text stringlengths 105 4.57k | label int64 0 1 | label_text stringclasses 2
values |
|---|---|---|
A glycosidic bond or glycosidic linkage is a type of ether bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate.
A glycosidic bond is formed between the hemiacetal or hemiketal group of a saccharide (or a molecule derived from a saccharide) and the hydroxyl grou... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although pneumatic cylinders will vary in appearance, size and function, they generally fall into one of the specific categories shown below. However, there are also numerous other types of pneumatic cylinder available, many of which are designed to fulfill specific and specialized functions. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cadmium sulfide has, like zinc sulfide, two crystal forms. The more stable hexagonal wurtzite structure (found in the mineral Greenockite) and the cubic zinc blende structure (found in the mineral Hawleyite). In both of these forms the cadmium and sulfur atoms are four coordinate. There is also a high pressure form wit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina
* Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften
* American Academy of Arts and Sciences (Foreign Honorary Member)
* Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales (Spain, foreign member)
* US National Academy of Sciences (Foreign Associate) | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Two types of OFM probes are currently available: Linear OFM probes for implantation into superficial tissues such as skin (dermal OFM, dOFM) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (adipose OFM, aOFM) as well as concentric probes for implantation into various regions of the brain (cerebral OFM, cOFM). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the 17th century, a renewed interest arose in Epicurean atomism and corpuscularianism as a hybrid or an alternative to Aristotelian physics. The main figures in the rebirth of atomism were Isaac Beeckman, René Descartes, Pierre Gassendi, and Robert Boyle, as well as other notable figures. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The bound state of two solitons is known as a bion, or in systems where the bound state periodically oscillates, a breather. The interference-type forces between solitons could be used in making bions. However, these forces are very sensitive to their relative phases. Alternatively, the bound state of solitons could be... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ecological engineering uses ecology and engineering to predict, design, construct or restore, and manage ecosystems that integrate "human society with its natural environment for the benefit of both". | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The FSL Kode construct by nature of its composition in possessing both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions are amphiphilic (or amphipathic). This characteristic determines the way in which the construct will interact with surfaces. When present in a solution they may form simple micelles or adopt more complex bilayer s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The gold number is the minimum weight (in milligrams) of a protective colloid required to prevent the coagulation of 10 ml of a standard hydro gold sol when 1 ml of a 10% sodium chloride solution is added to it. It was first used by Richard Adolf Zsigmondy in 1901.
An electrical double layer is normally present on the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The evolution of ATP synthase is thought to have been modular whereby two functionally independent subunits became associated and gained new functionality. This association appears to have occurred early in evolutionary history, because essentially the same structure and activity of ATP synthase enzymes are present in ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In September 2018, British physicist Jessica Wade created an article on the English Wikipedia about , but this was deleted on February 11, 2019. On April 12, The Washington Post published an op-ed about, in part, the English-language Wikipedias lack of coverage given to Phelps contribution to the discovery of element 1... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Phosphatidylcholine molecules form ~85% of the lipid in surfactant and have saturated acyl chains. Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) forms about 11% of the lipids in the surfactant, it has unsaturated fatty acid chains that fluidize the lipid monolayer at the interface. Neutral lipids and cholesterol are also present. The comp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* ATOMIC, MOLECULAR AND OPTICAL PHYSICS: NEW RESEARCH by L.T. Chen ; Nova Science Publishers, Inc. New York | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A magnetohydrodynamic generator is an MHD converter that transforms the kinetic energy of an electrically conductive fluid, in motion with respect to a steady magnetic field, into electricity. MHD power generation has been tested extensively in the 1960s with liquid metals and plasmas as working fluids.
