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While molecular farming is one application of genetic engineering, there are concerns that are unique to it. In the case of genetically modified (GM) foods, concerns focus on the safety of the food for human consumption. In response, it has been argued that the genes that enhance a crop in some way, such as drought res... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Asymmetric induction by the molecular framework of an acyclic substrate is the idea that asymmetric steric and electronic properties of a molecule may determine the chirality of subsequent chemical reactions on that molecule. This principal is used to design chemical syntheses where one stereocentre is in place and add... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Histatins are histidine-rich (cationic) antimicrobial proteins found in saliva. Histatin's involvement in antimicrobial activities makes histatin part of the innate immune system.
Histatin was first discovered (isolated) in 1988, with functions that's responsible in keeping homeostasis inside the oral cavity, helping i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Capnellene has been a popular target for synthesis due to its molecular architecture, its role in the defense mechanism of soft corals, and the challenge posed by the high degree of stereochemical sophistication and the complexity of the undecane skeleton. In 1981, the first stereocontrolled synthesis of (±)-Δ-capnelle... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Amylose and cellulose cannot be used as such due to poor resolution and difficulty in handling. But the carbamate and benzoate derivatives of these polymers, especially amylose and cellulose, demonstrate excellent properties as chiral selectors for chromatographic separation. A large number of polysaccharide-based CS... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Connected Waters Initiative, University of New South Wales – Investigating and raising awareness of groundwater and water resource issues in Australia
* Murray Darling Basin Initiative, Department of Environment and Heritage, Australia | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The key to engineering a glass-ceramic material is controlling the nucleation and growth of crystals in the base glass. The amount of crystallinity will vary depending on the amount of nuclei present and the time and temperature at which the material is heated. It is important to understand the types of nucleation occu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The glass–liquid transition, or glass transition, is the gradual and reversible transition in amorphous materials (or in amorphous regions within semicrystalline materials) from a hard and relatively brittle "glassy" state into a viscous or rubbery state as the temperature is increased. An amorphous solid that exhibits... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The anabolism of oligosaccharides - and, hence, the role of nucleotide sugars - was not clear until the 1950s when Leloir and his coworkers found that the key enzymes in this process are the glycosyltransferases. These enzymes transfer a glycosyl group from a sugar nucleotide to an acceptor. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
CDs and DVDs have a protective film which must be stripped to reveal the gold reflective film or polycarbonate (PC) base. The surface of the disk can be activated to reveal the metal layer which allows compounds to bind to it. Compounds such as UV/ozone or an oxygen plasma treatment can be used to activate the disk to ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Emission factors assume a linear relation between the intensity of the activity and the emission resulting from this activity:
Emission = Activity * Emission Factor
Intensities are also used in projecting possible future scenarios such as those used in the IPCC assessments, along with projected future changes in popula... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The matrix is the space enclosed by the inner membrane. It contains about 2/3 of the total proteins in a mitochondrion. The matrix is important in the production of ATP with the aid of the ATP synthase contained in the inner membrane. The matrix contains a highly concentrated mixture of hundreds of enzymes, special mit... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Several studies have demonstrated the possibility to develop chemical cells inspired by biological models to produce molecular hydrogen, for example: Selvaggi et al. explored the possibility to use energy captured by the PSII, developing for that goal, an organic-inorganic hybrid system replacing the PSII protein compl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fluid–structure interaction (FSI) is the interaction of some movable or deformable structure with an internal or surrounding fluid flow. Fluid–structure interactions can be stable or oscillatory. In oscillatory interactions, the strain induced in the solid structure causes it to move such that the source of strain is r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Karplus equation, named after Martin Karplus, describes the correlation between J-coupling constants and dihedral torsion angles in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy:
where J is the J coupling constant, is the dihedral angle, and A, B, and C are empirically derived parameters whose values depend on the atoms... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The concept of "molecular glue" originated in the late 20th century, with immunosuppressants like cyclosporine A (CsA) and FK506 identified as pioneering examples. CsA, discovered in 1971 during routine screening for antifungal antibiotics, exhibited immunosuppressive properties by inhibiting the peptidyl–prolyl isomer... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In order to provide optimal performance, pigment particles must act independently of each other in the coating film and thus must remain well dispersed throughout manufacture, storage, application, and film formation. Unfortunately, colloidal dispersions such as the pigment dispersions in liquid coatings are inherently... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Albert married Catherine Robson in Cambridge in 1940. They had two children: Naomi, born in 1944 and a son, William Neil, known as Neil. Naomi was killed in a car crash in the USA in 1966.
