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The structure of a transcriptional factory directly relates to its function. Transcription is made more efficient because of the clustered nature of the transcription factory. All the necessary proteins: RNA polymerase, transcription factors and other co-regulators are present in the transcription factory that allows f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A cryoprotectant is a substance used to protect biological tissue from freezing damage (i.e. that due to ice formation). Arctic and Antarctic insects, fish and amphibians create cryoprotectants (antifreeze compounds and antifreeze proteins) in their bodies to minimize freezing damage during cold winter periods. Cryopro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Recent study proposed that the citrate–malate shuttle may contribute to sustaining cancer cells through a β-oxidation-citrate–malate shuttle metabolic pathway. In normal cells, β-oxidation produces acetyl-CoA which enters the Krebs cycle to produce ATP, and β-oxidation cannot continue if the Krebs cycle is impaired and... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Agricultures role in developed countries has drastically changed in the last century due to many factors, including refrigeration. Statistics from the 2007 census gives information on the large concentration of agricultural sales coming from a small portion of the existing farms in the United States today. This is a pa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A chain reaction is a sequence of reactions where a reactive product or by-product causes additional reactions to take place. In a chain reaction, positive feedback leads to a self-amplifying chain of events.
Chain reactions are one way that systems which are not in thermodynamic equilibrium can release energy or incre... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In fluid mixing, one often wishes to homogenize a species, that can be characterized by its concentration field q. Often, the species can be considered as a passive tracer that does not modify the flow. The species can be for example a dye to be mixed.
The evolution of a concentration field obeys the advection-diffusi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A key characteristic of amorphous brazing foils (ABFs) is their relatively low melting points, which typically range from 830 to 1200°C. This attribute is crucial for their application as filler metals in brazing. Due to their ductility and flexibility, ABFs present a viable alternative to filler metals in paste or pow... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Extended aeration agitates all incoming waste in the sludge from a single clarifier. The combined sludge starts with a higher concentration of inert solids than typical secondary sludge and the longer mixing time required for digestion of primary solids in addition to dissolved organics produces aged sludge requiring ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Proxenin is the precursor to xenin. It is a 35-amino acid polypeptide. Like xenin, its amino acid sequence exactly matches the N-terminus of coatomer subunit alpha. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nuclear reactions may be shown in a form similar to chemical equations, for which invariant mass must balance for each side of the equation, and in which transformations of particles must follow certain conservation laws, such as conservation of charge and baryon number (total atomic mass number). An example of this no... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
While a hydrogel's mechanical properties can be tuned and modified through crosslink concentration and additives, these properties can also be enhanced or optimized for various applications through specific processing techniques. These techniques include electro-spinning, 3D/4D printing, self-assembly, and freeze-casti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Like conventional thermite, super thermite reacts at very high temperature and is difficult to extinguish. The reaction produces dangerous ultra-violet (UV) light, requiring that the reaction not be viewed directly or that special eye protection (for example, a welder's mask) be worn.
In addition, super thermites are v... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Aluminium and its alloys are difficult to solder due to the formation of the passivation layer of aluminium oxide. The flux has to be able to disrupt this layer and facilitate wetting by solder. Salts or organic complexes of some metals can be used; the salt has to be able to penetrate the cracks in the oxide layer. Th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Catalysts based on synthetic metalloporphyrins have been extensively investigated, although few or no applications exist. Due to their distinctive redox properties, Co(II)–porphyrin-based systems are radical initiators. Some complexes emulate the action of various heme enzymes such as cytochrome P450, lignin peroxidase... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For all organic matter to be completely oxidized, an excess amount of potassium dichromate (or any oxidizing agent) must be present. Once oxidation is complete, the amount of excess potassium dichromate must be measured to ensure that the amount of Cr can be determined with accuracy. To do so, the excess potassium dich... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Rab27 is a member of the Rab subfamily of GTPases. Rab27 is post translationally modified by the addition of two geranylgeranyl groups on the two C-terminal cysteines. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Laser-based bioprinting can be split into two major classes: those based on cell transfer technologies or photo-polymerization. In cell transfer laser printing, a laser stimulates the connection between energy-absorbing material (e.g. gold, titanium, etc.) and the bioink. This donor layer vaporizes under the laser's ir... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fischer carbenes are used with alkynes as the starting reagents for the Wulff–Dötz reaction, forming phenols. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Adsorption of molecules onto polymer surfaces is central to a number of applications, including development of non-stick coatings and in various biomedical devices. Polymers may also be adsorbed to surfaces through polyelectrolyte adsorption. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Light-dependent reactions are certain photochemical reactions involved in photosynthesis, the main process by which plants acquire energy. There are two light dependent reactions: the first occurs at photosystem II (PSII) and the second occurs at photosystem I (PSI).