Basically, a pl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Researchers determined the crystal structure of the FI6 antibody when it was bound to H1 and H3 HA proteins. Sitting atop the HA spike is a globular head domain that binds to cellular receptors during viral entry and contains the major antigenic sites targeted by the immune system. Because of this selective pressure, t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Williams studied chemistry at Imperial College London, graduating with a Bachelor's degree in chemistry. She completed a PhD with Vernon C. Gibson and Nick Long. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thylakoid proteins are targeted to their destination via signal peptides and prokaryotic-type secretory pathways inside the chloroplast. Most thylakoid proteins encoded by a plant's nuclear genome need two targeting signals for proper localization: An N-terminal chloroplast targeting peptide (shown in yellow in the fig... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nanoparticles were used by artisans since prehistory, albeit without knowledge of their nature. They were used by glassmakers and potters in Classical Antiquity, as exemplified by the Roman Lycurgus cup of dichroic glass (4th century CE) and the lusterware pottery of Mesopotamia (9th century CE). The latter is characte... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Congo red was first synthesized in 1883 by Paul Böttiger, who had been employed at Friedrich Bayer Company in Elberfeld, Germany. He was looking for textile dyes that did not require a mordant step. The company which had a right of first refusal to his inventions was not interested in this bright red color, so he filed... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Certain problems, such as the evolution of the shape of a bubble in a Stokes flow, are conducive to numerical solution by the boundary element method. This technique can be applied to both 2- and 3-dimensional flows. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An applied example is a synthesis of sunitinib begins by mixing 5-fluoroisatin slowly into hydrazine hydrate. After 4 hours at 110 °C, the indole ring structure has been broken into (2-amino-5-fluoro-phenyl)-acetic acid hydrazide with reduction of the ketone at the 3-position. Subsequent annelation in strong acid creat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Copper thermite can be prepared using either copper(I) oxide (CuO, red) or copper(II) oxide (CuO, black). The burn rate tends to be very fast and the melting point of copper is relatively low, so the reaction produces a significant amount of molten copper in a very short time. Copper(II) thermite reactions can be so fa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Towing tests of warships had demonstrated that a below-water ram shape reduced resistance through the water before 1900. The bulbous bow concept is credited to David W. Taylor, a naval architect who served as Chief Constructor of the United States Navy during the First World War and who used the concept (known as a bul... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tobermorite is a calcium silicate hydrate mineral with chemical formula:
CaSiO(OH)·4HO or
CaSi(O,OH)·5HO.
Two structural varieties are distinguished: tobermorite-11 Å and tobermorite-14 Å.
Tobermorite occurs in hydrated cement paste and can be found in nature as an alteration mineral in metamorphosed limestone and in s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lithium oxalate is an organic compound with the chemical formula . It is a salt of lithium metal and oxalic acid. It consists of lithium cations and oxalate anions . Lithium oxalate is soluble in water and converts to lithium oxide when heated. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Arusi was born in Zawiya in 1961. He obtained a bachelor of science degree in chemical engineering from Tobruk University. In 1988, he received a master's degree from University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology. He also holds a PhD from the same university in engineering and corrosion science, which he... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A method for detecting arsenious oxide, simple arsenic, in corpses was devised in 1773 by the Swedish chemist, Carl Wilhelm Scheele. His work was expanded upon, in 1806, by German chemist Valentin Ross, who learned to detect the poison in the walls of a victim's stomach.
James Marsh was the first to apply this new scie... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The introduction of refrigeration and evolution of additional technologies drastically changed agriculture in the United States. During the beginning of the 20th century, farming was a common occupation and lifestyle for United States citizens, as most farmers actually lived on their farm. In 1935, there were 6.8 milli... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A perfectly immobile fluorescent moiety when exited with polarized light will emit light which is also polarized. However, if a molecule is moving, it will tend to "scramble" the polarization of the light by radiating at a different direction from the incident light. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
By rectifying the motion of individual swimming bacteria, microfluidic structures can be used to extract mechanical motion from a population of motile bacterial cells. This way, bacteria-powered rotors can be built. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Colloidal particles can also serve as transport vector
of diverse contaminants in the surface water (sea water, lakes, rivers, fresh water bodies) and in underground water circulating in fissured rocks
(e.g. limestone, sandstone, granite). Radionuclides and heavy metals easily sorb onto colloids suspended in water. Var... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It was once suggested that CO could be stored in the oceans by direct injection into the deep ocean and storing it there for some centuries. At the time, this proposal was called "ocean storage" but more precisely it was known as "direct deep-sea carbon dioxide injection". However, the interest in this avenue of carbon... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Early biochips were based on the idea of a DNA microarray, e.g., the GeneChip DNAarray from Affymetrix, which is a piece of glass, plastic or silicon substrate, on which pieces of DNA (probes) are affixed in a microscopic array. Similar to a DNA microarray, a protein array is a miniature array where a multitude of diff... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
UPS has seen a considerable revival with the increasing availability of synchrotron light sources which provide a wide range of monochromatic photon energies. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The partial molar volume is broadly understood as the contribution that a component of a mixture makes to the overall volume of the solution. However, there is more to it than this:
When one mole of water is added to a large volume of water at 25 °C, the volume increases by 18 cm. The molar volume of pure water would ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In physics and chemistry, there are two main macroscopic consequences of the time-reversibility of microscopic dynamics: the principle of detailed balance and the Onsager reciprocal relations.