Catherine died of cancer 14 November 1963. Two years later, on 10 December 1965 Alexander married Gisela Gudrum Baker (née Zutavern... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As with conventional manufactured drugs, the main challenge in developing successful offshoots of the RNAi-based drugs is the precise delivery of the RNAi triggers to where they are needed in the body. The reason that the ocular macular degeneration antidote was successful sooner than the antidote with other diseases i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In his epic poem On the Nature of Things, Lucretius depicts Epicurus as the hero who crushed the monster Religion through educating the people in what was possible in atoms and what was not possible in atoms. However, Epicurus expressed a non-aggressive attitude characterized by his statement:
However, according to sci... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
C-reactive protein (CRP) is an annular (ring-shaped) pentameric protein found in blood plasma, whose circulating concentrations rise in response to inflammation. It is an acute-phase protein of hepatic origin that increases following interleukin-6 secretion by macrophages and T cells. Its physiological role is to bind ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Introduced in 2007, ChIP sequencing (ChIP-seq) is a technology that uses chromatin immunoprecipitation to crosslink the proteins of interest to the DNA but then instead of using a micro-array, it uses the more accurate, higher throughput method of sequencing to localize interaction points.
DamID is an alternative metho... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Carbohydrate–protein interactions are the intermolecular and intramolecular interactions between protein and carbohydrate moieties. These interactions form the basis of specific recognition of carbohydrates by lectins. Carbohydrates are important biopolymers and have a variety of functions. Often carbohydrates serve a ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The beginnings of the modern era of cancer chemotherapy can be traced directly to the German introduction of chemical warfare during World War I. Among the chemical agents used, mustard gas was particularly devastating. Although banned by the Geneva Protocol in 1925, the advent of World War II caused concerns over the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* The compressive residual stresses imparted by laser peening are precisely controlled both in location and intensity and can be applied to mitigate sharp transitions into tensile regions. Laser peening imparts deep compressive residual stresses on the order of 10 to 20 times deeper than conventional shot peening, maki... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Industrial wastewater BMPs are considered an adjunct to engineered treatment systems. Typical BMPs include operator training, maintenance practices, and spill control procedures for treatment chemicals. There are also many BMPs available which are specific to particular industrial processes, for example:
* source reduc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A common 1,4-dithiol is dithiothreitol (DTT), HSCHCH(OH)CH(OH)CHSH, sometimes called Cleland's reagent, for to reduce protein disulfide bonds. Oxidation of DTT results a stable six-membered heterocyclic ring with an internal disulfide bond. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The mechanical properties of the fibers are tested, but the process can be tricky due to practical reasons. The mechanical properties are tested with Universal Test Machine by fixing the hydrogel fibers between two holders. However, due to the compress of the holder, hydrogel fiber might have a trend to break at the ho... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The natural resistance to oxidation exhibited by silicon carbide, as well as the discovery of new ways to synthesize the cubic β-SiC form, with its larger surface area, has led to significant interest in its use as a heterogeneous catalyst support. This form has already been employed as a catalyst support for the oxida... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Charlestown is the home of Broomhall Cricket Club, named after Broomhall, the nearby home of Lord Elgin. They have a 1st XI and a 2nd XI that play in the Scottish East League run by the East of Scotland Cricket Association and have junior, midweek and Sunday teams as well. They play at The Cairns, Charlestown. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the 19th century new developments such as the discovery of photography, Rowlands invention of the concave diffraction grating, and Schumanns works on discovery of vacuum ultraviolet (fluorite for prisms and lenses, low-gelatin photographic plates and absorption of UV in air below 185 nm) made advance to shorter wave... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Under very oxidising or very reducing conditions, the steady-state catalytic current sometimes tends to a limiting value (a plateau) which (still provided there is no mass transport limitation) relates to the activity of the fully oxidised or fully reduced enzyme, respectively. If interfacial electron transfer is slow ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nitroso compounds can be prepared by the reduction of nitro compounds or by the oxidation of hydroxylamines.
