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Percoll is a tool for efficient density separation in Cell biology that was first formulated by Pertoft and colleagues. It is used for the isolation of cells, organelles, and/or viruses by density centrifugation. Percoll consists of colloidal silica particles of 15–30 nm diameter (23% w/w in water) which have been coa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
About 8,100 plant species use carbon fixation, which represents about 3% of all terrestrial species of plants. All these 8,100 species are angiosperms. carbon fixation is more common in monocots compared with dicots, with 40% of monocots using the pathway, compared with only 4.5% of dicots. Despite this, only three ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Zinc deficiency appears to be the most common micronutrient deficiency in crop plants; it is particularly common in high-pH soils. Zinc-deficient soil is cultivated in the cropland of about half of Turkey and India, a third of China, and most of Western Australia. Substantial responses to zinc fertilization have been r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemistry, the mass concentration (or ) is defined as the mass of a constituent divided by the volume of the mixture .
For a pure chemical the mass concentration equals its density (mass divided by volume); thus the mass concentration of a component in a mixture can be called the density of a component in a mixtur... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Most experimentally determined values of the thermal contact resistance fall between
0.000005 and 0.0005 m K/W (the corresponding range of thermal contact
conductance is 200,000 to 2000 W/m K). To know whether the thermal contact resistance is significant or not, magnitudes of the thermal resistances of the layers are... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The overall movement of a bacterium is the result of alternating tumble and swim phases, called run-and-tumble motion. As a result, the trajectory of a bacterium swimming in a uniform environment will form a random walk with relatively straight swims interrupted by random tumbles that reorient the bacterium. Bacteria s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The main use of -ascorbic acid and its salts is as food additives, mostly to combat oxidation. It is approved for this purpose in the EU with E number E300, the US, Australia, and New Zealand. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics, Landau–Levich flow or the Landau–Levich problem describes the flow created by a moving plate which is pulled out of a liquid surface. Landau–Levich flow finds many applications in thin film coating. The solution to the problem was described by Lev Landau and Veniamin Levich in 1942. The problem assum... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1969, two separate labs simultaneously identified antigens in the sera of SLE and SS patients. Clark et al. referred to the antigen as Ro – named after the patient from which the antibodies were extracted, while Alspaugh & Tanand used the term SSA. It was later found that the labs described the same antigen, hence t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1799, the first volume of the West-Country Collections was issued. Half consisted of Davys essays On Heat, Light, and the Combinations of Light, On Phos-oxygen and its Combinations, and on the Theory of Respiration'. On 22 February 1799 Davy, wrote to Davies Giddy, "I am now as much convinced of the non-existence of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The normal halide of boron is boron trifluoride|. Boron forms many subhalides: several , including diboron tetrafluoride|; also BF. Aluminium forms a variety of subhalides. For gallium, adducts of are known. Phosphorus subhalides include diphosphorus tetraiodide|, , and (structurally related to ). For bismuth, the co... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In this microbiological procedure, theoretically, the antibacterial or anti-fungal activity of the volatile oils from a chosen plant may be tested against a selection of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria or a species of fungus. The growth of the bacteria or fungi are then monitored on a timely basis to measure t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the presence of a magnetic field, the likelihood of an avalanche discharge occurring under high vacuum conditions can be increased through a phenomenon known as Penning discharge. This occurs when electrons can become trapped within a potential minimum, thereby extending the mean free path of the electrons [Fränkle ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
4-(γ-Glutamylamino)butanoic acid is molecule that consists of -glutamate conjugated to γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). It is the substrate of the enzyme γ-glutamyl-γ-aminobutyrate hydrolase, which is involved in the biosynthesis of polyamines. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A stormwater detention vault is an underground structure designed to manage excess stormwater runoff on a developed site, often in an urban setting. This type of best management practice may be selected when there is insufficient space on the site to infiltrate the runoff or build a surface facility such as a detentio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A liquid-impregnated surface consists of two distinct layers. The first is a highly textured or porous substrate with features spaced sufficiently close to stably contain the second layer which is an impregnating liquid that fills in the spaces between the features. The liquid must have a surface energy well-matched to... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first modern definition of acids and bases in molecular terms was devised by Svante Arrhenius. A hydrogen theory of acids, it followed from his 1884 work with Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald in establishing the presence of ions in aqueous solution and led to Arrhenius receiving the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1903.