The statistical description of the macroscopic process as an ensemble of the elementary indivisible events (collisions) was inv... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Another classic but elusive family of targets are silylenes, analogues of carbenes. It was proposed that dechlorination of dimethyldichlorosilane generates dimethylsilylene:
:SiCl(CH) + 2 K → Si(CH) + 2 KCl
This inference is supported by conducting the dechlorination in the presence of trimethylsilane, the trappe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Reiner Salzer (Chair), TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
*Pavel Drašar (Past-Chair), University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
*Ray Wallace (Secretary), Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
*a number of members | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The sessile drop technique has various applications for both materials engineering and straight characterization. In general, it is useful in determining the surface tension of liquids through the use of reference solids, with a similar technique being the Captive Bubble Method. There are various other specific applica... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1950, a small amount of CoQ was isolated from the lining of a horses gut, a compound initially called substance SA, but later deemed to be quinone found in many animal tissues. In 1957, the same compound was isolated from mitochondrial membranes of beef heart, with research showing that it transported electrons with... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Spray painting
* High velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF)
* Plasma spraying
* Thermal spraying
* Kinetic metallization (KM)
* Plasma transferred wire arc thermal spraying
* The common forms of Powder coating | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are three well-characterized families of opioid peptides produced by the body: enkephalins, β-endorphin, and dynorphins. The met-enkephalin peptide sequence is coded for by the enkephalin gene; the leu-enkephalin peptide sequence is coded for by both the enkephalin gene and the dynorphin gene. The proopiomelanoco... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Litmus can be found in different species of lichens. The dyes are extracted from such species as Roccella tinctoria (South American), Roccella fuciformis (Angola and Madagascar), Roccella pygmaea (Algeria), Roccella phycopsis, Lecanora tartarea (Norway, Sweden), Variolaria dealbata, Ochrolechia parella, Parmotrema tinc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Contributions to the synthetic and structural chemistry of acetals, especially cyclic acetals.
* Studies of hydrogels containing UV-absorbing agents. Correlating the concentration, absorptive properties and extractability of the agents.
* Interaction of polymers with IR laser radiation – demonstrating that the monome... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ascorbic acid can also react with organic acids as an alcohol forming esters such as ascorbyl palmitate and ascorbyl stearate. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemistry, a racemic mixture or racemate (), is one that has equal amounts of left- and right-handed enantiomers of a chiral molecule or salt. Racemic mixtures are rare in nature, but many compounds are produced industrially as racemates. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
PUVA (psoralen and UVA) is an ultraviolet light therapy treatment for skin diseases: vitiligo, eczema, psoriasis, graft-versus-host disease, mycosis fungoides, large plaque parapsoriasis, and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, using the sensitizing effects of the drug psoralen. The psoralen is applied or taken orally to sensit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Soluble fluorides are moderately toxic. For sodium fluoride, the lethal dose for adults is 5–10 g, which is equivalent to 32–64 mg of elemental fluoride per kilogram of body weight. The dose that may lead to adverse health effects is about one fifth of the lethal dose. Chronic excess fluoride consumption can lead to sk... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Where a compound has non standard bonding as compared to the parent hydride for example PCl the lambda convention is used. For example:
*PCl pentachloro-λ-phosphane
*SF hexafluoro-λ-sulfane | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An Interest Group Macromolecules (EBF-IGM) was founded in 2008 to provide a platform for scientific exchange and harmonization of specific aspects for the bioanalysis of macromolecules: drugs and biomarkers as well as immunogenicity testing. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Retroposons are repetitive DNA fragments which are inserted into chromosomes after they had been reverse transcribed from any RNA molecule. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* At high glucose levels, glycolysis takes place rapidly, thus increasing the amount of citrate produced from the citric acid cycle. This citrate is then exported to other organelles outside the mitochondria to be broken into acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate by the enzyme ATP citrate lyase (ACL). This principal reaction is ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The vorticity equation can be expressed in tensor notation using Einstein's summation convention and the Levi-Civita symbol : | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The journal was established in 1983 and as submissions increased switched to a biomonthly schedule in 2006. The editor-in-chief is Chengshan Wang (Chinese Academy of Sciences). Baojun Liu (Division of Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences) is honorary editor-in-chief. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Progesterone plays an important role in breast development in women. In conjunction with prolactin, it mediates lobuloalveolar maturation of the mammary glands during pregnancy to allow for milk production and thus lactation and breastfeeding of offspring following parturition (childbirth). Estrogen induces expression ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, vinylogy is the transmission of electronic effects through a conjugated organic bonding system. The concept was introduced in 1926 by Ludwig Claisen to explain the acidic properties of formylacetone and related ketoaldehydes. Formylacetone, technically , only exists in the ionized form or . Its a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Millesimal fineness is a system of denoting the purity of platinum, gold and silver alloys by parts per thousand of pure metal by mass in the alloy. For example, an alloy containing 75% gold is denoted as "750". Many European countries use decimal hallmark stamps (i.e., "585", "750", etc.) rather than "14 k", "18 k", e... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
LAAM is indicated as a second-line treatment for the treatment and management of opioid dependence if patients fail to respond to drugs like methadone or buprenorphine.
