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In addition to simple oxidation of aromatic rings to form carbonyl compounds (see ), trifluoroperacetic acid can fully cleave the carbon–carbon bonds within the ring. Unlike other oxidations of alkylaromatic structures, which yield benzoic acids and related compounds by cleavage of the alkyl chain at the reactive benzy... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ethylene receptors are functionally similar to bacterial two-component system which has two activation sites named response regulator and histidine kinase. The cytoplasmic carboxy-terminal part of ethylene receptor is similar in amino acid sequence to these response regulator and histidine kinase in bacteria; although ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A conjugate vaccine is a type of vaccine which combines a weak antigen with a strong antigen as a carrier so that the immune system has a stronger response to the weak antigen. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Gaia hypothesis posits that the Earth is a self-regulating complex system involving the biosphere, the atmosphere, the hydrospheres and the pedosphere, tightly coupled as an evolving system. The hypothesis contends that this system as a whole, called Gaia, seeks a physical and chemical environment optimal for conte... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The thin sidewall Geiger-Mueller (GM) tube enclosed within the brass probe body detects beta radiation and gamma radiation with the detecting probe's beta shield open, or gamma only when the shield is closed. The brass body of the probe has an energy-compensation effect on the readings taken from the probe, reducing th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The root ar- is used in organic chemistry to form classification names for classes of organic compounds which contain a carbon skeleton and one or multiple aromatic rings. It was extracted from the word aromatic. See e.g. aryl. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Creaming, in the laboratory sense, is the migration of the dispersed phase of an emulsion under the influence of buoyancy. The particles float upwards or sink depending on how large they are and density compared to the continuous phase as well as how viscous or how thixotropic the continuous phase might be. For as long... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Isomerization is the process by which one molecule is transformed into another molecule that has exactly the same atoms, but the atoms are rearranged. In some molecules and under some conditions, isomerization occurs spontaneously. Many isomers are equal or roughly equal in bond energy, and so exist in roughly equal am... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dealkalization is a process of surface modification applicable to glasses containing alkali ions, wherein a thin surface layer is created that has a lower concentration of alkali ions than is present in the underlying, bulk glass. This change in surface composition commonly alters the observed properties of the surfac... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
DAVID (the database for annotation, visualization and integrated discovery) is a free online bioinformatics resource developed by the Laboratory of Human Retrovirology and Immunoinformatics ([https://david.ncifcrf.gov/content.jsp?file=about_us.html LHRI]). All tools in the DAVID Bioinformatics Resources aim to provide ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The silencing of genes created by abnormal DNA methylation is a major contributor to the formation of cancerous tumors. Variations in DNA methylation of normal cells compared to malignant cells shows a prominent mechanism in how cancerous cells proliferate. Those variations are particularly prevalent in cell cycle regu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For residential buildings, which mostly rely on infiltration for meeting their ventilation needs, a common ventilation rate measure is the air change rate (or air changes per hour): the hourly ventilation rate divided by the volume of the space (I or ACH; units of 1/h). During the winter, ACH may range from 0.50 to 0.4... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In general, the hydroxyl group makes alcohols polar. Those groups can form hydrogen bonds to one another and to most other compounds. Owing to the presence of the polar OH alcohols are more water-soluble than simple hydrocarbons. Methanol, ethanol, and propanol are miscible in water. Butanol, with a four-carbon chain, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For the C. finmarchicus species specifically, the start of reproduction is linked to the start of the spring bloom. Thus, changes in the timing of the spring bloom would directly influence the reproductive capabilities of C. finmarchicus and alter the food chain from the bottom-up. However, the food chain could also be... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Another fundamental property becomes visible if a superfluid is placed in a rotating container. Instead of rotating uniformly with the container, the rotating state consists of quantized vortices. That is, when the container is rotated at speeds below the first critical angular velocity, the liquid remains perfectly st... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
These baroclinic instabilities may be initiated by the process of sloping convection or slanted thermal convection. To understand this, consider a fluid in steady state and under the thermal-wind balance. Initially, a fluid parcel is at location A. The fluid parcel is slightly perturbed to location B, while still retai... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Silica (the chemical compound SiO) has a number of distinct crystalline forms in addition to the quartz structure. Nearly all of the crystalline forms involve tetrahedral SiO units linked together by shared vertices in different arrangements (stishovite, composed of linked SiO octahedra, is the main exception). Si-O bo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Plutonium in the δ phase (delta phase) normally exists in the 310 °C to 452 °C range but is stable at room temperature when alloyed with a small percentage of gallium, aluminium, or cerium, enhancing workability and allowing it to be welded in weapons applications. The δ phase has more typical metallic character, and ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
On the basis of his reasoning R.A. Marcus developed a classical theory with the aim of calculating the polarization energy of the said non-equilibrium state. From thermodynamics it is well known that the energy of such a state can be determined if a reversible path to that state is found. Marcus was successful in findi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Z2 spin liquid obtained using slave-particle approach may be the first theoretical example of string-net liquid. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In earthmoving, cut and fill is the process of constructing a railway, road or canal whereby the amount of material from cuts roughly matches the amount of fill needed to make nearby embankments to minimize the amount of construction labor. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mineral sands are the predominant type of titanium, zirconium, and thorium deposit. They are formed by accumulation of such heavy minerals within beach systems, and are a type of placer deposits. The minerals which contain titanium are ilmenite, rutile, and leucoxene, zirconium is contained within zircon, and thorium i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chemical cycling describes systems of repeated circulation of chemicals between other compounds, states and materials, and back to their original state, that occurs in space, and on many objects in space including the Earth. Active chemical cycling is known to occur in stars, many planets and natural satellites.
