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Baopuzi () is a literary work written by Ge Hong (AD 283–343), (), a scholar during the turbulent Jin dynasty.
Baopuzi is divided into two main sections, the esoteric Neipian () and the section intended for the public to understand: Waipian (). The Taoist Inner Chapters discuss topics such as techniques to achieve "hsi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sea salt aerosols can alter the Earth radiation budget through directly scattering solar radiation (direct effect), and indirectly changing the cloud albedo by serving as CCN (indirect effect). Different models give different predictions of annual mean radiative forcing induced by sea salt direct effect, but most of th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* The compound is prepared as a byproduct of trioxidane production.
* has also been synthesized by reaction among peroxy radicals at low temperature. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pipelines conveying flammable or explosive material, such as natural gas or oil, pose special safety concerns. While corrosion, pressure, and equipment failure are common causes, excavation damage is also a leading accident type that can be avoided by calling 811 before digging near pipelines.
*1965 – A 32-inch gas tr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Downregulation of glycine-N-methyltransferase has been linked to hepatocellular carcinoma and pancreatic cancer. Serving this as a reliable marker for oncogenesis. When compared to patients with deletions in GNMT, patients with no deletions early-stage pancreatic cancer had twice the median months overall survival. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
These are the solid reactants from which it is proposed to prepare a solid crystalline compound. The selection of reactant chemicals depends on the reaction conditions and expected nature of the product. The reactants are dried thoroughly prior to weighing. As increase in surface area enhances the reaction rate, fine ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*SNP detection
*Real-time nucleic acid detection
*Real-time PCR quantification
*Allelic discrimination and identification
*Multiplex PCR assays
*Diagnostic clinical assays | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is a statistical analysis, via time correlation, of stationary fluctuations of the fluorescence intensity. Its theoretical underpinning originated from L. Onsager's regression hypothesis. The analysis provides kinetic parameters of the physical processes underlying the fluct... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In molecular biology, two nucleotides on opposite complementary DNA or RNA strands that are connected via hydrogen bonds are called a base pair (often abbreviated bp). In the canonical Watson-Crick base pairing, adenine (A) forms a base pair with thymine (T) and guanine (G) forms one with cytosine (C) in DNA. In RNA, t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Uranium rhodium germanium (URhGe) is the first discovered metal that becomes superconducting in the presence of an extremely strong electromagnetic field. Very unlike other superconducting materials, whose superconducting properties can be lost due to strong magnetic fields, uranium rhodium germanium actually regains s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
[[Diels–Alder reaction|[4+2] cycloadditions]] of a diene and an alkene have been used as DCvC reactions. These reactions are often reversible at high temperatures. In the case of furan–maleimide adducts, the retro-cycloaddition is accessible at temperatures as low as 40 °C. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Texture can be determined by various methods. Some methods allow a quantitative analysis of the texture, while others are only qualitative. Among the quantitative techniques, the most widely used is X-ray diffraction using texture goniometers, followed by the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) method in scanning e... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There's evidence of very early metallurgy at Aratashen, going back to the first half of the sixth millennium BCE. According to A. Courcier,
At Aratashen and Khatunakh/Aknashen, there are similarities to the contemporary sites of Kultepe I, and Alikemek-Tepesi. Another prehistoric site that is close to Aratashen is Masi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Campbell shows the effect of different nozzle areas on the steady-state running line. Automatic control of the area was disabled for this investigation. In service the area is open at idle and progressively closes as the engine accelerates as shown by the area scheduling. An adjustable nozzle is not added for this part... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For safety and convenience diazomethane is always prepared as needed as a solution in ether and used as such. It converts carboxylic acids to methyl esters and phenols into their methyl ethers. The reaction is thought to proceed via proton transfer from carboxylic acid to diazomethane to give methyldiazonium cation, w... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Aerial respiration is the gulping of air at the surface of water to directly extract oxygen from the atmosphere. Aerial respiration evolved in fish that were exposed to more frequent hypoxia; also, species that engage in aerial respiration tend to be more hypoxia tolerant than those which do not air-breath during the h... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Free evolution of nuclear spins is governed by a Hamiltonian (), which in the case of liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance may be split into two major terms. The first term () corresponds to the Zeeman interaction between spins and the external magnetic field, which includes chemical shift (). The second term () cor... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Red blood cell transketolase activity is reduced in deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B), and may be used in the diagnosis of Wernicke encephalopathy and other B-deficiency syndromes if the diagnosis is in doubt. Apart from the baseline enzyme activity (which may be normal even in deficiency states), acceleration of enzy... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are many theories on the kinetics of the bonding process but the most common theory divides the process into four main stages.
