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For most chain-growth polymerizations, the propagation steps are much faster than the initiation steps, so that each growing chain is formed in a short time compared to the overall polymerization reaction. During the formation of a single chain, the reactant concentrations and therefore the propagation rate remain effe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*DNA sequencing
*Polymerase chain reaction
*Northern blotting
*Southern blotting
*Fusion proteins
*DNA microarray
*Bioinformatics
*Flow cytometry | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Spectroradiometers are used in many applications, and can be made to meet a wide variety of specifications. Example applications include:
*Solar UV and UVB radiation
*LED measurement
*Display measurement and calibration
*CFL testing
*Remote detection of oil slicks
*Plant research and development
*Earth and planetary ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Multi-layered systems containing the following functional layers: root barrier, protection layer, drainage layer, filter layer, growing medium and plant level. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tank and vat leaching involves placing ore, usually after size reduction and classification, into large tanks or vats at ambient operating conditions containing a leaching solution and allowing the valuable material to leach from the ore into solution.
In tank leaching the ground, classified solids are already mixed wi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The site of former factory Nya Krokslätt is situated between a mountain and a stream. Danish engineers, Ramboll, have designed a concept of slowing down and guiding storm water in the area with methods such as vegetation combined with ponds, streams and soak-away pits as well as glazed green-blue climate zones surround... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The duration and intensity of pharmacological action of most lipophilic drugs are determined by the rate they are metabolized to inactive products. The Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase system is a crucial pathway in this regard. In general, anything that increases the rate of metabolism (e.g., enzyme induction) of a pharm... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first coordination sphere refers to the molecules that are attached directly to the metal. The interactions between the first and second coordination spheres usually involve hydrogen-bonding. For charged complexes, ion pairing is important.
In hexamminecobalt(III) chloride ([Co(NH)]Cl), the cobalt cation plus th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Egg white ovalbumin: The unfolding of ovalbumin, a 45 kDa protein, as a function of guanidine hydrochloride (0-6M) occurred reversibly in one step. The protein fractions in native (N) and the denatured states (D) were characterized by UV spectrometry and viscosity measurements at defined temperatures in buffer pH 7.0.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Agricola addresses the book to prominent German aristocrats, the most important of whom were Maurice, Elector of Saxony and his brother Augustus, who were his main patrons. He then describes the works of ancient and contemporary writers on mining and metallurgy, the chief ancient source being Pliny the Elder. Agricola ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Orthopoxviruses and some other nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses synthesize RNA using a virally encoded multi-subunit RNAP. They are most similar to eukaryotic RNAPs, with some subunits minified or removed. Exactly which RNAP they are most similar to is a topic of debate. Most other viruses that synthesize RNA use un... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Amine oxides with an average chain length of 12.6 have been measured to be water-soluble at ~410 g/L. They are considered to have low bioaccumulation potential in aquatic species based on log K data from chain lengths less than C14 (bioconcentration factor < 87%). Levels of AO in untreated influent were found to be 2.3... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In most of the cases, agrochemicals refer to pesticides.
*Pesticides
**Insecticides
**Herbicides
**Fungicides
**Algaecides
**Rodenticides
**Molluscicides
**Nematicides
*Fertilisers
*Soil conditioners
*Liming and acidifying agents
*Plant growth regulators | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Where there is no β-hydrogen to be eliminated, cyclic compounds may be formed, as in the preparation of methylenecyclopropane below.
Cyclopropenes, aziridines
and cyclobutanes may be formed in a similar manner. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Laves graph is a cubic graph, meaning that there are exactly three edges at each vertex. Every pair of a vertex and adjacent edge can be transformed into every other such pair by a symmetry of the graph, so it is a symmetric graph. More strongly, for every two vertices and , every one-to-one correspondence between... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Deuterium has been shown to lengthen the period of oscillation of the circadian clock when dosed in rats, hamsters, and Gonyaulax dinoflagellates. In rats, chronic intake of 25% DO disrupts circadian rhythmicity by lengthening the circadian period of suprachiasmatic nucleus-dependent rhythms in the brain's hypothalamus... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The society holds a biennial International Congress. These congresses are an open platform for research presentations and also discussions about history of pharmacy in an truly international context. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Melting is effected at approximately 2200 °C (4000 °F) using either an electrically heated furnace (electrically fused) or a gas/oxygen-fuelled furnace (flame-fused). Fused silica can be made from almost any silicon-rich chemical precursor, usually using a continuous process which involves flame oxidation of volatile... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The theory is based on the assumption that the reaction can be described by a reaction coordinate, and that we can apply Boltzmann distribution at least in the reactant state.