Chemic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the first step, sulfur is burned to produce sulfur dioxide.
The sulfur dioxide is oxidized to sulfur trioxide by oxygen in the presence of a vanadium(V) oxide catalyst. This reaction is reversible and the formation of the sulfur trioxide is exothermic.
The sulfur trioxide is absorbed into 97–98% to form oleum (), a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The simplest phenotypic screens employ cell lines and monitor a single parameter such as cellular death or the production of a particular protein. High-content screening where changes in the expression of several proteins can be simultaneously monitored is also often used. High-content imaging of dye-labeled cellular ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Conjugated Schiff bases absorb strongly in the UV-visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. This absorption is the basis of the anisidine value, which is a measure of oxidative spoilage for fats and oils. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If Albert Einstein's photoelectric law is applied to a free molecule, the kinetic energy () of an emitted photoelectron is given by
where h is Plancks constant, ν is the frequency of the ionizing light, and I is an ionization energy for the formation of a singly charged ion in either the ground state or an excited stat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The adiabatic (no heat exchanged) expansion of a gas may be carried out in a number of ways. The change in temperature experienced by the gas during expansion depends not only on the initial and final pressure, but also on the manner in which the expansion is carried out.
*If the expansion process is reversible, meanin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane can be a non-flammable, colourless liquid under room-temperature atmospheric conditions. The compound is very volatile with a boiling point of 32°C. Its critical temperature is near 204°C. Its smell has been described as "usually ethereal" (like ether). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In a study of imidazole-4-acetaldehyde presence in the reaction mixture during the coupling reaction of fungal amine oxidase and bacterial aldehyde oxidase for histamine elimination, imidazole 4-acetaldehyde was not detected, which suggests that imidazole 4-acetaldehyde was not produced as a result of the coupling reac... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Weibull distribution, now named for Waloddi Weibull was first identified by and first applied by to describe particle size distributions. It is still widely used in mineral processing to describe particle size distributions in comminution processes.
where
:: Particle size
:: 80th percentile of the particle size d... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Compounds containing both a primary or secondary amine and carbonyl functional group are often labile. This guideline applies to amino aldehydes, amino-ketones, and amino-esters; indeed a molecule cannot carry simultaneously (unprotected) aldehyde and amine groups. Aminoacetone, the simplest amino ketone, cannot be is... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Wellman–Lord process is a regenerable process to remove sulfur dioxide from flue gas (flue-gas desulfurization) without creating a throwaway sludge product.
In this process, sulfur dioxide from flue gas is absorbed in a sodium sulfite solution in water forming sodium bisulfite; other components of flue gas are not ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In compressible fluid dynamics, impact pressure (dynamic pressure) is the difference between total pressure (also known as pitot pressure or stagnation pressure) and static pressure. In aerodynamics notation, this quantity is denoted as or .