Ortho-nitrosophenols may be produced by the Baudisch reaction. In the Fischer–Hepp rearrangement aromatic 4-nitrosoanilines are prepared from the corresponding nitrosamines. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Measurement of the ratios of naturally occurring stable isotopes (isotope analysis) plays an important role in isotope geochemistry, but stable isotopes (mostly hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur) are also finding uses in ecological and biological studies. Other workers have used oxygen isotope ratios to rec... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Biosynthesis by the transsulfuration pathway starts with aspartic acid. Relevant enzymes include aspartokinase, aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, homoserine dehydrogenase, homoserine O-transsuccinylase, cystathionine-γ-synthase, Cystathionine-β-lyase (in mammals, this step is performed by homocysteine methyltransf... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One of the most studied methods is to use the patients own cells to generate a new organ, ex-vivo Specifically, researchers have chosen to focus on adult stem cells, or somatic stem cells, for the generation of new organ cells to create organs. There has been success in the production and use of some organs. The first ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In plants and animals, mineral absorption, also called mineral uptake is the way in which minerals enter the cellular material, typically following the same pathway as water. In plants, the entrance portal for mineral uptake is usually through the roots. Some mineral ions diffuse in-between the cells. In contrast to... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The most common adverse effects of esketamine for depression (≥5% incidence) include dissociation, dizziness, sedation, nausea, vomiting, vertigo, numbness, anxiety, lethargy, increased blood pressure, and feelings of drunkenness. Long-term use of esketamine has been associated with bladder disease. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Martin's sulfurane is the organosulfur compound with the formula PhS[OC(CF)Ph] (Ph = CH). It is a white solid that easily undergoes sublimation. The compound is an example of a hypervalent sulfur compound called a sulfurane. As such, the sulfur adopts a see-saw structure, with a lone pair of electrons as the equatorial... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For metal oxides acidity and basicity are dependent on the charge and the radius of the metal ions as well as the character of the metal oxygen bond. The bond between oxygen and the metal is influenced by the coordination of the metal cations and the oxygen anions as well as the filling of the metal d-orbitals. The sur... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A rooster tail is a term used in fluid dynamics, automotive gear shifting, and meteorology. It is a region of commotion or turbulence within a fluid, caused by movement. In fluid dynamics, it lies directly in the wake of an object traveling within a fluid, and is accompanied by a vertical protrusion. If it occurs in a ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hexamethyldisilazane is employed as a reagent in many organic reactions:
1) HMDS is used as a reagent in condensation reactions of heterocyclic compounds such as in the microwave synthesis of a derivative of xanthine:
2) The HMDS mediated trimethylsilylation of alcohols, thiols, amines and amino acids as protective gr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the seminar paper on the total synthesis of (+)-monensin, Kishi and co-workers utilized the allylic strain to induce asymmetric induction in the hydroboration oxidation reaction. The reaction is regioselective and stereoselective. The regioselectivity of the reaction is due to the significant positive character deve... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
p-Dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (DMACA) is an aromatic hydrocarbon. It is used in an acidic solution to detect indoles. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The reagent is prepared from chlorosulfonylisocyanate by reaction with methanol and triethylamine in benzene: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Reductive desulfonylation reactions lead to the replacement of a carbon-sulfur bond in the sulfonyl group with a carbon-hydrogen bond. Because the sulfonyl group is by definition attached to two carbons, however, reduction to two sets of products is possible. Mechanistic studies of reductions employing metal amalgams a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
By integrating the above four data sets, CTD automatically constructs putative chemical-gene-phenotype-disease networks to illuminate molecular mechanisms underlying environmentally-influenced diseases.
These inferred relationships are statistically scored and ranked and can be used by scientists and computational biol... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Gibbs adsorption isotherm for multicomponent systems is an equation used to relate the changes in concentration of a component in contact with a surface with changes in the surface tension, which results in a corresponding change in surface energy. For a binary system, the Gibbs adsorption equation in terms of sur... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Levomethamphetamine crosses the blood-brain-barrier and acts as a norepinephrine transporter inhibitor and TAAR1 agonist, functioning as a selective norepinephrine releasing agent (with limited effects on the release of dopamine), thus levomethamphetamine affects the central nervous system, although its effects are qua... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
CaO is also prone to sintering, or change in pore shape, shrinkage and grain growth during heating. Ionic compounds such as CaO mostly sinter because of volume diffusion or lattice diffusion mechanics. As described by sintering theory, vacancies generated by temperature sensitive defects direct void sites from smaller ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The term (kryptoracemate) was coined by Ivan Bernal who employed this term during a meeting of the American Crystallographic Association in 1995.