The stages are:
# dissolution of the interlayer
# homogenization of the liquid
# isothermal solidification
# homogenization of the bond region | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Müllers 1879 account was one of the earliest uses of a mathematical model in evolutionary ecology, and the first exact model of frequency-dependent selection. Mallet calls Müllers mathematical assumption behind the model "beguilingly simple". Müller presumed that the predators had to attack n unprofitable prey in a sum... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
PCBs have entered the environment through both use and disposal. The environmental fate of PCBs is complex and global in scale. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The database houses a wide range of information available for samples from all over the globe to be grouped into two categories: (a) observations and measurements (e.g. mineral data, images, chemical analyses), for which robust data models already exist, and (b) interpretative results (e.g. P-T conditions, crystallizat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In physics, a mass balance, also called a material balance, is an application of conservation of mass to the analysis of physical systems. By accounting for material entering and leaving a system, mass flows can be identified which might have been unknown, or difficult to measure without this technique. The exact conse... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
ProMax is a chemical process simulator for process troubleshooting and design, developed and sold by Bryan Research and Engineering, Inc. Initially released in late 2005, ProMax is a continuance of two previous process simulators, PROSIM and TSWEET. ProMax is considered the industry standard for designing amine gas tr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Alongside strontium, dietary calcium is deposited in bones teeth, however Ca is more readily deposited than Sr in humans and animals who consume primarily or exclusively plants. Therefore, the greater the Ca:Sr ratio in sample, the more herbivorous the animal was likely to be. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Siefert writes:
: proved a remarkable relation which allows to express the free energy difference between two equilibrium systems by a nonlinear average over the work required to drive the system in a non-equilibrium process from one state to the other. By comparing probability distributions for the work spent in the o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Diffusional flow is a regime typically below dislocation creep and occurs at high temperatures due to the diffusion of point defects in the material. Diffusional flow can be further broken down into more specific mechanisms: Nabarro–Herring creep, Coble creep, and Harper–Dorn creep.
While most materials will exhibit N... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pittcon Editors’ Awards honoured the best new products on show at the Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, or Pittcon, for 20 years from 1996 having been established by Dr Gordon Wilkinson, managing editor of Analytical Instrument Industry Report (later Instrumenta). On 8 March 2015, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Since coenzyme A is, in chemical terms, a thiol, it can react with carboxylic acids to form thioesters, thus functioning as an acyl group carrier. It assists in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. A molecule of coenzyme A carrying an acyl group is also referred to as acyl-CoA. When it is not a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
RNA ladders composed of RNA molecular-weight size markers were initially developed by using the synthetic circle method to produce different-sized markers. This technique was improved upon by inventor Eric T. Kool to use circular DNA vectors as a method for producing RNA molecular-weight size markers. As referred to as... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC), zeotropic mixtures are more thermally efficient than pure fluids. Due to their higher boiling points, zeotropic working fluids have higher net outputs of energy at the low temperatures of the Rankine Cycle than pure substances. Zeotropic working fluids condense across a range of temp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A mesophilic start in surface bodies of waters hypothesis has evolved from Darwins concept of a warm little pond' and the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis. Freshwater bodies under temperate climates can accumulate prebiotic materials while providing suitable environmental conditions conducive to simple life forms. The climate... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Geochemical Society presents the following annual awards:
*V. M. Goldschmidt Award – the society's highest honor, it is awarded for major achievements in geochemistry or cosmochemistry.
*F.W. Clarke Medal – named after Frank Wigglesworth Clarke (1847–1931), a chemist who determined the composition of the Eart... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Christof Fattinger at Hoffmann-La-Roche in Basel already conceived the physical principles of focal molography in the 1990s when he investigated the bidiffractive grating-coupler. Yet it only emerged in a scientific collaboration between ETH Zürich and the Roche Innovation Center Basel in Switzerland from 2014 to 2020... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Orbitrap is a high-resolution Fourier transform mass spectrometer that has recently been adapted to allow for site-specific analyses. Molecules introduced into the Orbitrap are fragmented, accelerated, and analyzed. Because the Orbitrap characterizes molecular masses by measuring oscillations at radio frequencies, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The ozone molecule is represented by two contributing structures. In reality the two terminal oxygen atoms are equivalent and the hybrid structure is drawn on the right with a charge of − on both oxygen atoms and partial double bonds with a full and dashed line and bond order .