LAAM is used as an oral solution of LAAM hydrochloride at a concentration of 10 mg/mL in bottles of 120 and 500 mL under the brand name Orlaam. The fir... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Electroporation is performed with electroporators, purpose-built appliances that create an electrostatic field in a cell solution. The cell suspension is pipetted into a glass or plastic cuvette which has two aluminium electrodes on its sides. For bacterial electroporation, typically a suspension of around 50 microlite... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Stimuli that trigger vesicle fusion act by increasing intracellular Ca.
* Synaptic vesicles commit vesicle fusion by a nerve impulse reaching the synapse, activating voltage-dependent calcium channels that cause influx of Ca into the cell.
* In the endocrine system, many hormones are released by their releasing hormone... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
According to Ostwald's rule, usually less stable polymorphs crystallize before the stable form. The concept hinges on the idea that unstable polymorphs more closely resemble the state in solution, and thus are kinetically advantaged. The founding case of fibrous vs rhombic benzamide illustrates the case. Another exa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chemical production and petroleum refineries will usually employ computers for logging and for limit testing the many temperatures associated with a process, typically numbering in the hundreds. For such cases, a number of thermocouple leads will be brought to a common reference block (a large block of copper) containi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One of the properties of polytorotaxanes involves the photoelectronic response when introducing photoactive or electrionic-active units into the mechanically interlocked structures.
For examples, the polyrotaxane structures are capable of enhancing the fluorescence quenching molecules that grafting on the rings and the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Kefir
**In Kefir, the lactose in milk is fermented by lactic acid bacteria to produce lactic acid, further breakdown to propionic acid is done by propionibacteria. Yeast in Kefir ferment to produce ethanol, which is consumed by other bacteria to make acids and aldehydes that contribute to flavor.
* Sake
** In the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Metal fuels have the advantage of a much higher heat conductivity than oxide fuels but cannot survive equally high temperatures. Metal fuels have a long history of use, stretching from the Clementine reactor in 1946 to many test and research reactors. Metal fuels have the potential for the highest fissile atom density.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Group I and group II introns are found in genes encoding proteins (messenger RNA), transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA in a very wide range of living organisms. Following transcription into RNA, group I and group II introns also make extensive internal interactions that allow them to fold into a specific, complex three-dime... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The variations in oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios have applications in hydrology since most samples lie between two extremes, ocean water and Arctic/Antarctic snow. Given a sample of water from an aquifer, and a sufficiently sensitive tool to measure the variation in the isotopic ratio of hydrogen in the sample, it ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The jump method is difficult to execute mainly due to unaccounted vibrations entering the instrument. To overcome this, researchers developed the resonance method which measured surface forces at larger distances, 10 nm to 130 nm. In this case, the bottom cylinder is oscillated at a known frequency, while the frequency... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A related term "clarke of concentration" or "concentration clarke", synonym: "concentration factor (mineralogy)", is a measure to see how rich a particular ore is.
That is, the ratio between the concentrations of a chemical element in the ore, and its concentration in the whole Earth's crust (i.e. "clarke") .