A new, especially reactive segment of the reactant, called the saddle domain, is introduced, and the rate constant is factored:
where α is the c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although the risks of low-level radiation exposures are not well understood, a cautious approach has been universally adopted that all human radiation exposures should be kept As Low As Reasonably Practicable, "ALARP". (Originally, this was known as "As Low As Reasonably Achievable" (ALARA), but this has changed in mod... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The most common magnetic sensing devices are solid-state Hall effect sensors. These sensors produce a voltage proportional to the applied magnetic field and also sense polarity. They are used in applications where the magnetic field strength is relatively large, such as in anti-lock braking systems in cars, which sense... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The coenzyme NAD was first discovered by the British biochemists Arthur Harden and William John Young in 1906. They noticed that adding boiled and filtered yeast extract greatly accelerated alcoholic fermentation in unboiled yeast extracts. They called the unidentified factor responsible for this effect a coferment. Th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the interest of national and global public health, C-Path develops large databases of aggregated clinical trial data that can be used to study disease progression. These data are also used to develop and qualify biomarkers and clinical outcome assessment instruments that are shared with the greater community for use... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hyperconjugation is also found in acyclic molecules containing heteroatoms, another form of the anomeric effect. If a molecule has an atom with a lone pair of electrons and the adjacent atom is able to accept electrons into the σ* orbital, hyperconjugation occurs, stabilizing the molecule. This forms a "no bond" resona... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Memory foam was developed in 1966 under a contract by NASA's Ames Research Center to improve the safety of aircraft cushions. The temperature-sensitive memory foam was initially referred to as "slow spring back foam"; most called it "temper foam". Created by feeding gas into a polymer matrix, it had an open-cell solid ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For more than 35 years, AWWA has set aside a week in the spring to recognize the importance of safe drinking water throughout North America. In 1988, AWWA brought the event to the attention of the US government and formed a coalition along with the League of Women Voters, the Association of State Drinking Water Admini... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Herman's academic awards include the Ian Marcus Marci Medal (Czech Spectroscopic Society, 1989), the Alexander von Humboldt Research Prize (awarded in Germany in 1992, the first time the prize was awarded to a Czech natural scientist), the Česká hlava ("Czech Head") National Prize for lifetime achievements (2003), an H... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The sample of a material (analyte) is brought into the flame as a gas, sprayed solution, or directly inserted into the flame by use of a small loop of wire, usually platinum. The heat from the flame evaporates the solvent and breaks intramolecular bonds to create free atoms. The thermal energy also excites the atoms in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
NASAs Dragonfly' lander/aircraft concept is proposed to launch in 2025 and would seek evidence of biosignatures on the organic-rich surface and atmosphere of Titan, as well as study its possible prebiotic primordial soup. Titan is the largest moon of Saturn and is widely believed to have a large subsurface ocean consis... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The current American regulation for organ matching is centered on the national registry of organ donors after the National Organ Transplant Act was passed in 1984. This act was set in place to ensure equal and honest distribution, although it has been proven insufficient due to the large demand for organ transplants. O... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Compared to normal analyses methods, microanalysis:
* Can resolve fine-scale variations in chemical elements.
* Can be used to identify the presence and distribution of different phases in materials.
* Requires less sample material and therefore can provide information on microscopic objects. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1970, Eckelman and Richards presented the first "kit" containing all the ingredients required to release the Tc, "milked" from the generator, in the chemical form to be administered to the patient.
Technetium-99m is used in 20 million diagnostic nuclear medical procedures every year. Approximately 85% of diagnostic ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Phosphine is an attractive fumigant because it is lethal to insects and rodents, but degrades to phosphoric acid, which is non-toxic. As sources of phosphine, for farm use, pellets of aluminium phosphide (AlP), calcium phosphide (), or zinc phosphide () are used. These phosphides release phosphine upon contact with a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although bitumen typically makes up only 4 to 5 percent (by weight) of the pavement mixture, as the pavement's binder, it is also the most expensive part of the cost of the road-paving material.