For hypervalent molecules, the rationaliz... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cavitation is usually an undesirable occurrence. In devices such as propellers and pumps, cavitation causes a great deal of noise, damage to components, vibrations, and a loss of efficiency. Noise caused by cavitation can be particularly undesirable in naval vessels where such noise may render them more easily detectab... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A single water molecule can participate in a maximum of four hydrogen bonds because it can accept two bonds using the lone pairs on oxygen and donate two hydrogen atoms. Other molecules like hydrogen fluoride, ammonia, and methanol can also form hydrogen bonds. However, they do not show anomalous thermodynamic, kinetic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An important disadvantage of polycrystalline NiAl-based alloys are their room-temperature and high-temperature brittleness, which interferes with potential structural applications. This brittleness is generally attributed to the inability of dislocations to move in the highly ordered lattices. The introduction of small... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In addition to the oxidation routes, diaryl sulfoxides can be prepared by two Friedel–Crafts arylations of sulfur dioxide using an acid catalyst:
:2 ArH + SO → ArSO + HO
Both aryl sulfinyl chlorides and diaryl sulfoxides can be also prepared from arenes through reaction with thionyl chloride in the presence of L... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Full-field displacement, elastic strain, and the GND density provide quantifiable information about the material's elastic and plastic behaviour at the microscale. Measuring strain at the microscale requires careful consideration of other key details besides the change in length/shape (e.g., local texture, individual g... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Given their high affinities to form inclusion complexes cucurbiturils have been employed as the macrocycles component of a rotaxane. After formation of the supramolecular assembly or threaded complex with a guest molecule such as hexamethylene diamine the two ends of the guest can be reacted with bulky groups that will... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are many applications in technology and lab work for this process to create desired morphologies of polymers. One of these applications is inscribing secondary nanostructures onto electrospun fibers. The use of poly(ε‐caprolactone) fibers, known as PCL, allows using solvents like acetone to move the amorphous cha... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Non-B DNA can be classified into several types, including A-DNA, Z-DNA, H-DNA, G-quadruplexes, and Triplexes (Triple-stranded DNA).
A-DNA is a right-handed double helix structure for RNA-DNA duplexes and RNA-RNA duplexes that is less common than the more well-known B-DNA structure. A-DNA is a form of DNA that occurs w... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Despite the variable sources of a wastewater stream, a ZLD system is generally comprised by two steps:
# Pre-Concentration: Pre-concentrating a brine is usually achieved with membrane brine concentrators or electrodialysis. These technologies concentrate a stream to a high salinity and are able to recover up to 60–80% ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
1-Hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole (HOAt) is a triazole used as a peptide coupling reagent. It suppresses racemization that can otherwise occur during the reaction.
HOAt has a melting point between 213 and 216 degrees Celsius. As a liquid, it is transparent and without any color. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A cover meter is an instrument to locate rebars and measure the exact concrete cover. Rebar detectors are less sophisticated devices that can only locate metallic objects below the surface. Due to the cost-effective design, the pulse-induction method is one of the most commonly used solutions. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A drop or droplet is a small column of liquid, bounded completely or almost completely by free surfaces. A drop may form when liquid accumulates at the end of a tube or other surface boundary, producing a hanging drop called a pendant drop. Drops may also be formed by the condensation of a vapor or by atomization of a ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Iron smelting was unknown in pre-Columbian America.