PSII absorbs a photon to produce a so-called high en... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ouabain is a highly toxic compound, however, it has a low bioavailability and is absorbed poorly from the alimentary tract as so much of the oral dose is destroyed. Intravenous administration results in greater available concentrations. After intravenous administration, the onset of action occurs within 2–10 minutes in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Stabilized decomposed granite is a mixture of a non-resin binder and aggregate (decomposed granite). The binder, which may include color, is mixed with the decomposed granite and the mixture is moistened either before it is put in place or after. Stabilized decomposed granite provides a strong and durable surface that ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In thermodynamics, the Massieu function (sometimes called Massieu–Gibbs function, Massieu potential, or Gibbs function, or characteristic (state) function in its original terminology), symbol (Psi), is defined by the following relation:
where for every system with degree of freedom one may choose variables, e.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) figures prominently in protein degradation. The 26S proteasome consists of a catalytic subunit (the 20S core particle), and a regulatory subunit (the 19S cap). Poly-ubiquitin chains tag proteins for degradation by the proteasome, which causes hydrolysis of tagged proteins into sma... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The process produces a quantity of fluoride waste: perfluorocarbons and hydrogen fluoride as gases, and sodium and aluminium fluorides and unused cryolite as particulates. This can be as small as 0.5 kg per tonne of aluminium in the best plants in 2007, up to 4 kg per tonne of aluminium in older designs in 1974. Unless... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* [http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/522751/description#description Ecological Engineering] since 1992, with a general description of the field.
* [https://archive.today/20130203002409/http://www.springerlink.com/content/112761/ Landscape and Ecological Engineering] since 2005.
* [https://jee... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Species containing AFPs may be classified as
Freeze avoidant: These species are able to prevent their body fluids from freezing altogether. Generally, the AFP function may be overcome at extremely cold temperatures, leading to rapid ice growth and death.
Freeze tolerant: These species are able to survive body fluid fr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The serotonin created by the brain comprises around 10% of total body serotonin. The majority (80-90%) is found in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It travels around the brain along the medial forebrain bundle and acts on serotonin receptors. In the peripheral nervous system (such as in the gut wall) serotonin regulate... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the technique of horizontal stone closures, stone is deployed from both sides into the closing gap. The stone must be heavy enough to counter the increased velocity that results from the reduced flow profile. An added complication is the creation of turbulent eddies, which lead to further scouring of the seabed. It ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Suppose an analyst is determining the concentration of silver in samples of waste solution in photographic film by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Using the calibration curve method, the analyst can calibrate the spectrometer with a pure silver aqueous solutions, and use the calibration graph to determine the amount of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For more details on this topic, see flow cytometry
Since the optical identity of each microsphere is known, the quantification of target samples hybridized to the microspheres can be achieved by comparing the relative intensity of target markers in one set of microspheres to target markers in another set of microsphere... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The National Standard Examination in Chemistry or NSEC is an examination in chemistry for higher secondary school students in India, usually conducted in the end of November. The examination is organized by the Indian Association of Chemistry Teachers. Over 30,000 students, mainly from Standard 12, sit for this examina... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the late 1960s, John Vane of the Royal College of Surgeons of England was working on mechanisms by which the body regulates blood pressure. He was joined by Sérgio Henrique Ferreira of Brazil, who had been studying the venom of a Brazilian pit viper, the jararaca (Bothrops jararaca), and brought a sample of the vipe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Other equations now exist that refine the original Hammett equation: the Swain–Lupton equation, the Taft equation, the Grunwald–Winstein equation, and the Yukawa–Tsuno equation. An equation that addresses stereochemistry in aliphatic systems has also been developed. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The primary sources of jet noise for a high-speed air jet (meaning when the exhaust velocity exceeds about 100 m/s; 360 km/h; 225 mph) are "jet mixing noise" and, for supersonic flow, shock associated noise. Acoustic sources within the "jet pipe" also contribute to the noise, mainly at lower speeds, which include comb... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When LCA is included in a production simulation model, there is a bigger need for output information to perform the calculations. To be able to allocate environmental load that origins from the facilities the product that used the facility need to be traced. Environmental load that origin form the maintenance needs to ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ferrotitanium is a ferroalloy, an alloy of iron and titanium with between 10 and 20% iron and 45–75% titanium and sometimes a small amount of carbon. It is used in steelmaking as a cleansing agent for iron and steel; the titanium is highly reactive with sulfur, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen, forming insoluble compounds ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The process efficiency of sensor-based ore sorting is described in detail by C. Robben in 2014. The total process efficiency is subdivided into the following sub-process efficiencies; Platform efficiency, preparation efficiency, presentation efficiency, detection efficiency and separation efficiency. All the sub-proces... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As the size of a compact flange increases it becomes relatively increasingly heavy and complex resulting in high procurement, installation and maintenance costs.