During bitumen's early use in modern paving, oil refiners gave it away. However, bitumen is a highly traded commodity today. ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hydrogen gas porosity is an aluminium casting defect in the form of a porosity or void in an aluminium casting caused by a high level of hydrogen gas (H) dissolved in the aluminium at liquid phase. The solubility of hydrogen in solid aluminium is much smaller than in liquid aluminium. As the aluminium freezes, some of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sala was the son of the spinner Bernardino Sala. He probably first learned the profession of pharmacy in Venice. A Calvinist, he left Italy and his career as a doctor without academic studies led him to Dresden (1602), Sondrio (1604), Nuremberg (1606), Frauenfeld (1607) and settled in Geneva (1609). From 1607 to 1609 h... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Acute beryllium poisoning is acute chemical pneumonitis resulting from the toxic effect of beryllium in its elemental form or in various chemical compounds, and is distinct from berylliosis (also called chronic beryllium disease). After occupational safety procedures were put into place following the realization that t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A blastoid is an embryoid, a stem cell-based embryo model which, morphologically and transcriptionally resembles the early, pre-implantation, mammalian conceptus, called the blastocyst. The first blastoids were created by the Nicolas Rivron laboratory by combining mouse embryonic stem cells and mouse trophoblast stem c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Low-volume/high-velocity (LVHV) capture systems are specialised types of LEV that use an extractor hood designed as an integral part of the tool or positioned very close to the operating point of the cutting tool. The hood is designed to provide high capture velocities, often greater than 50 m/s (10,000 fpm) at the con... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The LINE-1/L1-element is one of the elements that are still active in the human genome today. It is found in all therian mammals except megabats. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The M and H subunits are encoded by two different genes:
* The M subunit is encoded by LDHA, located on chromosome 11p15.4 ().
* The H subunit is encoded by LDHB, located on chromosome 12p12.2-p12.1 ().
* A third isoform, LDHC or LDHX, is expressed only in the testis (); its gene is likely a duplicate of LDHA and is al... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some communities have begun stream restoration projects in an attempt to correct the problems caused by alteration, using techniques such as daylighting and fixing stream bank erosion caused by heavy stormwater runoff. Streamflow augmentation to restore habitat and aesthetics is also an option, and recycled water can b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The diagnosis of sepiapterin reductase deficiency in a patient at the age of 14 years was delayed by an earlier diagnosis of an initially unclassified form of methylmalonic aciduria at the age of 2. At that time the hypotonia and delayed development were not considered to be suggestive of a neurotransmitter defect. The... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
AFM-IR (atomic force microscope-infrared spectroscopy) or infrared nanospectroscopy is one of a family of techniques that are derived from a combination of two parent instrumental techniques. AFM-IR combines the chemical analysis power of infrared spectroscopy and the high-spatial resolution of scanning probe microscop... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dimitar Ivanov Popov () (October 13, 1894 – October 25, 1975) was a Bulgarian organic chemist and an academician of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.
Prof. D. Ivanov is known by his fathers name Ivanov rather than his familys name Popov.
He is the namesake of the Ivanov reaction in chemistry. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to fluid dynamics:
Below is a structured list of topics in fluid dynamics. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In Brazil, the prices are regulated through legislation under the name of Medicamento Genérico (generic drugs) since 1999. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For nucleoside (nucleobase + ribose sugar) synthesis, Orgel suggested an almost opposite approach, heating a mixture of ribose and the purine nucleobases hypoxanthine, adenine, and guanine to dryness in the presence of magnesium ions. This reaction puts the glycosidic bond in the correct position in two ways: the nucle... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many metabolites are chemically reactive and unstable, and thus prone to chemical damage. In general, any reaction that occurs in vitro under physiological conditions can also occur in vivo. Some metabolites are so reactive that their half-life in a cell is measured in minutes. For example, the glycolytic intermediate ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Molecular intermixing tends to broaden the glass transition regions of some IPN materials compared to their component polymers. This unique characteristic provides excellent mechanical damping properties over a wide range of temperatures and frequencies due to a relatively constant and high phase angle. In IPNs compose... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Stripping is mainly conducted in trayed towers (plate columns) and packed columns, and less often in spray towers, bubble columns, and centrifugal contactors.