Excavations at LAnse aux Meadows, Newfoundland, have found considerable evidence for the processing of bog iron and the production of iron in a bloomery by the Norse. The cluster of Viking Age (–1022 AD) at LAnse aux Meadows are situated on a raised marine terrace, be... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The titration process creates solutions with compositions ranging from pure acid to pure base. Identifying the pH associated with any stage in the titration process is relatively simple for monoprotic acids and bases. The presence of more than one acid or base group complicates these computations. Graphical methods, s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
TNP-ATP is a fluorescent molecule that is able to determine whether a protein binds to ATP, and the constants associated with that binding. It is primarily used in fluorescence spectroscopy, but is also very useful as an acceptor molecule in FRET, and as a fluorescent probe in fluorescence microscopy and X-ray crystall... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Protein degradation differs from protein catabolism. Proteins are produced and destroyed routinely as part of the normal operations of the cell. Transcription factors, proteins that help regulate protein synthesis, are targets of such degradations. Their degradation is not a significant contributor to the energy need... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The common technique of cleaning silverware by immersion of the silver or sterling silver (or even just silver plated objects) and a piece of aluminium (foil is preferred because of its much greater surface area than that of ingots, although if the foil has a "non-stick" face, this must be removed with steel wool first... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are a number of common stresses which are used to
* pH (acid/base)
Chemical processes are often catalysed by the presence of acids and bases. The exposure of materials to these can therefore accelerate degradation reactions.
* Temperature
In accordance to arrhenius kinetics, increasing temperature increases the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Adding scalar quarks (squarks) and fermionic gluons (gluinos) to the theory makes it more tractable, but the thermodynamics of quark matter depends crucially on the fact that only fermions can carry quark number, and on the number of degrees of freedom in general. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Martin Heinrich Klaproth (1 December 1743 – 1 January 1817) was a German chemist. He trained and worked for much of his life as an apothecary, moving in later life to the university. His shop became the second-largest apothecary in Berlin, and the most productive artisanal chemical research center in Europe.
Klaproth w... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Reaction with acids or fluorides such as tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride removes the silyl group when protection is no longer needed. Larger substituents increase resistance to hydrolysis, but also make introduction of the silyl group more difficult.
In acidic media, the relative resistance is:
:TMS (1) < TES (64) < TBS... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most common application of the Hellmann–Feynman theorem is the calculation of intramolecular forces in molecules. This allows for the calculation of equilibrium geometries – the nuclear coordinates where the forces acting upon the nuclei, due to the electrons and other nuclei, vanish. The parameter corresponds to ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A common application of block copolymers is to develop thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs). Early commercial TPEs were developed from polyurethranes (TPUs), consisting of alternating soft segments and hard segments, and are used in automotive bumpers and snowmobile treads. Styrenic TPEs entered the market later, and are us... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
# Wash pipe area to be joined to create clean surfaces for joining
# Clean area where tapping tee will be placed with isopropyl alcohol
# Mark the pipes slightly beyond the edges of the tapping tee location
# Scrape pipe in marked areas to remove surface layer, allowing clean pipe material to contact the tapping tee
# ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The injection loop is a segment of tubing of known volume which is filled with the sample solution before it is injected into the column. Loop volume can range from a few microliters to 50 ml or more. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Rapid purification time: Products can be purified in short periods of time, relative to traditional techniques
*Product remains in solution: The product is not removed from solution, as in crystallization techniques.
*Reaction may be monitored: The purification process is controlled
*Traditional purity techniques may ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Frame Lake is irregularly shaped, with a northern section and a southern section along a north-northeast to south-southwest axis approximately long, connected by a narrower central passage midway along its length where a wide peninsula extends from the western shore and an arm extends roughly to the east, curving nor... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Baculovirus, a rod-shaped virus which infects insect cells, is used as the expression vector in this system. Insect cell lines derived from Lepidopterans (moths and butterflies), such as Spodoptera frugiperda, are used as host. A cell line derived from the cabbage looper is of particular interest, as it has been develo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In fluid mechanics, a splash is a sudden disturbance to the otherwise quiescent free surface of a liquid (usually water). The disturbance is typically caused by a solid object suddenly hitting the surface, although splashes can occur in which moving liquid supplies the energy. This use of the word is onomatopoeic; in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fahmi was born in Cairo on 14 August 1949. He has a twin brother, Hadi Fahmi. Sameh Fahmi holds a bachelor's degree in chemical engineering, which he received from Cairo University in June 1973. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Investigators have hypothesized that the PHLPP isoforms may play roles in cancer, for several reasons. First, the genetic loci coding for PHLPP1 and 2 are commonly lost in cancer. The region including PHLPP1, 18q21.33, commonly undergoes loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in colon cancers, while 16q22.3, which includes the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the second step, the liquid mixtures of cells, matrix, and nutrients known as bioinks are placed in a printer cartridge and deposited using the patients' medical scans. When a bioprinted pre-tissue is transferred to an incubator, this cell-based pre-tissue matures into a tissue.