As de... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are more than thirty treatises attributed to al-Kindi in the field of medicine, in which he was chiefly influenced by the ideas of Galen. His most important work in this field is probably De Gradibus, in which he demonstrates the application of mathematics to medicine, particularly in the field of pharmacology. F... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
By the process of silylation, polar functional groups such as alcohols and amines readily undergo reaction with trimethylsilyl chloride, giving trimethylsilyl ethers and trimethylsilyl amines. These new groups "protect" the original functional group by removing the labile protons and decreasing the basicity of the hete... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pollutants released to the ground can work their way down into the groundwater, leading to groundwater pollution. The resulting body of polluted water within an aquifer is called a plume, with its migrating edges called plume fronts. Plumes are used to locate, map, and measure water pollution within the aquifers total ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The size and strength of the induced vortices around a conducting particle have direct relationship with the applied electric filed and also the size of the conducted surface. This phenomenon is experimentally and numerically proven by several studies. The vortices grow as the external electric field increases and gene... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The calcium salt of atorvastatin is marketed under the trade name Lipitor for the lowering of blood cholesterol. The first enantioselective medicinal chemistry route to atorvastatin relied on a diastereoselective aldol reaction with a chiral ester to set one of the two alcohol stereocenters. In the commercial route to ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Computational and experimental techniques have been imperative for the study of inverted ligand fields, especially when used in cooperatively. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sir John Warcup Cornforth Jr., (7 September 1917 – 8 December 2013) was an AustralianBritish chemist who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1975 for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalysed reactions, becoming the only Nobel laureate born in New South Wales.
Cornforth investigated enzymes that catalyse cha... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Loss-of-function mutations in females can lead to infertility. In 46, XY individuals severe inactivation can cause male pseudohermaphroditism, as fetal Leydig cells during may not respond and thus interfere with masculinization. Less severe inactivation can result in hypospadias or a micropenis. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A 2018 study found that Icaridin, is highly toxic to salamander larvae, in what the authors described as conservative exposure doses. The LC50 standard was additionally found to be completely inadequate in the context of finding this result.
Permethrin is highly toxic to cats but not to dogs or humans. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The design of polymeric properties requires great control over the structure of the polymer. For instance, low band gap polymers require regularly alternating electron donating and electron accepting monomers.
More recently, many popular cross-coupling chemistries have been applied to polyfluorenes and have enabled con... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The LD50 (median lethal dose) for THC (Delta 9 Tetrahydrocannabinol) is not precisely known, as there have been no recorded fatalities. Hash oil can contain up to 80% THC, though up to 99% is possible with other methods of extraction. While health issues of the lungs may be exacerbated by use of hash oil, it is not kno... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The forces between the atoms in a solid can take a variety of forms. For example, a crystal of sodium chloride (common salt) is made up of ionic sodium and chlorine, which are held together by ionic bonds. In diamond or silicon, the atoms share electrons and form covalent bonds. In metals, electrons are shared in metal... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Kilju () is the Finnish word for home made alcoholic beverage typically made of sugar, yeast, and water.
The ABV is around 15–17%, and since it does not contain a sweet reserve it is completely dry. Crude fermented water may be distilled to moonshine. Kilju for consumption is clarified to avoid wine fault, it is a flax... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the energy balance of groundwater flow a hydraulic equivalent of Joule's law is used:
where:
* = loss of hydraulic energy () due to friction of flow in -direction per unit of time (m/day), comparable to
* = flow velocity in -direction (m/day), comparable to
* = hydraulic conductivity of the soil (m/day), the hy... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The quantification of dynamic PET studies to measure Ki requires the measurement of the skeletal time-activity curves (TAC) from the region of interest (ROI) and the arterial input function (AIF), which can be measured in various different ways. However, the most common is to correct the image-based blood time-activity... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A more sophisticated system involving the use of mechanical equipment to circulate the air was developed in the mid-19th century. A basic system of bellows was put in place to ventilate Newgate Prison and outlying buildings, by the engineer Stephen Hales in the mid-1700s. The problem with these early devices was that t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The phrase "spectral lines", when not qualified, usually refers to lines having wavelengths in the visible band of the full electromagnetic spectrum. Many spectral lines occur at wavelengths outside this range. At shorter wavelengths, which correspond to higher energies, ultraviolet spectral lines include the Lyman ser... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It is common practice in laboratories to make a solution directly from its constituent ingredients. There are three cases in practical calculation:
* Case 1: amount of solvent volume is given.