When input to an airspeed indicator, impact pressure is used to provide a c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Laboratory scale flow reactors are ideal systems for using gases, particularly those that are toxic or associated with other hazards. The gas reactions that have been most successfully adapted to flow are hydrogenation and carbonylation, although work has also been performed using other gases, e.g. ethylene and ozone... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Every nitrate ion reduced to ammonia produces one OH ion. To maintain a pH balance, the plant must either excrete it into the surrounding medium or neutralize it with organic acids. This results in the medium around the plants roots becoming alkaline when they take up nitrate.
To maintain ionic balance, every NO taken ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When herbivores trigger an inducible chemical defense pathway, the resulting HIPVs may be emitted either from the site of feeding damage (local induction) or from undamaged tissues belonging to a damaged plant (systemic induction). For example, when an herbivore feeds on a single corn seedling leaf, the plant will emit... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The synthetically most useful reaction of the nitrile ylides is the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition to dipolarophiles: with electron-deficient alkenes, good yields of pyrrolines are obtained. Alkynes, carbonyl compounds, imines and azirines can also act as dipolarophile.
Nitrile ylides react with weak acids like methanol by ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The compound has been prepared in a multistep process starting with the base hydrolysis of phosphorus pentasulfide:
:PS + 6 NaOH → 2 NaPOS + HS + 2 HO
The salt is isolated as the hydrate NaPOS(HO). It is prone to hydrolysis, especially when it is heated as an aqueous solutions:
:NaPOS + 2 HO → NaPOS +... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ken A. Dill and Hue Sun Chan (1997) illustrated a folding pathway design based on Levinthals Paradox, named the "golf-course" landscape, where a random searching for the native states would prove impossible, due to the hypothetically "flat playing field" since the protein "ball" would take a really long time to find a ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Born in Paris on 15 May 1859, Pierre Curie was the son of Eugène Curie (1827–1910), a doctor of French Huguenot Protestant origin from Alsace, and Sophie-Claire Curie (née Depouilly; 1832–1897). He was educated by his father and in his early teens showed a strong aptitude for mathematics and geometry. When he was 16, h... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nitrogen is removed through the biological oxidation of nitrogen from ammonia to nitrate (nitrification), followed by denitrification, the reduction of nitrate to nitrogen gas. Nitrogen gas is released to the atmosphere and thus removed from the water.
Nitrification itself is a two-step aerobic process, each step facil... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Advances in massively parallel sequencing has led to the development of RNA-Seq technology, that enables a whole transcriptome shotgun approach to characterize and quantify gene expression. Unlike microarrays, which need a reference genome and transcriptome to be available before the microarray itself can be designed, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, thioacyl chloride is a functional group of the type RC(S)Cl, where R is an organic substituent. Thioacyl chlorides are analogous to acid chlorides, but much rarer and less robust. The best studied is thiobenzoyl chloride, a purple oil first prepared by chlorination of dithiobenzoic acid with a c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Current data suggest that by quantifying pathway reporter gene expression, molecular phenotyping is able to cluster compounds based on pathway profiles and dissect associations between pathway activities and disease phenotypes simultaneously. Furthermore, molecular phenotyping can be applicable to compounds with a rang... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Esomeprazole is combined with the antibiotics clarithromycin and amoxicillin (or metronidazole instead of amoxicillin in penicillin-hypersensitive patients) in a 10-day eradication triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori. Infection by H. pylori is a causative factor in the majority of peptic and duodenal ulcers. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The inhabitants of Ban Na Di were casting bronze from to 200 AD, using the lost-wax technique to manufacture bangles. Bangles made by the lost-wax process are characteristic of northeast Thailand. Some of the bangles from Ban Na Di revealed a dark grey substance between the central clay core and the metal, which on an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Of sulfur nucleophiles, hydrogen sulfide and its salts, thiols (RSH), thiolate anions (RS), anions of thiolcarboxylic acids (RC(O)-S), and anions of dithiocarbonates (RO-C(S)-S) and dithiocarbamates (RN-C(S)-S) are used most often.
In general, sulfur is very nucleophilic because of its large size, which makes it readil... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
J. J. Thomson observed while experimenting with positive rays. He believed that it was an ionised form of H from about 1911. He believed that H was a stable molecule and wrote and lectured about it. He stated that the easiest way to make it was to target potassium hydroxide with cathode rays. In 1913 Johannes Stark pr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A chafery is a variety of hearth used in ironmaking for reheating a bloom of iron, in the course of its being drawn out into a bar of wrought iron.
The equivalent term for a bloomery was string hearth, except in 17th century Cumbria, where the terminology was that of the finery forge.
