDRC roof application can double the energy savings of a white roof. This makes PDRCs a sustainable and low-cost alt... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The units of the structure-factor amplitude depend on the incident radiation. For X-ray crystallography they are multiples of the unit of scattering by a single electron (2.82 m); for neutron scattering by atomic nuclei the unit of scattering length of m is commonly used.
The above discussion uses the wave vectors an... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A variety of defense mechanisms can lead to ecological escape from predators. Plants use chemical defenses in the form of secondary metabolites or allelochemicals. These allelochemicals inhibit the growth, behavior, and health of herbivores, allowing plants to escape. An example of a plant allelochemical are alkaloids... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Besides the amount of radiation reaching a plant in the PAR region of the spectrum, it is also important to consider the quality of such radiation. Radiation reaching a plant contains entropy as well as energy, and combining those two concepts the exergy can be determined. This sort of analysis is known as exergy analy... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Halon 1301 was developed in a joint venture between the U.S. Army and Purdue University in the late 1940's, and became a DuPont product in 1954. It was introduced as an effective gaseous fire suppression fixed systems agent in the 1960s, and was used around valuable materials, such as aircraft, mainframe computers, an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1993 the silicon carbide was considered a semiconductor in both research and early mass production providing advantages for fast, high-temperature and/or high-voltage devices. The first devices available were Schottky diodes, followed by junction-gate FETs and MOSFETs for high-power switching. Bipolar transistors an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The following, exact equation can be derived from an advection-diffusion equation (see below), with a diffusion term (D=0) of zero:
In parallel with the definition of the Lyapunov exponent, we define the matrix
, as follows:
It is easy to show that:
If we define as the squared lengths of the principal components of t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Suppose that we have a sample consisting of 14 sheets described above, each one of which has an absorbance of 0.0222. If we are able to estimate the absorbing power (the absorbance of a sample of the same thickness, but having no scatter) from the sample without knowing how many sheets are in the sample (as would be t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The number of workers in the United States exposed to beryllium vary but has been estimated to be as high as 800,000 during the 1960s and 1970s. A more recent study from 2004 estimated the number of exposed workers in the United States to be around 134,000.
The rate of workers becoming sensitized to beryllium varies ba... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In terms of structure, GPCRs are characterized by an extracellular N-terminus, followed by seven transmembrane (7-TM) α-helices (TM-1 to TM-7) connected by three intracellular (IL-1 to IL-3) and three extracellular loops (EL-1 to EL-3), and finally an intracellular C-terminus. The GPCR arranges itself into a tertiary s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Control equations can also be derived by considering the effect of perturbations on the system. Consider that reaction rates and are determined by two enzymes and respectively. Changing either enzyme will result in a change to the steady state level of and the steady state reaction rates . Consider a small change ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The presence or absence of certain plant or other vegetative life in an ecosystem can provide important clues about the health of the environment: environmental preservation. There are several types of plant biomonitors, including mosses, lichens, tree bark, bark pockets, tree rings, and leaves. As an example, environm... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Angela Casini is a medicinal and inorganic chemist who works on metal-based compounds as therapeutic agents. She was awarded the 2012 European Medal for Bio-Inorganic Chemistry and made the 2019 American Chemical Society Inorganic Lecturer. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are also several pyrometallurgical processes that reduce zinc oxide using carbon, then distil the metallic zinc from the resulting mix in an atmosphere of carbon monoxide. The major downfall of any of the pyrometallurgical process is that it is only 98% pure; a standard composition is 1.3% lead, 0.2% cadmium, 0.0... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The endocannabinoid system, broadly speaking, includes:
* The endogenous arachidonate-based lipids, anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamide) and 2-AG, besides other N-acylethanolamines (NAEs); these are known as "endocannabinoids" and are physiological ligands for the cannabinoid receptors. Endocannabinoids are all eic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many alcohols are produced by hydroxylation, i.e., the installation of a hydroxy group using oxygen or a related oxidant. Hydroxylation is the means by which the body processes many poisons, converting lipophilic compounds into hydrophilic derivatives that are more readily excreted. Enzymes called hydroxylases and ox... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mesocrystal is an abbreviation for mesoscopically structured crystal, where individual subunits often form a perfect 3D order, as in a traditional crystal where the subunits are individual atoms. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Amalgamated zinc is zinc that has been surface treated with mercury to form a surface amalgam containing little contamination from other elements. It is typically used for reduction, and is written as Zn(Hg) in reactions. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some of the simplest reactive transport problems can be solved analytically. Where equilibrium sorption is described by a linear distribution coefficient, for example, the sorbing solute's velocity is retarded relative to that of a nonreactive tracer; the relative velocities can be described with a retardation factor. ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Prior to Kaminsky, titanium chlorides supported on various materials were widely used (and still are) as heterogeneous catalysts for alkene polymerization. These halides are typically activated by treatment with trimethylaluminium. Kaminsky discovered that titanocene and related complexes emulated some aspects of these... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Zanamivir can be found under tradenames such as Relenza™, Verenza and Z-Flu DPI.
Zanamivir is used for patients 5 years and older. It is given as one 10 mg dose, twice a day for the treatment of influenza. In the prevention of influenza, zanamivir is given as one 10 mg dose, once a day for 10 days after contacting with... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Consider the set of active centers (fig.1.). Assume fast transition between sublevels within each level, and slow transition between levels.
According to the McCumber hypothesis, the cross-sections and do not depend on the populations and .
Therefore, we can deduce the relation, assuming the thermal state.
Let be g... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Silver being in the same group as copper, Pd–Ag(I) bimetallic systems are inherently similar to Pd–Cu catalytic systems. However, silver salts are better suited for protodecarboxylation of carboxylic acids than their copper equivalents, allowing milder reaction conditions in Pd–Ag cycles relative to Pd–Cu cycles.
Ag(I)... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
#Anthocyanin pigments are assembled like all other flavonoids from two different streams of chemical raw materials in the cell:
#* One stream involves the shikimate pathway to produce the amino acid phenylalanine, (see phenylpropanoids)
#* The other stream produces three molecules of malonyl-CoA, a C unit from a C unit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Oceanic and atmospheric currents transfer particles, debris, and organisms all across the globe. While the transport of organisms, such as phytoplankton, are essential for the preservation of ecosystems, oil and other pollutants are also mixed in the current flow and can carry pollution far from its origin. Eddy format... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Another commonly considered model is the heat pump or refrigerator. Again there are four bodies: the working body, the hot reservoir, the cold reservoir, and the work reservoir. A single cycle starts with the working body colder than the cold reservoir, and then energy is taken in as heat by the working body from the c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The van Deemter equation relates height equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP) of a chromatographic column to the various flow and kinetic parameters which cause peak broadening, as follows:
Where
* HETP = a measure of the resolving power of the column [m]
* A = Eddy-diffusion parameter, related to channeling throu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The quantum fluctuations of the electromagnetic field have important physical consequences. In addition to the Casimir effect, they also lead to a splitting between the two energy levels and (in term symbol notation) of the hydrogen atom which was not predicted by the Dirac equation, according to which these states s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Missing top fluorides:
**PrF (because it decomposes at 90 °C)
**TbF (because it decomposes at 300 °C)
**CeF (because it decomposes at 600 °C)
*Without stable fluorides: Kr | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics, stagnation pressure is the static pressure at a stagnation point in a fluid flow. At a stagnation point the fluid velocity is zero. In an incompressible flow, stagnation pressure is equal to the sum of the free-stream static pressure and the free-stream dynamic pressure.
Stagnation pressure is someti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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