The name is made of (from Ancient Greek: κρυπτός, "the hidden one") and racemic. It comes from the fact that the racemic composition is "hidden" in a Sohncke space group ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Possible complications may include: infection, bleeding, dysrhythmias and high blood sugar. One review found an increased risk of pneumonia and sepsis but not the overall risk of infection. Another review found a trend towards increased bleeding but no increase in severe bleeding. Hypothermia induces a "cold diuresis"... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thermal mass flowmeters generally use combinations of heated elements and temperature sensors to measure the difference between static and flowing heat transfer to a fluid and infer its flow with a knowledge of the fluid's specific heat and density. The fluid temperature is also measured and compensated for. If the den... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Octanoyl-coenzyme A is the endpoint of beta oxidation in peroxisomes. It is produced alongside acetyl-CoA and transferred to the mitochondria to be further oxidized into acetyl-CoA. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The principal mission of iron foundry is the conversion of iron oxides (purified iron ores) to iron metal. This reduction is usually effected using a reducing atmosphere consisting of some mixture of natural gas, hydrogen (H), and carbon monoxide. The byproduct is carbon dioxide. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Born in Nantes in Brittany, France, Dauphas received a B.Sc. degree from in 1998. The same year, he obtained an M.Sc. from , at the National Polytechnic Institute of Lorraine (; INPL). In 2002, also from INPL, he was awarded a Ph.D. in geochemistry and cosmochemistry, working with Bernard Marty and Laurie Reisberg. He... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Sawmill is run by a D-3000 Cat diesel engine, Hawthorne Machinery in San Diego provided the cylinder liners. The Sawmill was re-assembled and improved following a donation from the Pederson Brothers who had operated it in the Big Bear area years ago. This is likely the only Sawmill that can be seen operating in San... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Despite being one of the most abundant elements in the Earth's crust, iron is not readily bioavailable. In most aerobic environments, such as the soil or sea, iron exists in the ferric (Fe) state, which tends to form insoluble rust-like solids. To be effective, nutrients must not only be available, they must be soluble... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In some cases, such as the decay of , the bremsstrahlung produced by shielding the beta radiation with the normally used dense materials (e.g. lead) is itself dangerous; in such cases, shielding must be accomplished with low density materials, such as Plexiglas (Lucite), plastic, wood, or water; as the atomic number i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Support for this theory has been bolstered by studies linking a lower basal metabolic rate (evident with a lowered heartbeat) to increased life expectancy. This has been proposed by some to be the key to why animals like the giant tortoise can live over 150 years.
However, the ratio of resting metabolic rate to total ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A 2015 study, reported in the journal Ergonomics, showed that, for twenty healthy subjects, exposure to blue-enriched light during the post-lunch dip period significantly reduced the EEG alpha activity, and increased task performance. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the context of climate change and in particular mitigation, a sink is defined as "Any process, activity or mechanism which removes a greenhouse gas, an aerosol or a precursor of a greenhouse gas from the atmosphere".
In the case of non- greenhouse gases, sinks need not store the gas. Instead they can break it down i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Phosphonium betaines are intermediates in the Wittig reaction. The addition of betaine to polymerase chain reactions improves the amplification of DNA by reducing the formation of secondary structure in GC-rich regions. The addition of betaine may enhance the specificity of the polymerase chain reaction by eliminating ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Epoxides are typically prepared by oxidation of alkenes. The most important epoxide in terms of industrial scale is ethylene oxide, which is produced by oxidation of ethylene with oxygen. Other epoxides are produced by one of two routes:
* By the oxidation of alkenes with a peroxyacid such as m-CPBA.
* By the base intr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
DNA–DNA hybridization (DDH) is used as a primary method to distinguish bacterial species as it is difficult to visually classify them accurately. This technique is not widely used on larger organisms where differences in species are easier to identify. In the late 1900s, strains were considered to belong to the same sp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hydrolysis (breaking) of phosphodiester bonds can be promoted in several ways. Phosphodiesterases are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bond. These enzymes are involved in repairing DNA and RNA sequences, nucleotide salvage, and in the conversion of cGMP and cAMP to GMP and AMP, respectively. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The voltage (electromotive force E) produced by a galvanic cell can be estimated from the standard Gibbs free energy change in the electrochemical reaction according to:
where ν is the number of electrons transferred in the balanced half reactions, and F is Faradays constant. However, it can be determined more convenie... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Contact angles are extremely sensitive to contamination; values reproducible to better than a few degrees are generally only obtained under laboratory conditions with purified liquids and very clean solid surfaces. If the liquid molecules are strongly attracted to the solid molecules then the liquid drop will completel... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lipomannan is a mycobacterium immune agonist. In addition, it is a major constituent of the mycobacterium cell wall. This glycoconjugate is a virulence factor that plays a key role in the human immune system via interaction with various immune cells. It is also considered to be a precursor of lipoarabinomannans.