A finery forge for the Walloon... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bioluminescence in bacteria can be regulated through a phenomenon known as autoinduction or quorum sensing. Quorum sensing is a form of cell-to-cell communication that alters gene expression in response to cell density. Autoinducer is a diffusible pheromone produced constitutively by bioluminescent bacteria and serves ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In eye care, collyrium is an antique term for a lotion or liquid wash used as a cleanser for the eyes, particularly in diseases of the eye. The word collyrium comes from the Greek , eye-salve. The same name was also given to unguents used for the same purpose, such as unguent of tutty (Sanskrit tuttha meaning variously... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
PSII is a transmembrane structure found in all chloroplasts. It splits water into electrons, protons and molecular oxygen. The electrons are transferred to plastoquinol, which carries them to a proton pump. The oxygen is released into the atmosphere.
The emergence of such an incredibly complex structure, a macromolecul... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first implementation of a/LCI used a Michelson interferometer, the same model used in the famous Michelson–Morley experiment. The Michelson interferometer splits one beam of light into two paths, one reference path and one sampling path, and recombines them again to produce a waveform resulting from interference. T... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Drug-drug interactions can occur when certain drugs are administered at the same time. Effects of this can be additive (outcome is greater than those of one individual drug), less than additive (therapeutic effects are less than those of one individual drug), or functional alterations (one drug changes how another is a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In psychiatry research, the accepted criteria which a biomarker must fulfill to be called an endophenotype include:
# An endophenotype must segregate with illness in the population.
# An endophenotype must be heritable.
# An endophenotype must not be state-dependent (i.e., manifests whether illness is active or in rem... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The term neuston describes the organisms in the SML and was first suggested by Naumann in 1917. As in other marine ecosystems, bacterioneuston communities have important roles in SML functioning. Bacterioneuston community composition of the SML has been analysed and compared to the underlying water in different habitat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In materials science, the sessile drop technique is a method used for the characterization of solid surface energies, and in some cases, aspects of liquid surface energies. The main premise of the method is that by placing a droplet of liquid with a known surface energy and contact angle, the surface energy of the soli... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
During his early years at Allahabad University, Basu received the E. G. Hill Memorial Prize of the university in 1949 for the best research work by a member of the science faculty. The Indian National Science Academy elected Basu as a fellow in 1964 and the University of London honored him with the degree of Doctor of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The basic metabolic rate varies between individuals. One study of 150 adults representative of the population in Scotland reported basal metabolic rates from as low as per day to as high as ; with a mean BMR of per day. Statistically, the researchers calculated that 62% of this variation was explained by differences ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An equilibrium constant is related to the standard Gibbs energy change for the reaction, so for an acid dissociation constant
R is the gas constant and T is the absolute temperature. Note that and . At 25 °C, ΔG in kJ·mol ≈ 5.708 pK (1 kJ·mol = 1000 joules per mole). Free energy is made up of an enthalpy term and an e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A 2009 statement from the ASRM found no persuasive evidence that children are harmed or disadvantaged solely by being raised by single parents, unmarried parents, or homosexual parents. It did not support restricting access to assisted reproductive technologies on the basis of a prospective parents marital status or se... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For many chains of reasoning in thermodynamics, it is convenient to think of the combination of two systems into one. It is imagined that the two systems, separated from their surroundings, are juxtaposed and (by a shift of viewpoint) regarded as constituting a new, composite system. The composite system is imagined am... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
S. pyogenes causes diseases ranging from pharyngitis to life-threatening impetigo including necrotizing fasciitis. An MLST scheme for S. pyogenes has been developed. At present, the database ([http://www.mlst.net mlst.net]) contains the allelic profiles of isolates that represent the worldwide diversity of the organism... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*The Keeling Curve, a record of atmospheric carbon dioxide levels initiated in 1958 by Charles David Keeling of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California, San Diego, with samples taken at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Mauna Loa Observatory in Hilo, Hawaii.
*William ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A typical vapor phase osmometer consists of: (1) two thermistors, one with a polymer-solvent solution droplet adhered to it and another with a pure solvent droplet adhered to it; (2) a thermostatted chamber with an interior saturated with solvent vapor; (3) a liquid solvent vessel in the chamber; and (4) an electric ci... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In eukaryotes, N-linked glycans are derived from a core 14-sugar unit assembled in the cytoplasm and endoplasmic reticulum. First, two N-acetylglucosamine residues are attached to dolichol monophosphate, a lipid, on the external side of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Five mannose residues are then added to this st... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
On March 27, 1791, Galvani published a book about his work on animal electricity. It contained comprehensive details of his 11 years of research and experimentation on the topic.