Trayed towers consist of a vertical column with liquid flowing in the top and out the bottom. The vapor phase enters in the bottom of the column and exits out of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The movement of grain boundaries (HAGB) has implications for recrystallization and grain growth while subgrain boundary (LAGB) movement strongly influences recovery and the nucleation of recrystallization.
A boundary moves due to a pressure acting on it. It is generally assumed that the velocity is directly proportiona... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first protected peptide was synthesised by Theodor Curtius in 1882 and the first free peptide was synthesised by Emil Fischer in 1901. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The complete mathematical model describing electromigration consists of several partial differential equations (PDEs) which need to be solved for three-dimensional geometrical domains representing segments of an interconnect structure. Such a mathematical model forms the basis for simulation of electromigration in mod... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A prismatic surface is a surface generated by all the lines that are parallel to a given line and intersect a broken line that is not in the same plane as the given line. The broken line is the directrix of the surface; the parallel lines are its generators (or elements). If the broken line is closed (i.e., a closed po... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In February 1967, he started working with Dudley Herschbach at Harvard University on reactions between hydrogen atoms and diatomic alkali molecules and the construction of a universal crossed molecular beams apparatus. After the postdoctoral year with Herschbach he joined the University of Chicago faculty in 1968. In ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Initial desensitization due to rapid phosphorylation of activated receptors by kinases, which increases affinity for arrestin. Arrestin prevents protein-receptor interaction and the receptor becomes dephosphorylated and inhibited from signaling. This is a sufficient and rapid form of termination of PAR signaling. Irrev... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The biosynthesis of the Fe–S clusters has been well studied.
The biogenesis of iron sulfur clusters has been studied most extensively in the bacteria E. coli and A. vinelandii and yeast S. cerevisiae. At least three different biosynthetic systems have been identified so far, namely nif, suf, and isc systems, which we... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fluorosurfactants such as PFOS, PFOA, and PFNA have caught the attention of regulatory agencies because of their persistence, toxicity, and widespread occurrence in the blood of general populations and wildlife. In 2009, PFOS, its salts, and perfluorooctanesulfonyl fluoride were listed as persistent organic pollutants ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Products of carotenoid degradation such as ionones, damascones and damascenones are also important fragrance chemicals that are used extensively in the perfumes and fragrance industry. Both β-damascenone and β-ionone although low in concentration in rose distillates are the key odor-contributing compounds in flowers. I... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
ASF/SF2 is involved in genomic stability; it is thought that RNA Polymerase recruits ASF/SF2 to nascent RNA transcripts to impede formation of mutagenic DNA:RNA hybrid R-loop structures between the transcript and the template DNA. In this way, ASF/SF2 is protecting cells from the potential deleterious effects of transc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many specialized methods also yield amides. A variety of reagents, e.g. tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) borate have been developed for specialized applications. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy or surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a surface-sensitive technique that enhances Raman scattering by molecules adsorbed on rough metal surfaces or by nanostructures such as plasmonic-magnetic silica nanotubes. The enhancement factor can be as much as 10 to 10, which means t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Maritime New Zealand used the oil dispersant Corexit 9500 to help in the cleanup process. The dispersant was applied for only a week, after results proved inconclusive. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Salt spalling is a specific type of weathering which occurs in porous building materials, such as brick, natural stone, tiles and concrete. Dissolved salt is carried through the material in water and crystallizes inside the material near the surface as the water evaporates. As the salt crystals expand this builds up sh... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In biochemistry, a Janin plot, like a Ramachandran plot, is a way to visualize dihedral angle distributions in protein structures. While a Ramachandran plot relates the two backbone dihedral angles, a Janin plot relates the first side chain dihedral angle χ-1 against χ-2. Because not all amino acids have these dihedral... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Despite having only four choices for each monomer unit (nucleotides), compared to 20 amino acid side chains found in proteins, ribozymes have diverse structures and mechanisms. In many cases they are able to mimic the mechanism used by their protein counterparts. For example, in self cleaving ribozyme RNAs, an in-line ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Located within the , the Institute of Analytical Sciences (UMR 5280) is a French research, training and expertise center specializing in analytical chemistry. It is a Joint Research Unit (French: Unité mixte de recherche or UMR) affiliated with the National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), Claude Bernard Univers... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
2,2-Dimethoxypropane (DMP) is an organic compound with the formula (CH)C(OCH). A colorless liquid, it is the product of the condensation of acetone and methanol. DMP is used as a water scavenger in water-sensitive reactions. Upon acid-catalyzed reaction, DMP reacts quantitatively with water to form acetone and methanol... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The New Zealand Institute of Chemistry (NZIC) was founded in 1931 and is the professional membership organisation for professionals working in the field of chemistry across the education and industry sectors in New Zealand. It is organised into six geographical branches (Auckland, Waikato, Manawatu, Wellington, Canter... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Also during Phase II, copper and arsenical bronze production was practiced at the site.