3D bioprinting for fabricating biolo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pinch analysis is a methodology for minimising energy consumption of chemical processes by calculating thermodynamically feasible energy targets (or minimum energy consumption) and achieving them by optimising heat recovery systems, energy supply methods and process operating conditions. It is also known as process int... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first mesoionic carbenes based on pyrazole have been reported by Huynh in 2007. These carbenes are referred to as pyrazolin-3(or 4)-ylidenes. Pyrazolin-4-ylidenes are often tetrasubstituted with alkyl or aryl groups; however, the C3 and C5 positions could be substituted with nitrogen- or oxygen-based groups. The... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Manchester has a long and distinguished history of Chemistry. John Dalton founded modern Chemistry in 1803 with his atomic theory. William Henry (1774 – 1836) was a Manchester chemist who developed what is known today as Henrys Law. James Joule pioneered the science of thermodynamics in the 1840s while working in Manch... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Reaction of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen sulfide (HS) and methanethiol CHSH in the presence of nickel sulfide and iron sulfide generates the methyl thioester of acetic acid [CH-CO-SCH] and presumably thioacetic acid (CH-CO-SH) as the simplest activated acetic acid analogues of acetyl-CoA. These activated acetic acid ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As different proteins have different compositions of amino acids, different protein molecules precipitate at different concentrations of salt solution.
Unwanted proteins can be removed from a protein solution mixture by salting out as long as the solubility of the protein in various concentrations of salt solution is k... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The term "RuBisCO" was coined humorously in 1979, by David Eisenberg at a seminar honouring the retirement of the early, prominent RuBisCO researcher, Sam Wildman, and also alluded to the snack food trade name "Nabisco" in reference to Wildman's attempts to create an edible protein supplement from tobacco leaves.
The c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The presence of nitrogen activates the csiR gene located downstream of the gabP gene. The csiR gene encodes a protein that acts as a transcriptional repressor for csiD-ygaF-gab operon hence shutting off the GABA degradation pathway. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
* University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
* MARINTEK : Marine Technology Centre, Trondheim, Norway
* MARIN : Maritime Research Institute Netherlands.
* MIT
* University of Michigan.
* Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
To create the first NanoPutian, dubbed the NanoKid, 1,4-dibromobenzene was iodinated in sulfuric acid. To this product, “arms”, or 3,3-Dimethylbutyne, were then added through Sonogashira coupling. Formylation of this structure was then achieved through using the organolithium reagent n-butyllithium followed by quenchin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Aptamers, single-stranded RNA and DNA sequences, bind to an analyte and change their conformation. They function as nucleic acids selectively binding molecules such as proteins, bacteria cells, metal ions, etc. Aptamers can be developed to have precise specificity to bind to a desired target. Aptamers change conformati... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Since 1991, the city of Zürich has had a law stating all flat roofs (unless used as terraces) must be greened roofed surfaces. The main advantages as a result of this policy include increased biodiversity, rainwater storage and outflow delay, and micro-climatic compensation (temperature extremes, radiation balance, eva... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chemoattractants and chemorepellents are inorganic or organic substances possessing chemotaxis-inducer effect in motile cells. These chemotactic ligands create chemical concentration gradients that organisms, prokaryotic and eukaryotic, move toward or away from, respectively.
Effects of chemoattractants are elicited vi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 2013 a cell with 2 nanometers of nickel on a silicon electrode, paired with a stainless steel electrode, immersed in an aqueous electrolyte of potassium borate and lithium borate operated for 80 hours without noticeable corrosion, versus 8 hours for titanium dioxide. In the process, about 150 ml of hydrogen gas was ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The product of the blast furnace is pig iron, which contains 4–5% carbon and usually some silicon. To produce a forgeable product a further process was needed, usually described as fining, rather than refining. From the 16th century, this was undertaken in a finery forge. At the end of the 18th century, this began t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Since thienamycin decomposes in the presence of water, it is impractical for the clinical treatment of bacterial infections, so stable derivatives were created for medicinal consumption. One such derivative, imipenem, was formulated in 1985. Imipenem, an N-formimidoyl derivative of thienamycin, is rapidly metabolized... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In some situations where segregation is important, the segregant atoms do not have sufficient time to reach their equilibrium level as defined by the above adsorption theories. The kinetics of segregation become a limiting factor and must be analyzed as well. Most existing models of segregation kinetics follow the McLe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
On-line Questions are uploaded again after the Winter School. The leftovers of the Winter School and other people who didn't join the Winter School have to take this test to join the Summer School 2. Second grade students in the high school take this test. In this test, almost half of these questions will be related to... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As in any technology that has long been conducted on the multi-million ton per year scale, flotation technologies have the potential to threaten the environment beyond the disruption caused by mining. Froth flotation employs a host of organic chemicals and relies upon elaborate machinery. Some of the chemicals (cyanide... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Astressin-B is a nonselective corticotropin releasing hormone antagonist that reduces the synthesis of adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol.