The 1797 edition of Gren’s Grundriss der Naturlehre provides the first explicit definition of galvanism as clearly reflecting Volta’s opinion... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The area thermal expansion coefficient relates the change in a material's area dimensions to a change in temperature. It is the fractional change in area per degree of temperature change. Ignoring pressure, one may write:
where is some area of interest on the object, and is the rate of change of that area per unit ch... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
PumpLinx is a 3-D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software developed for the analysis of fluid pumps, motors, compressors, valves, propellers, hydraulic systems, and other fluid devices with rotating or sliding components. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The EPA has published a standards handbook for the interpretation of water quality in Ireland in which definitions of water hardness are given.
In this section, reference to original EU documentation is given, which sets out no limit for hardness. The handbook also gives no "Recommended or Mandatory Limit Values" for h... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Scottish chemist Thomas Graham (1805–1869) found experimentally that the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of the mass of its particles. In other words, the ratio of the rates of effusion of two gases at the same temperature and pressure is given by the inverse ratio of the square ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Few homoleptic carbonato complexes have been characterized. One is [Zr(CO)], featuring 8-ccordinate Zr(IV). Tris(carbonato)cobalt(III) ([Co(CO)]) is another example. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In thermal convection problems, Richardson number represents the importance of natural convection relative to the forced convection. The Richardson number in this context is defined as
where g is the gravitational acceleration, is the thermal expansion coefficient, T is the hot wall temperature, T is the reference tem... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cloning a cell means to derive a population of cells from a single cell. In the case of unicellular organisms such as bacteria and yeast, this process is remarkably simple and essentially only requires the inoculation of the appropriate medium. However, in the case of cell cultures from multi-cellular organisms, cell c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There have been a variety of long-overlap-based assembly methods developed in recent years. One of the most commonly used methods, the Gibson assembly method, was developed in 2009, and provides a one-pot DNA assembly method that does not require the use of restriction enzymes or integrases. Other similar overlap-based... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Of historical interest but not often of practical value, the first isocyanide, allyl isocyanide, was prepared by the reaction of allyl iodide and silver cyanide.
:RI + AgCN → RNC + AgI | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Generally speaking, there are two distinct mechanistic pathways that lead to C-C bond activation: (a) the β-carbon elimination of metal complexes. In this mechanism, a M–C intermediate and a double bond are formed at the same time; and (b) the direct oxidative addition of C–C bonds into low-valent metal adducts to form... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The biosynthetic pathway of phycocyanobilin begins with 5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA). Two molecules of 5-ALA undergo a condensation reaction catalyzed by Porphobilinogen (PBG) Synthase to yield a molecule of Porphobilinogen (PBG) (not shown). Four molecules of PBG are polymerized into a linear tetrapyrrole by Porphob... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In DVD drives, the signal produced from the disc is a reflection of the addressing laser beam, and is therefore very intense. For 3D optical storage however, the signal must be generated within the tiny volume that is addressed, and therefore it is much weaker than the laser light. In addition, fluorescence is radiated... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
MAPK pathways of fungi are also well studied. In yeast, the Fus3 MAPK is responsible for cell cycle arrest and mating in response to pheromone stimulation. The pheromone alpha-factor is sensed by a seven transmembrane receptor. The recruitment and activation of Fus3 pathway components are strictly dependent on heterotr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In eukaryotes, O-linked glycans are assembled one sugar at a time on a serine or threonine residue of a peptide chain in the Golgi apparatus. Unlike N-linked glycans, there is no known consensus sequence yet. However, the placement of a proline residue at either -1 or +3 relative to the serine or threonine is favourabl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bioreactor design is a relatively complex engineering task, which is studied in the discipline of biochemical/bioprocess engineering. Under optimum conditions, the microorganisms or cells are able to perform their desired function with limited production of impurities. The environmental conditions inside the bioreactor... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A chemical system is said to be in equilibrium when the quantities of the chemical entities involved do not and cannot change in time without the application of an external influence. In this sense a system in chemical equilibrium is in a stable state. The system at chemical equilibrium will be at a constant temperatur... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The genetic instructions of every replicating cell in a living organism are contained within its DNA. Throughout the cell's lifetime, this information is transcribed and replicated by cellular mechanisms to produce proteins or to provide instructions for daughter cells during cell division, and the possibility exists t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Anion exchange sorbents are derivatized with positively charged functional groups that interact and retain negatively charged anions, such as acids. Strong anion exchange sorbents contain quaternary ammonium groups that have a permanent positive charge in aqueous solutions, and weak anion exchange sorbents use amine gr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Random sequential adsorption (RSA) refers to a process where particles are randomly introduced in a system, and if they do not overlap any previously adsorbed particle, they adsorb and remain fixed for the rest of the process. RSA can be carried out in computer simulation, in a mathematical analysis, or in experiments.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Britton–Robinson buffer (aka BRB aka PEM) is a "universal" pH buffer used for the pH range from 2 to 12. It has been used historically as an alternative to the McIlvaine buffer, which has a smaller pH range of effectiveness (from 2 to 8).