Norşuntepe provides first clear and unambiguous evidence of arsenical bronze production in this general area before the 4th millennium. It demonstrates that some form of arsenic alloying was being deliberately practised. Since the s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The so-called depth-averaged or shallow-water models are initially introduced for compositional gravity currents
and then later extended to turbidity currents. The typical assumptions used along with the shallow-water models are: hydrostatic pressure field, clear fluid is not entrained (or detrained), and particle co... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
DNA base flipping, or nucleotide flipping, is a mechanism in which a single nucleotide base, or nucleobase, is rotated outside the nucleic acid double helix. This occurs when a nucleic acid-processing enzyme needs access to the base to perform work on it, such as its excision for replacement with another base during D... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The hypothesis was postulated by the Nobel laureate Otto Heinrich Warburg in 1924. He hypothesized that cancer, malignant growth, and tumor growth are caused by the fact that tumor cells mainly generate energy (as e.g., adenosine triphosphate / ATP) by non-oxidative breakdown of glucose (a process called glycolysis). T... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A transition metal thiosulfate complex is a coordination complex containing one or more thiosulfate ligands. Thiosulfate occurs in nature and is used industrially, so its interactions with metal ions are of some practical interest. Three binding modes are common: monodentate (κ-), O,S-bidentate (κ-),and bridging (μ-). ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Saffman–Taylor instability is usually seen in an axisymmetric context as opposed to the simple planar case derived above. The mechanisms for the instability remain the same in this case, and the selection of the most unstable wavenumber in this case corresponds to a given number of fingers (an integer). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Antigenic specificity is the ability of the host cells to recognize an antigen specifically as a unique molecular entity and distinguish it from another with exquisite precision. Antigen specificity is due primarily to the side-chain conformations of the antigen. It is measurable and need not be linear or of a rate-lim... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The various global temperatures that may be theoretically conceived for any planet in general can be computed. Such temperatures include the planetary equilibrium temperature, equivalent blackbody temperature or effective radiation emission temperature of the planet. For a planet with an atmosphere, these temperatures ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
AGEs affect nearly every type of cell and molecule in the body and are thought to be one factor in aging and some age-related chronic diseases. They are also believed to play a causative role in the vascular complications of diabetes mellitus.
AGEs arise under certain pathologic conditions, such as oxidative stress due... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Solasonine is a glycoalkaloid that is found in Solanum plants of the family Solanaceae. Solasonine is a poisonous chemical compound when used at high levels. It is a glycoside of solasodine. Glycoalkaloids such as Solasonine have various applications including pharmacology, cancer treatments and even a role as a pesti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Governing Board of the Eastern Analytical Symposium presents awards each year for outstanding contributions and achievements in general analytical chemistry and in five specific areas of analysis. The award inscriptions read, "In Recognition of Outstanding Achievements in the Field of -----".