Large flange diameters in particular are difficult to work with, and inevitably require more space and have a more challenging handling and installation proce... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
More precise measurement techniques developed in the late 1990s have allowed for a good understanding of how dissolved organic carbon is distributed in marine environments both vertically and across the surface. It is now understood that dissolved organic carbon in the ocean spans a range from very labile to very recal... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Common examples of RATs or RADTs include:
* COVID-19 testing-related rapid tests
* Rapid strep tests (for streptococcal antigens)
* Rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs) (for influenza virus antigens)
* Malaria antigen detection tests (for Plasmodium antigens) | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI, lysoPI), or -α-lysophosphatidylinositol, is an endogenous lysophospholipid and endocannabinoid neurotransmitter. LPI, along with its 2-arachidonoyl- derivative, 2-arachidonoyl lysophosphatidylinositol (2-ALPI), have been proposed as the endogenous ligands of GPR55. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A host–guest complex, also known as a donor–acceptor complex, may be formed from a Lewis base, B, and a Lewis acid, A. The host may be either a donor or an acceptor. In biochemistry host–guest complexes are known as receptor-ligand complexes; they are formed primarily by non-covalent bonding. Many host–guest complexes ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The name "katal" has been used for decades. The first proposal to make it an SI unit came in 1978, and it became an official SI unit in 1999. The name comes from the Ancient Greek κατάλυσις (katalysis), meaning "dissolution"; the word "catalysis" itself is a Latinized form of the Greek word. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Another evidence of quantum spin liquid was observed in a 2-dimensional material in August 2015. The researchers of Oak Ridge National Laboratory, collaborating with physicists from the University of Cambridge, and the Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems in Dresden, Germany, measured the first signa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A simple nitrite test can be performed by adding 4 M sulfuric acid to the sample until acidic, and then adding 0.1 M iron(II) sulfate to the solution. A positive test for nitrite is indicated by a dark brown solution, arising from the iron-nitric oxide complex ion. This test is related to the brown ring test for the n... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Inversion of tetrahedra occurs widely in organic and main group chemistry. The Walden inversion illustrates the stereochemical consequences of inversion at carbon. Nitrogen inversion in ammonia also entails transient formation of planar . | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This chemogenetic technique can be used for remote manipulation of cells, in particular excitable cells like neurons, both in vitro and in vivo with the administration of specific ligands. Similar techniques in this field include thermogenetics and optogenetics, the control of neurons with temperature or light, respect... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Frozen Ark is a charitable frozen zoo project created jointly by the Zoological Society of London, the Natural History Museum and University of Nottingham. The project aims to preserve the DNA and living cells of endangered species to retain the genetic knowledge for the future. The Frozen Ark collects and stores s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Moissan was born in Paris on 28 September 1852, the son of a minor officer of the eastern railway company, Francis Ferdinand Moissan, and a seamstress, Joséphine Améraldine (née Mitel). His mother was of Jewish descent, his father was not. In 1864 they moved to Meaux, where he attended the local school. During this tim... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The polyhedral symbol is sometimes used in coordination chemistry to indicate the approximate geometry of the coordinating atoms around the central atom. One or more italicised letters indicate the geometry, e.g. TP-3 which is followed by a number that gives the coordination number of the central atom. The polyhedral s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Arabic al-kīmiyaʾ or al-khīmiyaʾ ( or ), according to some, is thought to derive from the Koine Greek word khymeia () meaning "the art of alloying metals, alchemy"; in the manuscripts, this word is also written khēmeia () or kheimeia (), which is the probable basis of the Arabic form. According to Mahn, the Greek word ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The CBP of this type consists in three domains:
* N-terminal NTPase binding domain
* Central Helix-Turn-Helix (HTH) domain
* C-terminal dimer-domain | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Four mobile barriers are constructed at the lagoon inlets (two at the Lido inlet, one at Malamocco and one at Chioggia)
* The project has a total of of mobile barriers
* There are of linear worksites on land and at sea
* MOSE has a total of 78 gates
* The smallest gate is (Lido–Treporti row)
* The largest gate is ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Abnormal basal metabolic rate refers to a high or low basal metabolic rate (BMR). It has numerous causes, both physiological (part of the body's normal function) and pathological (associated with disease). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Carbon-14 can also be produced by other neutron reactions, including in particular Carbon-13|(n,γ) and Oxygen-17|(n,α) with thermal neutrons, and Nitrogen-15|(n,d) and Oxygen-16|(n,) with fast neutrons. The most notable routes for production by thermal neutron irradiation of targets (e.g., in a nuclear reactor) are su... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Recently, functional experiments have revealed many novel functional roles of RNA modifications. Most of the RNA modifications are found on transfer-RNA and ribosomal-RNA, but also eukaryotic mRNA has been shown to be modified with multiple different modifications. 17 naturally occurring modifications on mRNA have been... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The release of radioactivity from the used fuel is greatly controlled by the volatility of the elements. At Chernobyl much of the xenon and iodine was released while much less of the zirconium was released. The fact that only the more volatile fission products are released with ease will greatly retard the release of r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Ro52 gene is officially termed TRIM21, as it is a member of the tripartite motif protein (TRIM) family, qualified by its RING and B-box domains. The protein is typically located in the cytoplasm, though it can move to the nucleus in the presence of pro-inflammatory signals, and it can also be expressed on the cell ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The different reactivity of halogens as compared to OH and ozone has broad impacts on atmospheric chemistry. These include near complete removal and deposition of mercury, alteration of oxidation fates for organic gases, and export of bromine into the free troposphere. The deposition of reactive gaseous mercury (RGM) ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tin-silver-copper (Sn-Ag-Cu, also known as SAC), is a lead-free (Pb-free) alloy commonly used for electronic solder. It is the main choice for lead-free surface-mount technology (SMT) assembly in the industry, as it is near eutectic, with adequate thermal fatigue properties, strength, and wettability. Lead-free solder ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The ridges enhance the quantum reflection from the surface, reducing the effective constant of the van der Waals attraction of atoms to the surface. Such interpretation leads to the estimate of the reflectivity
where is width of the ridges, is distance between ridges, is grazing angle, and is wavenumber and is co... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Member countries include: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Czech Republic, China, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
SIR4 is involved in scaffolding the assembly of silenced chromatin. It binds to DNA with high affinity, but low specificity. It is most stable when co-expressed with SIR2, but neither SIR2 nor SIR3 are required for it to operate at the telomeres. Each half of the SIR4 protein has distinct responsibilities in heterochro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cytochemistry is the branch of cell biology dealing with the detection of cell constituents by means of biochemical analysis and visualization techniques. This is the study of the localization of cellular components through the use of staining methods. The term is also used to describe a process of identification of th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*The first major phosgene-related incident happened in May 1928 when eleven tons of phosgene escaped from a war surplus store in central Hamburg. Three hundred people were poisoned, of whom ten died.