It is... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Wnt signaling pathways are initiated by the binding of the Wnt ligand to the Fz receptor. There are three different molecular pathways downstream of the Wnt/Fz interaction. The majority of research has focused on the Wnt/β-catenin pathway (also known as the "canonical" Wnt pathway), which manages cell fate determ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The mass of an atomic nucleus is given by
where and are the rest mass of a proton and a neutron, respectively, and is the total binding energy of the nucleus. The mass–energy equivalence is used here. The binding energy is subtracted from the sum of the proton and neutron masses because the mass of the nucleus is le... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Immunological methods using monoclonal antibodies can be used to detect indicator bacteria in water samples. Precultivation in select medium must preface detection to avoid detection of dead cells. ELISA antibody technology has been developed to allow for readable detection by the naked eye for rapid identification of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Laser diffraction analysis, also known as laser diffraction spectroscopy, is a technology that utilizes diffraction patterns of a laser beam passed through any object ranging from nanometers to millimeters in size to quickly measure geometrical dimensions of a particle. This particle size analysis process does not depe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The optimal configurations of scanning helium microscopes are geometrical configurations that maximise the intensity of the imaging beam within a given lateral resolution and under certain technological constraints.
When designing a scanning helium microscope, scientists strive to maximise the intensity of the imaging ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The resistivity of solvent extract (ROSE) test is a test for the presence and average concentration of soluble ionic contaminants, for example on a printed circuit board (PCB). It was developed in the early 1970s. Some manufacturers use it as part of Six Sigma processes.
Some modern fluxes have low solubility in tradit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Warfarin treatment requires blood monitoring and dose adjustments regularly due to its narrow therapeutic window. If supervision isnt adequate warfarin poses a threat in causing, all too frequent, haemorrhagic events and multiple interactions with food and other drugs. Currently, the main problem with low molecular wei... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hurst returned to Cambridge after the war to complete his PhD in physical chemistry. In 1948 he joined the Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell, working first on the chemistry of plutonium, before heading a team that investigated the potential of different types of nuclear reactors. In 1957, he was appointe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are three main factors that affect the dispersion of volatiles in magma: confining pressure, composition of magma, temperature of magma. Pressure and composition are the most important parameters. To understand how the magma behaves rising to the surface, the role of solubility within the magma must be known. An ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
British physician and physiologist Henry Hyde Salter (1823–1871) included a chapter on treatment by "stimulants", in a book on asthma which was first published in 1860. He noted the benefits of strong coffee, presumably because it dispelled sleep, which favored asthma. Even more impressive to him, however, was the resp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This fjord is marked by a highly mobile chemocline with a depth that is thought to be related to temperature effects. Local reports of strong rotten egg smell- the smell of sulfur- during numerous summers around the fjord provide evidence that, like the Framvaren fjord, the chemocline has breached the surface of the fj... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tetanolysin is a toxin produced by Clostridium tetani bacteria. Its function is unknown, but it is believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of tetanus. The other C. tetani toxin, tetanospasmin, is more definitively linked to tetanus. It is sensitive to oxygen.
Tetanolysin belongs to a family of protein toxins known a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
"Actinic" lights are a high-color-temperature blue light. They are also used in electric fly killers to attract flies. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Consider a bathtub in which there is some bathing salt dissolved. We now fill in more water, keeping the bottom plug in. What happens?