* Case 2: amount of solute mass is given.
* Case 3: amount of final solution volume is given.
In the following equations, A is... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Suspension Peroxide Oxidation Combined Acidity and Sulfur (SPOCAS) method is a suite of tests used to determine the net acidity via the measurement of: Titratable Peroxide Acidity (TPA) (as a measure of PSA); Titratable Actual Acidity (TAA); Excess Acid Neutralising Capacity (ANC); and Residual Acid Soluble Sulfur (S) ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As described in the article Nociception, nociception is the sensory nervous system's response to harmful stimuli, such as a toxic chemical applied to a tissue. In nociception, chemical stimulation of sensory nerve cells called nociceptors produces a signal that travels along a chain of nerve fibers via the spinal cord ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A major source of differentiation is fractionation, an unequal distribution of elements and isotopes. This can be the result of chemical reactions, phase changes, kinetic effects, or radioactivity.
On the largest scale, planetary differentiation is a physical and chemical separation of a planet into chemically distinct... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Al-Tughrai was an 11th–12th century Persian physician. whose work the Masabih al-hikma wa-mafatih al-rahma (The Lanterns of Wisdom and the Keys of Mercy) is one of the earliest works of material sciences. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Of the hundreds of facet arrangements that have been used, the most famous is probably the round brilliant cut, used for diamond and many colored gemstones. This first early version of what would become the modern Brilliant Cut is said to have been devised by an Italian named Peruzzi, sometime in the late 17th century.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Multi-state modeling of biomolecules refers to a series of techniques used to represent and compute the behaviour of biological molecules or complexes that can adopt a large number of possible functional states.
Biological signaling systems often rely on complexes of biological macromolecules that can undergo several f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ge was born in China. She attended Peking University for her undergraduate studies, where she studied chemistry. After graduating in 1997 Ge moved to the United States, where she joined Cornell University as a doctoral student. Here she started to work on mass spectrometry, using electron-capture dissociation to study ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Alkaline sulfur liquid battery (SLIQ) is a liquid battery which consists of only one rechargeable liquid and a technology which can be used for grid storage. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In water solution, orthophosphoric acid and its three derived anions coexist according to the dissociation and recombination equilibria below
Values are at 25°C and 0 ionic strength.
The pK values are the pH values where the concentration of each species is equal to that of its conjugate bases. At pH 1 or lower, the p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mollapour holds a BSc (Hons) in Microbiology and Biochemistry from the University of East London, MSc in Applied Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases and Diploma in Tropical Medicine & Infectious Diseases from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. In 2001 he received his PhD in [https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Vacuum metallurgy is the field of materials technology that deals with making, shaping, or treating metals in a controlled atmosphere, at pressures significantly less than normal atmospheric pressure. The purpose of vacuum metallurgy is to prevent contamination of metal by gases in the atmosphere. Alternatively, in som... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The basic principle consists of a continuous phase fluid (focusing or sheath fluid) flanking or surrounding the dispersed phase (focused or core fluid), so as to give rise to droplet or bubble break-off in the vicinity of an orifice through which both fluids are extruded. The principle may be extended to two or more co... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Neutron stars form as remnants of massive stars after a supernova event. Unlike their progenitor star, neutron stars do not consist of a gaseous plasma. Rather, the intense gravitational attraction of the compact mass overcomes the electron degeneracy pressure and causes electron capture to occur within the star. The r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sustainable materials are key elements of green buildings. Some benefits of sustainable materials include durability, long life, recyclability, and energy and thermal efficiency. Copper ranks highly in all of these categories.