*In the second half of 20th century several fatal incidents implicating phosgene occurred in Europe, Asia and the US. Mo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Targeted drug delivery, sometimes called smart drug delivery, is a method of delivering medication to a patient in a manner that increases the concentration of the medication in some parts of the body relative to others. This means of delivery is largely founded on nanomedicine, which plans to employ nanoparticle-media... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dorenfeldt found her first job in 1920 as an assistant at the chemistry laboratory at Royal Frederick University (now University of Oslo). A few months later, she was promoted to a secretary-like position, from which she could perform research and teach. Soon she was investigating the atomic weight of chlorine while wo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* The reduction of nitrate to nitrogen in the presence of an acid (denitrification):
* The combustion of hydrocarbons, such as in an internal combustion engine, produces water, carbon dioxide, some partially oxidized forms such as carbon monoxide, and heat energy. Complete oxidation of materials containing carbon produ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A potential challenge of aquasome-based drug delivery could be toxicity due to burst release of drugs if poorly absorbed on the carbohydrate coat. Aquasomes can also be expensive to formulate, particularly due to their step-by-step synthesis. Careful attention is needed during aquasome production to tune the thickness ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An electrical synapse is an electrically conductive link between two abutting neurons that is formed at a narrow gap between the pre- and postsynaptic cells, known as a gap junction. At gap junctions, cells approach within about 3.5 nm of each other, rather than the 20 to 40 nm distance that separates cells at chemical... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Another important regulator of translation is the interaction between 3′ UTR and the 5′ UTR.
The closed-loop structure inhibits translation. This has been observed in Xenopus laevis, in which eIF4E bound to the 5′ cap interacts with Maskin bound to CPEB on the 3′ UTR, creating translationally inactive transcripts. This... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Higher L1 copy numbers have been observed in the human brain compared to other organs. Studies of animal models and human cell lines have shown that L1s become active in neural progenitor cells (NPCs), and that experimental deregulation of or overexpression of L1 increases somatic mosaicism. This phenomenon is negative... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Beilby Medal and Prize recipients since 1930 are:
* 2023 – Charlotte Vogt
* 2022 – Sahika Inal
* 2021 – Pola Goldberg Oppenheimer
* 2020 – Jin Xuan
* 2019 – Prashant K. Jain
* 2014 – Javier Pérez-Ramírez
* 2009 – Zhenan Bao
* 2008 – Neil McKeown
* 2005 – Simon R. Biggs, Nilay Shah
* 2003 – Peter Bruce
* 2002 – No a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Historically, there was a tidal bore on the Gulf of California in Mexico at the mouth of the Colorado River. It formed in the estuary about Montague Island and propagated upstream. It was once very strong, but diversions of the river for irrigation have weakened the flow of the river to the point the tidal bore has nea... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The eukaryotic genome is organized into a compact chromatin structure that allows only regulated access to DNA. The chromatin structure can be globally "open" and more transcriptionally permissive, or globally "condensed" and transcriptionally inactive. The former (euchromatin) is lightly packed and rich in genes under... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Biocatalysis is used to produce a number of food products. More than five biilion tons of high fructose corn syrup are produced annually by the action of the immobilized enzyme glucose isomerase of corn-derived glucose. Emerging technologies are numerous, including enzymes for clarifying or debittering of fruit juice... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lithium's therapeutic effects are thought to be partially attributable to its interactions with several signal transduction mechanisms. The cyclic AMP secondary messenger system is shown to be modulated by lithium. Lithium was found to increase the basal levels of cyclic AMP but impair receptor coupled stimulation of c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Transition metal acyl complexes describes organometallic complexes containing one or more acyl (RCO) ligands. Such compounds occur as transient intermediates in many industrially useful reactions, especially carbonylations. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the field of fluid dynamics, a Rankine half body is a feature of fluid flow discovered by Scottish physicist and engineer William Rankine that is formed when a fluid source is added to a fluid undergoing potential flow. Superposition of uniform flow and source flow yields the Rankine half body flow. A practical exam... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A micelle () or micella () ( or micellae, respectively) is an aggregate (or supramolecular assembly) of surfactant amphipathic lipid molecules dispersed in a liquid, forming a colloidal suspension (also known as associated colloidal system). A typical micelle in water forms an aggregate with the hydrophilic "head" regi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hydrology has been subject to investigation and engineering for millennia. Ancient Egyptians were one of the first to employ hydrology in their engineering and agriculture, inventing a form of water management known as basin irrigation. Mesopotamian towns were protected from flooding with high earthen walls. Aqueducts ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Plants with CAM must control storage of and its reduction to branched carbohydrates in space and time.