Since there is no reaction, and since there is no outflow . The mass balance becomes
or
Using a mass balance for total volume, however, it is evident that and that Thus we get
Note th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Carboxylation is a chemical reaction in which a carboxylic acid is produced by treating a substrate with carbon dioxide. The opposite reaction is decarboxylation. In chemistry, the term carbonation is sometimes used synonymously with carboxylation, especially when applied to the reaction of carbanionic reagents with CO... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Both the CB1 and CB2 receptors (the bonding site of anandamide) seem to play a role in the identification of positive and negative interpretation of environment and setting. In animal models, anandamide mediates the interpretation of stimulus; specifically, optimism and pessimism in the presence of an ambiguous cue. An... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Modelling of two phase flow is still under development. Known methods are
*Volume of fluid method
*Level-set method
*Front tracking by Gretar Tryggvason
*Lattice Boltzmann methods
*Smoothed-particle hydrodynamics (SPH) | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Liquid crystals can change from liquid to solid in response to a change in temperature. At lower temperatures, the crystals are mostly solid and hardly reflect any light, causing it to appear black. As it gradually increases in temperature, the crystals become more spaced out, causing light to reflect differently and c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gordon Stone was born in Exeter, Devon in 1925, the only child of Sidney Charles Stone, a civil servant, and Florence Beatrice Stone (née Coles). He received his B.A. in 1948 and Ph.D. in 1951, both from Christ's College, Cambridge (Cambridge University), England, where he studied under Harry Julius Emeléus. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Pelton wheel turbine (better described as a radial turbine) translates the mechanical action of the Pelton wheel rotating in the liquid flow around an axis into a user-readable rate of flow (gpm, lpm, etc.). The Pelton wheel tends to have all the flow traveling around it with the inlet flow focused on the blades by... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
After insulin enters the bloodstream, it binds to a membrane-spanning receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK). This glycoprotein is embedded in the cellular membrane and has an extracellular receptor domain, made up of two α-subunits, and an intracellular catalytic domain made up of two β-subunits. The α-subunits act as insulin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* 1994 – Progress Award in Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Japan
* 2000 – Division Award of Chemical Society of Japan (Organic Chemistry)
* 2001 – Japan IBM Science Prize
* 2009 – The Commendation for Science and Technology by the MEXT Prizes for Science and Technology
* 2010 – The 7th Leo Esaki Prize
* 2010 – Thomson Reu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Vaccine antigens are often encapsulated within microspheres or liposomes. Common microspheres made using Poly-lactic acid (PLA) and poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) allow for controlled antigen release by degrading in vivo while liposomes including multilamellar or unilamellar vesicles allow for prolonged release.
P... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As a derivative of EDTA, dexrazoxane chelates iron and thus reduces the number of metal ions complexed with anthracycline and, consequently, decrease the formation of superoxide radicals. The exact chelation mechanism is unknown, but it has been postulated that dexrazoxane can be converted into ring-opened form intrace... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gestonorone caproate, also known as gestronol hexanoate or norhydroxyprogesterone caproate and sold under the brand names Depostat and Primostat, is a progestin medication which is used in the treatment of enlarged prostate and cancer of the endometrium. It is given by injection into muscle typically once a week.
Side ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An aglycone (aglycon or genin) is the chemical compound remaining after the glycosyl group on a glycoside is replaced by a hydrogen atom. For example, the aglycone of a cardiac glycoside would be a steroid molecule. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In this simple model, can also be derived directly from the expression for fluid flow in the Stokes limit for an incompressible fluid, which is
for the fluid flow velocity and the pressure. We consider an infinite surface in the plane at , and enforce stick boundary conditions there, i.e., . We take the concentrati... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The "conventional recycle process" for recovering and reusing the reactants has largely been supplanted by a stripping process, developed in the early 1960s by Stamicarbon in The Netherlands, that operates at or near the full pressure of the reaction vessel. It reduces the complexity of the multi-stage recycle scheme, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In medicinal chemistry and pharmacology, a binding coefficient is a quantity representing the extent to which a chemical compound will bind to a macromolecule. The preferential binding coefficient can be derived from the Kirkwood-Buff solution theory of solutions. Preferential binding is defined as a thermodynamic expr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
He was awarded by the President of Chile, Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle the Presidential Chair in Science in 1996 by a Committee chaired by a Nobel Prize in Chemistry Rudolph Marcus and including Physics Nobel Laureate David Gross. He received the Silver Medal “University Merit” in 1998 and the Gold Medal in 2002 and the Man... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although strong, the (aryl)C−SO bond can be broken by nucleophilic reagents. Of historic and continuing significance is the α-sulfonation of anthroquinone followed by displacement of the sulfonate group by other nucleophiles, which cannot be installed directly. An early method for producing phenol involved the base hyd... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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