Copper is one of natures most efficient thermal and electrical conductors, which helps to con... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Alexander Nikolayevich's work on the chemistry of organoelement compounds brought him fame and recognition not only in the Soviet Union, but also in the world. He was elected an honorary member of several dozen foreign national academies and scientific societies. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Standpipes are not fail-safe systems and there have been many instances where fire operations have been compromised by standpipe systems which were damaged or otherwise not working properly. Firefighters must take precautions to flush the standpipe before use to clear out debris and ensure that water is available. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Annulenes are monocyclic hydrocarbons that contain the maximum number of non-cumulated or conjugated double bonds (mancude). They have the general formula CH (when n is an even number) or CH (when n is an odd number). The IUPAC accepts the use of annulene nomenclature in naming carbocyclic ring systems with 7 or more c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, 1-propenyl (or simply propenyl) has the formula CH=CHCH and 2-propenyl (isopropenyl) has the formula CH=C-CH. These groups are found in many compounds. Propenyl compounds are isomeric with allyl compounds, which have the formula CH-CH=CH. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Phosphinous acids are usually organophosphorus compounds with the formula RPOH. They are pyramidal in structure. Phosphorus is in the oxidation state III. Most phosphinous acids rapidly convert to the corresponding phosphine oxide, which are tetrahedral and are assigned oxidation state V. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Iminium cations are obtained by protonation and alkylation of imines:
They also are generated by the condensation of secondary amines with ketones or aldehydes:
This rapid, reversible reaction is one step in "iminium catalysis".
More exotic routes to iminium cations are known, e.g. from ring-opening reactions of pyridi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Currently, the stability of most ionic liquids under practical electrochemical conditions is unknown, and the fundamental choice of ionic fluid is still empirical as there is almost no data on metal ion thermodynamics to feed into solubility and speciation models. Also, there are no Pourbaix diagrams available, no stan... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For example, consider the following two rounds of shotgun reads:
In this extremely simplified example, none of the reads cover the full length of the original sequence, but the four reads can be assembled into the original sequence using the overlap of their ends to align and order them. In reality, this process uses e... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ligands are molecules responsible for binding to receptors in the cellular targeting process. Surface-coupled ligands offer a greater degree of freedom to move on the liposome membrane for optimal interactions. Ligands are typically monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) or antibody fragments, but can also include other molecul... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Oxygen and carbon dioxide are removed from the feed water by deaeration. Deaeration can be accomplished by using deaerator heaters, vacuum deaerators, mechanical pumps, and steam-jet ejectors. In deaerating heaters, steam sprays incoming feed water and carries away the dissolved gases. The deaerators also store hot fee... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The density of aptamer packing on the electrode surface is an important parameter to optimize signal. Depending on the size and nature of target molecule, different aptamer packing densities favor signal gain. Studies have shown that small target molecules enable a greater signal gain for low density aptamer packing, w... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Ostwald–Freundlich equation governs boundaries between two phases; specifically, it relates the surface tension of the boundary to its curvature, the ambient temperature, and the vapor pressure or chemical potential in the two phases.
The Ostwald–Freundlich equation for a droplet or particle with radius is:
: = a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Probably the most well-known receptors of peptidoglycan are the NOD-like receptors (NLRs), mainly NOD1 and NOD2. The NOD1 receptor is activated after iE-DAP (γ-d-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid) binding, while NOD2 recognizes MDP (muramyl dipeptide), by their LRR domains. Activation leads to self-oligomerization, res... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Sepro Leach Reactor is a high concentration leach reactor developed to treat the gold concentrate produced by the Falcon Concentrator. The unit consists of a concentrate holding tank and a leach tank and impeller which are linked by a Sepro vertical bowl pump. The SLR uses either peroxide or oxygen gas to achieve e... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The liquid junction potential interferes with the exact measurement of the electromotive force of a chemical cell, so its effect should be minimized as much as possible for accurate measurement. The most common method of eliminating the liquid junction potential is to place a salt bridge consisting of a saturated solut... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In thermodynamics, the quantity of work done by a closed system on its surroundings is defined by factors strictly confined to the interface of the surroundings with the system and to the surroundings of the system, for example, an extended gravitational field in which the system sits, that is to say, to things externa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
RopB regulation speB is a key determinant in the expression of the speB proteinase which is a primary virulence factor and the most abundant extracellular protein in Streptococcal secretions. SpeB cleaves host serum proteins that make up the human extracellular matrix and bacterial proteins including other secreted Str... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Phosphate is used in fertilisers. Immense quantities of phosphate rock or phosphorite occur in sedimentary shelf deposits, ranging in age from the Proterozoic to currently forming environments. Phosphate deposits are thought to be sourced from the skeletons of dead sea creatures which accumulated on the seafloor. Simil... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