Universal buffers consist of mixtures of acids of diminishing strength (incre... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Heterogeneous metal catalyzed cross-coupling is a subset of metal catalyzed cross-coupling in which a heterogeneous metal catalyst is employed. Generally heterogeneous cross-coupling catalysts consist of a metal dispersed on an inorganic surface or bound to a polymeric support with ligands. Heterogeneous catalysts prov... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nuclear stability is limited to those combinations of protons and neutrons described by the chart of the nuclides, also called the valley of stability. The boundaries of this valley are the neutron drip line on the neutron-rich side, and the proton drip line on the proton-rich side. These limits exist because of partic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Shanon Shah was also the former full-time Columns and Comments Editor at The Nut Graph, a bilingual, independent, Malaysian online news site aiming "to provide space for columnists and reader comments from as broad a political spectrum, and from as many sectors of interest, as possible". He contributed several English-... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For any substance, the number density can be expressed in terms of its amount concentration c (in mol/m) as
where is the Avogadro constant. This is still true if the spatial dimension unit, metre, in both n and c is consistently replaced by any other spatial dimension unit, e.g. if n is in cm and c is in mol/cm, or if... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hydrogen embrittlement can be prevented through several methods, all of which are centered on minimizing contact between the metal and hydrogen, particularly during fabrication and the electrolysis of water. Embrittling procedures such as acid pickling should be avoided, as should increased contact with elements such a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The principle of thermal conductivity of gases can also be used to measure the concentration of a gas in a binary mixture of gases.
Working: if the same gas is present around all the Wheatstone bridge filaments, then the same temperature is maintained in all the filaments and hence same resistances are also maintained;... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In molecular biology, treadmilling is a phenomenon observed within protein filaments of the cytoskeletons of many cells, especially in actin filaments and microtubules. It occurs when one end of a filament grows in length while the other end shrinks, resulting in a section of filament seemingly "moving" across a stratu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mutations in the collagen gene can lead to the disease Osteogenesis Imperfecta, which is characterized by brittle bones. In the illustration, a stem-loop formed from an imperfect inverted repeat is mutated with a thymine (T) nucleotide insertion as a result of an inter- or intrastrand switch. The addition of the T crea... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Selegiline is considered by some to be a nootropic, both at clinical and sub-clinical dosages, and has been used off-label to improve cognitive performance. It has been shown to have protective activity against a range of neurotoxins and to increase the production of several brain growth factors, such as nerve growth f... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Doping fullerenes with electropositive metals takes place in an arc reactor or via laser evaporation. The metals can be transition metals like scandium, yttrium as well as lanthanides like lanthanum and cerium. Also possible are endohedral complexes with elements of the alkaline earth metals like barium and strontium, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The "diarylethenes" were first introduced by Irie and have since gained widespread interest, largely on account of their high thermodynamic stability. They operate by means of a 6-pi electrocyclic reaction, the thermal analog of which is impossible due to steric hindrance. Pure photochromic dyes usually have the appea... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Source:
*1946 – David E. Green
*1947 – Van R. Potter
*1948 – Albert L. Lehninger
*1949 – Henry A. Lardy
*1950 – Britton Chance
*1951 – Arthur Kornberg
*1952 – Bernard L. Horecker
*1953 – Earl R. Stadtman
*1954 – Alton Meister
*1955 – Paul D. Boyer
*1956 – Merton F. Utter
*1957 – G. Robert Greenberg
*1958 – Eugene P. K... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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