*Analytical Chemistry
... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Dean number is typically denoted by De (or Dn). For a flow in a pipe or tube it is defined as:
where
* is the density of the fluid
* is the dynamic viscosity
* is the axial velocity scale
* is the diameter (for non-circular geometry, an equivalent diameter is used; see Reynolds number)
* is the radius of curva... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The resulting solution for solving the final equations listed above for both the Eulerian and Lagrangian models for analyzing the statistics of species in turbulent flow, both result in very similar expressions for calculating the average concentration at a location from a continuous source. Both solutions develop a [... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
To date there have been nine human ADK protein isoforms identified. While some of these are ubiquitous throughout the body, some are localized into specific tissues. For example, ADK7 and ADK8 are both only found in the cytosol of cells; and ADK7 is found in skeletal muscle whereas ADK8 is not. Not only do the locat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Wilfley Table was built to solve a problem common in the recovery of heavy ore minerals; approximately 90% of gold grains, platinum group minerals, sulphides, arsenides/antimonides and tellurides, in source rocks are silt-sized (<). Concentration of these minerals requires preconcentration techniques that include r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Simply add the name of the attached halide to the end of the acyl group. For example, is ethanoyl chloride. An alternate suffix is "-carbonyl halide" as opposed to "-oyl halide". The prefix form is "halocarbonyl-". | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Depending on the expected level and volume of rainwater or runoff, French drains can be widened or also fitted on two or three underground drainpipes. Multiple pipes also provide for redundancy, in case one pipe becomes overfilled or clogged by a rupture or defect in the piping. A pipe might become overfilled if it is ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Porous absorbers, typically open cell rubber foams or melamine sponges, absorb noise by friction within the cell structure. Porous open cell foams are highly effective noise absorbers across a broad range of medium-high frequencies. Performance can be less impressive at lower frequencies. The exact absorption profile o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Briefly, when sheared genomic DNA in solution is heated to near boiling temperature, the molecular forces holding complementary base pairs together are disrupted, and the two strands of each double-helix dissociate or ‘denature.’ If the denatured DNA is then slowly returned to a cooler temperature, sequences will begi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Magnetorheological dampers are utilized in semi-active human prosthetic legs. Much like those used in military and commercial helicopters, a damper in the prosthetic leg decreases the shock delivered to the patients leg when jumping, for example. This results in an increased mobility and agility for the patient. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Phosphonate groups in the chemical structure are important for the binding of the drug to the target enzyme. Studies have showed that removal or replacement of the phosphonate group with a carboxylic acid causes drastic loss in potency of the drug and the enzyme inhibitor no longer goes into an isomerized state. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Simple permutation-based estimation is used to determine how likely a given RP value or better is observed in a random experiment.
# generate p permutations of k rank lists of length n.
# calculate the rank products of the n genes in the p permutations.
# count how many times the rank products of the genes in the permu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Living organisms are composed of organic compounds. In life, they secrete or excrete organic material into their environment, shed body parts such as leaves and roots and after organisms die, their bodies are broken down by bacterial and fungal action. Larger molecules of organic matter can be formed from the polymeriz... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In thermodynamic terms, all organic tissues are composed of chemical energy, which, when not maintained by the constant biochemical maintenance of the living organism, begin to chemically break down due to the reaction with water into amino acids, known as hydrolysis. The breakdown of the proteins of a decomposing body... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first practical application of superconductivity was developed in 1954 with Dudley Allen Buck's invention of the cryotron. Two superconductors with greatly different values of the critical magnetic field are combined to produce a fast, simple switch for computer elements.
Soon after discovering superconductivity in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Amidines are organic compounds with the functional group RC(NR)NR, where the R groups can be the same or different. They are the imine derivatives of amides (RC(O)NR). The simplest amidine is formamidine, HC(=NH)NH.
Examples of amidines include:
* DBU
* diminazene
* benzamidine
* Pentamidine
* Paranyline | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Consider a nucleus with a non-zero quadrupole moment and charge density , which is surrounded by a potential . This potential may be produced by the electrons as stated above, whose probability distribution might be non-isotropic in general. The potential energy in this system equals to the integral over the charge di... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Expendable mold casting is a generic classification that includes sand, plastic, shell, plaster, and investment (lost-wax technique) moldings. This method of mold casting involves the use of temporary, non-reusable molds. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When two or more sites in an asymmetrical molecule may be involved in an equilibrium reaction there are more than one possible equilibrium constants. For example, the molecule -DOPA has two non-equivalent hydroxyl groups which may be deprotonated. Denoting -DOPA as LH, the following diagram shows all the species that m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
To produce nanolattice materials, polymer templates are manufactured by high-resolution 3D printing processes, such as multiphoton lithography, self-assembly, self-propagating photopolymer waveguides, and direct laser writing techniques. Those methods can synthesize the structure with a unit cell size down to the order... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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