According to Lucretius, the unpredictable swerve occurs "at no fixed place or time":
This swerving, according to Lucretius, provides the "free will which living things throughout the world have". Lucretius never gives the primary cause of the deflections. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) is an analytical chemistry technique that combines the physical separation capabilities of liquid chromatography (or HPLC) with the mass analysis capabilities of mass spectrometry (MS). Coupled chromatography – MS systems are popular in chemical analysis because the indiv... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Muslim world acquired the gunpowder formula some time after 1240, but before 1280, by which time Hasan al-Rammah had written, in Arabic, recipes for gunpowder, instructions for the purification of saltpeter, and descriptions of gunpowder incendiaries. Early Muslim sources suggest that knowledge of gunpowder was acq... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Group 2 organometallic chemistry refers to the chemistry of compounds containing carbon bonded to any group 2 element. By far the most common group 2 organometallic compounds are the magnesium-containing Grignard reagents which are widely used in organic chemistry. Other organometallic group 2 compounds are rare and ar... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Such is the case in building applications where artificial light can be replaced by sunlight through a light transmittance design. Based on research and simulation performed by Joseph Arehart at the University of Colorado Boulder, transparent wood as a glass glazing system replacement could reduce the space conditionin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Hiyama coupling can be applied to the formation of C-C (e.g. aryl–aryl) bonds as well as C-C (e.g. aryl–alkyl) bonds. Good synthetic yields are obtained with couplings of aryl halides, vinyl halides, and allylic halides and organo­iodides afford the best yields.
The scope of this reaction was expanded to inclu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The metabolism of HMB is catalyzed by an uncharacterized enzyme which converts it to (). HMB-CoA is metabolized by either enoyl-CoA hydratase or another uncharacterized enzyme, producing β-methylcrotonyl-CoA () or hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA () respectively. is then converted by the enzyme methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxyla... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The 11 September 2001 collapse of the World Trade Center buildings in New York City resulted in the release of chemicals from the destruction of construction and electrical material and long-term chemical fires. This collapse caused the release of several toxic chemicals, including fluorinated surfactants used as soil-... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For typical three-dimensional metals, the temperature-dependence of the electrical resistivity ρ(T) due to the scattering of electrons by acoustic phonons changes from a high-temperature regime in which ρ ∝ T to a low-temperature regime in which ρ ∝ T at a characteristic temperature known as the Debye temperature. For ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Electron-withdrawing groups are the opposite effect of electron-donating groups (EDGs). Both describe functional groups, however, electron-withdrawing groups pull electron density away from a molecule, whereas EDGs push electron density onto a substituent. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The emission of blue light is often attributed to Cherenkov radiation.
Cherenkov radiation is produced by charged particles which are traveling through a dielectric substance at a speed greater than the speed of light in that medium. Despite the production of similarity-colored light and an association with high-energy... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
On heating a haloalkane and concentrated ammonia in a sealed tube with ethanol, a series of amines are formed along with their salts. The tertiary amine is usually the major product.
This is known as Hoffmann's ammonolysis. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The reaction catalyzed is:
ATP + AMP ⇔ 2 ADP
The equilibrium constant varies with condition, but it is close to 1. Thus, ΔG for this reaction is close to zero. In muscle from a variety of species of vertebrates and invertebrates, the concentration of ATP is typically 7-10 times that of ADP, and usually greater than 100... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
If with , , as integers represents the reciprocal lattice for a crystal lattice (defined by ) in real space, we know that with an integer due to the known orthogonality between primitive vectors for the reciprocal lattice and those for the crystal lattice. (We use the physical, not crystallographers, definition fo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Riemschneider thiocarbamate synthesis for aromatic compounds does not work efficiently for ortho-substituted compounds such as ortho-carboxy, ortho-methoxy or ortho-nitro derivative compounds. The reaction is also not as efficient for compounds that are sensitive to concentrated acid, such as thiocyanophenols. The ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hiyama is best known for developing:
*The Nozaki-Hiyama-Kishi reaction (NHK reaction) is a nickel/chromium mediated cross-coupling reaction between an allyl, vinyl or aryl halide and an aldehyde to form an alcohol upon aqueous workup.
It was originally discovered in 1977, where Hiyama and Nozaki reported a chemospeci... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The coffee ring effect is utilized in convective deposition by researchers wanting to order particles on a substrate using capillary-driven assembly, replacing a stationary droplet with an advancing meniscus drawn across the substrate. This process differs from dip-coating in that evaporation drives flow along the sub... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Measuring the speed of second sound in He-He mixtures can be
used as a thermometer in the range 0.01-0.7 K.