At low temperatures (frequently at night), plants using CAM open their stomata, molecules diffuse into the spongy mesophylls intracellular spaces and then into the cytoplasm. Here, they can meet phosphoenolpyruvate ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The coefficient lies always in range values equal to 0 or 1), value 1 indicates ideal equal-spreading of the spots, for example (0.25,0.5,0.75) for three solutes, or (0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8) for four solutes.
This coefficient was proposed as an alternative to earlier approaches, such as D (separation response), I (performanc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Two formulations of different dispersing agents for oil spills, Dispersit and Omni-Clean, are shown below. A key difference between the two is that Omni-Clean uses ionic surfactants and Dispersit uses entirely non-ionic surfactants. Omni-Clean was formulated for little or no toxicity toward the environment. Dispersit, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pesticides are substances that are used to control pests. They include herbicides, insecticides, nematicides, fungicides, and many others (see table). The most common of these are herbicides, which account for approximately 50% of all pesticide use globally. Most pesticides are used as plant protection products (also k... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A sized screen fraction with a size range coefficient (d95/d5) of 2-5 (optimal 2-3) is fed onto a vibratory feeder which has the function to create a mono-layer, by pre-accelerating the particles. A common misunderstanding in plant design is, that you can use the vibratory feeder to discharge from a buffer bunker but a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lymphocytes can enter mitosis when they are activated by mitogens or antigens. B cells specifically can divide when they encounter an antigen matching their immunoglobulin. T cells undergo mitosis when stimulated by mitogens to produce small lymphocytes that are then responsible for the production of lymphokines, which... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sodium hydroxide is used in some cement mix plasticisers. This helps homogenise cement mixes, preventing segregation of sands and cement, decreases the amount of water required in a mix and increases workability of the cement product, be it mortar, render or concrete. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Another example is hematite on magnetite . The magnetite structure is based on close-packed oxygen anions stacked in an ABC-ABC sequence. In this packing the close-packed layers are parallel to (111) (a plane that symmetrically "cuts off" a corner of a cube). The hematite structure is based on close-packed oxygen anio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Homogeneous catalysis is a major application of coordination compounds for the production of organic substances. Processes include hydrogenation, hydroformylation, oxidation. In one example, a combination of titanium trichloride and triethylaluminium gives rise to Ziegler–Natta catalysts, used for the polymerization ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Continuous assays are most convenient, with one assay giving the rate of reaction with no further work necessary. There are many different types of continuous assays. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some assert that the dead zone threatens lucrative commercial and recreational fisheries in the Gulf of Mexico. "In 2009, the dockside value of commercial fisheries in the Gulf was $629 million. Nearly three million recreational fishers further contributed about $10 billion to the Gulf economy, taking 22 million fishin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This modeling technique compares the gene sequence of an unknown protein with sequences of proteins with known structures. Depending on the degree of similarity between the sequences, the structure of the known protein can be used as a model for solving the structure of the unknown protein. Highly accurate modeling is ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ring-opening polymerization that involves β-alkyl elimination can be catalyzed by Ti, Zr, Pd-based catalyst, and some Lanthanide-based metallocene catalyst, where different polymerization patterns vary when catalysts are different. Examples of copolymerization with alkene or carbon monoxide were also reported. The key... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
FK962 is a compound which acts as an enhancer of somatostatin release. It stimulates nerve growth and neurite elongation, and has been researched in animal models for potential applications in the treatment of conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and retinal neuropathy. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The society publishes "Chemistry & Chemical Industry" every month in a printed form, which is sent to the members of the society. The digital form of "Chemistry & Chemical Industry" is uploaded in the website of the society, and any member of the society can access the digital form. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ketosis induced by a ketogenic diet should not be pursued by people with pancreatitis because of the high dietary fat content. Ketosis is also contraindicated in pyruvate carboxylase deficiency, porphyria, and other rare genetic disorders of fat metabolism. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The bulk properties of a polymer are those most often of end-use interest. These are the properties that dictate how the polymer actually behaves on a macroscopic scale. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Young's modulus quantifies the elasticity of the polymer. It is defined, for small strains, as the ratio of rate of change of stress to strain. Like tensile strength, this is highly relevant in polymer applications involving the physical properties of polymers, such as rubber bands. The modulus is strongly dependent on... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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