It reduces the synthesis of adrenocorticotropic hormone and improves the sexual drive of rats under stressing conditions.
Astressin-B is able to delay the emptying of solid fo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Its water-solubility, together with its status as the only known photoactive protein containing a carotenoid, makes the OCP a valuable model for studying solution-state energetic and photophysical properties of carotenoids, which are a diverse class of molecules found across all domains of life. Moreover, carotenoids ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Various classification schemes can be applied. A commonly used scheme is based on the number of carbons and was devised by Jeffrey Harborne and Simmonds in 1964 and published in 1980:
C-C-C Diarylheptanoids are not included in this Harborne classification.
They can also be classified on the basis of their number of ph... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The concept of theoretical plates and trays or equilibrium stages is used in the design of many different types of separation. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Hilsenhoff Biotic Index (HBI) is a quantitative method of evaluating the abundance of arthropod fauna in stream ecosystems as a measurement of estimating water quality based on the predetermined pollution tolerances of the observed taxa. This biotic index was created by William Hilsenhoff in 1977 to measure the eff... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sulfuranes are relatively specialized functional group that feature tetravalent sulfur, with the formula SR Likewise, persulfuranes feature hexavalent SR.
One of the few all-carbon persulfuranes has two methyl and two biphenylene ligands:
It is prepared from the corresponding sulfurane 1 with xenon difluoride / boron t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hydrotropes have a low bioaccumulation potential, as the octanol-water partition coefficient is <1.0. Studies have found hydrotopes to be very slightly volatile, with vapor pressures <2.0x10-5 Pa. They are aerobically biodegradable. Removal via the secondary wastewater treatment process of activated sludge is >94%. ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Plant disease resistance protects plants from pathogens in two ways: by pre-formed structures and chemicals, and by infection-induced responses of the immune system. Relative to a susceptible plant, disease resistance is the reduction of pathogen growth on or in the plant (and hence a reduction of disease), while the t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In water solutions, the carbamate anion slowly equilibrates with the ammonium cation and the carbonate or bicarbonate anions:
Calcium carbamate is soluble in water, whereas calcium carbonate is not. Adding a calcium salt to an ammonium carbamate/carbonate solution will precipitate some calcium carbonate immediately... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When running simulations on a biological model, any simulation software evaluates a set of rules, starting from a specified set of initial conditions, and usually iterating through a series of time steps until a specified end time. One way to classify simulation algorithms is by looking at the level of analysis at whic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the US, where the Midrex process was first developed, direct reduction was seen in the 1960s as a way of breathing new life into electric steelmaking. The techno-economic model of the mini-mill, based on flexibility and reduced plant size, was threatened by a shortage of scrap metal, and a consequent rise in its pri... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When a liquid drop is put onto a flat surface, two situations may result. If the contact angle is zero, the situation is referred to as complete wetting. If the contact angle is between 0 and 180°, the situation is called partial wetting. A wetting transition is a surface phase transition from partial wetting to comple... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
haemagglutination activity domain - haemolysin expression modulating protein family - hairpin - haploid - haploinsufficiency - HdeA family - helix-loop-helix - helminth protein - hematopoietic stem cell - hemophilia - heteroduplex DNA - heterozygous - highly conserved sequence - Hirschsprungs disease - histone - HLA-Y ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Alchemy has had a long-standing relationship with art, seen both in alchemical texts and in mainstream entertainment. Literary alchemy appears throughout the history of English literature from Shakespeare to J. K. Rowling, and also the popular Japanese manga Fullmetal Alchemist. Here, characters or plot structure follo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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