Oscillating superleak transducers (OST) use second sound to locate defects in superconducting accelerator cavities. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The history of chromatography spans from the mid-19th century to the 21st. Chromatography, literally "color writing", was used—and named— in the first decade of the 20th century, primarily for the separation of plant pigments such as chlorophyll (which is green) and carotenoids (which are orange and yellow). New form... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Although turbulence leads to unpredictable results in the time domain, it can, to some extent, be characterized in the frequency domain. Turbulent fluctuations are dominated by low frequency components, with higher frequency components having less influence. For further information, see Kolmogorov's theory on turbulenc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Workers in various occupations may be at a greater level of risk for several types of toxicity, including neurotoxicity. The expression "Mad as a hatter" and the "Mad Hatter" of the book Alice in Wonderland derive from the known occupational toxicity of hatters who used a toxic chemical for controlling the shape of ha... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An example of a prototype for a synthetic chemically driven rotary molecular motor was reported by Kelly and co-workers in 1999. Their system is made up from a three-bladed triptycene rotor and a helicene, and is capable of performing a unidirectional 120° rotation.
This rotation takes place in five steps. The amine gr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Megaphone is a cytotoxic neolignan obtained from Aniba megaphylla, a flowering plant of Laurel family which gave the compound its name. Megaphone has also been prepared synthetically.
Studies carried out in the 1960s demonstrated that an alcoholic extract of the ground root of Aniba megaphylla inhibited, in vitro, grow... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*McGannon, Harold E. editor (1971). The Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel: Ninth Edition. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: United States Steel Corporation.
*Smil, Vaclav (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=tl23A0mCPLUC Transforming the twentieth century: technical innovations and their consequences, Volume 2]. Oxfo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
On 1 August 2009 it was announced that the decision by Corby Borough Council regarding whether or not to appeal the ruling would be taken on 18 August 2009, the day before the deadline for appeal decisions to be submitted to Mr Justice Akenhead. Unusually, the authority decided that openness and public opinion were req... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Currently, CO capture uses mostly amine-based absorption technologies, which are energy intensive and solvent intensive. Volatile organic compounds alone in chemical processes represent a multibillion-dollar industry. Therefore, ionic liquids offer an alternative that prove attractive should their other deficiencies be... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chlorophyll plays a crucial role in photosynthesis. It contains a magnesium enclosed in a chlorin ring. However, the magnesium ion is not directly involved in the photosynthetic function and can be replaced by other divalent ions with little loss of activity. Rather, the photon is absorbed by the chlorin ring, whose el... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Actinism () is the property of solar radiation that leads to the production of photochemical and photobiological effects. Actinism is derived from the Ancient Greek ἀκτίς, ἀκτῖνος ("ray, beam"). The word actinism is found, for example, in the terminology of imaging technology (esp. photography), medicine (concerning s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Only with the Incas would metals really come into practical use. At Machu Picchu and other sites, metal was used for bolas, plumb bobs, chisels, gravers, pry bars, tweezers, needles, plates, fish hooks, spatulas, ladles, knives (tumi), bells, breastplates, lime spoons, mace heads, ear spools, bowls, cloak pins (tupus),... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dialkylphosphinic acids have the formula RPOH, where R is an alkyl or aryl group. The phosphorus(V) center has tetrahedral molecular geometry. Under the brand names Aerophine and Cyanex, dialkylphosphinic acids are used in extraction and separation of metals as one of the techniques of hydrometallurgy Characteristicall... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It is possible to introduce an artificial electron acceptor into the light reaction, such as a dye that changes color when it is reduced. These are known as Hill reagents. These dyes permitted the finding of electron transport chains during photosynthesis. Dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP), an example of these dyes, is ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Discussion of cloning in the popular media often presents the subject negatively. In an article in the 8 November 1993 article of Time, cloning was portrayed in a negative way, modifying Michelangelos Creation of Adam to depict Adam with five identical hands. Newsweek' 10 March 1997 issue also critiqued the ethics of h... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Compendium of Macromolecular Nomenclature, by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), provides definition of polymer related terms and rules of nomenclature of polymers. It is referred to as the Purple Book. It was published in 1991 () by Blackwell Science. The author of this book is W.V. Met... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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