If the co... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hormones that are glycoproteins include:
* Follicle-stimulating hormone
* Luteinizing hormone
* Thyroid-stimulating hormone
* Human chorionic gonadotropin
* Alpha-fetoprotein
* Erythropoietin (EPO) | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nuclei also have distinct energy states that are widely separated and lead to gamma ray spectra. Distinct nuclear spin states can have their energy separated by a magnetic field, and this allows for nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Combination therapy with paricalcitol and trandolapril has been found to reduce fibrosis in obstructive uropathy. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*ATF1 NM_005171
*ATF2 NM_001880
*ATF4 Activating transcription factor 4 NM_001675
*ATF6 NM_007348
*ATF7 NM_001206682
*ATF7IP NM_018179
*BTF3 NM_001207 Homo sapiens basic transcription factor 3
*E2F4 Homo sapiens E2F transcription factor 4, p107/p130-binding (E2F4), mRNA
*ERH (gene) Enhancer of rudimentary homolog of d... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The integrity of the systems are broken down into physical, hydraulic, and water quality.
The physical integrity includes concerns on the ability of the barriers to prevents contaminations from the external sources to get into water distribution systems. The deterioration can be caused by physical or chemical factors.
... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In genetics, a regulator gene, regulator, or regulatory gene is a gene involved in controlling the expression of one or more other genes. Regulatory sequences, which encode regulatory genes, are often at the five prime end (5) to the start site of transcription of the gene they regulate. In addition, these sequences c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Single-cell transcriptomics uses sequencing techniques similar to single cell genomics or direct detection using fluorescence in situ hybridization. The first step in quantifying the transcriptome is to convert RNA to cDNA using reverse transcriptase so that the contents of the cell can be sequenced using NGS methods a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the carbon tetrachloride molecule, four chlorine atoms are positioned symmetrically as corners in a tetrahedral configuration joined to a central carbon atom by single covalent bonds. Because of this symmetric geometry, CCl is non-polar. Methane gas has the same structure, making carbon tetrachloride a halomethane. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When we have a set of possible events, coming from the distribution , we can encode them (with a lossless data compression) using entropy encoding. This compresses the data by replacing each fixed-length input symbol with a corresponding unique, variable-length, prefix-free code (e.g.: the events (A, B, C) with probabi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In dynamic reaction mixtures, multiple products exist in equilibrium. Reversible assembly of molecular components generates products and semi-stable intermediates. Reactions can proceed along kinetic or thermodynamic pathways. Initial concentrations of kinetic intermediates are greater than thermodynamic products becau... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Using conventional FT technology the process ranges in carbon efficiency from 25 to 50 percent and a thermal efficiency of about 50% for CTL facilities idealised at 60% with GTL facilities at about 60% efficiency idealised to 80% efficiency. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Aldehydes () take the suffix "-al". If other functional groups are present, the chain is numbered such that the aldehyde carbon is in the "1" position, unless functional groups of higher precedence are present.
If a prefix form is required, "oxo-" is used (as for ketones), with the position number indicating the end of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The effect is named after James Prescott Joule and William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, who discovered it in 1852. It followed upon earlier work by Joule on Joule expansion, in which a gas undergoes free expansion in a vacuum and the temperature is unchanged, if the gas is ideal. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Just like the many uses of plasma, there are several means for its generation. However, one principle is common to all of them: there must be energy input to produce and sustain it. For this case, plasma is generated when an electric current is applied across a dielectric gas or fluid (an electrically non-conducting ma... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Research is being done into RCB and NCP, two non-catalytic thioredoxin-like proteins that activate chloroplast transcription. Knowing the exact mechanism can be useful to allow increasing photosynthesis (i.e. through genetic modification). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Methane has a limited atmospheric lifetime, about 10 years, due to substantial methane sinks. The primary methane sink is atmospheric oxidation, from hydroxyl radicals (~90% of the total sink) and chlorine radicals (0-5% of the total sink). The rest is consumed by methanotrophs and other methane-oxidizing bacteria and ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A brochure produced by MMC and Countryside Properties, entitled Regeneration of Spodden Valley Community News Autumn 2005, and distributed to 50,000 households in the area, was determined by the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) to have breached a code of honesty and truthfulness, and was misleading when it claimed... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tissue opacity is thought to be the result of light scattering due to heterogeneous refractive indices. Tissue clearing methods chemically homogenize refractive indices, resulting in almost completely transparent tissue. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bound to the 5-untranslated region of messenger RNA (mRNA), Morpholinos can interfere with progression of the ribosomal initiation complex from the 5 cap to the start codon. This prevents translation of the coding region of the targeted transcript (called "knocking down" gene expression). This is useful experimentally ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Egap was born in Athens, Ohio, and went to school in New York City. She started her academic career at Stony Brook University as a philosophy major, but was inspired by her chemistry professor and switched to chemistry. She graduated from Stony Brook University in 2005. She completed her postgraduate studies in 2011 at... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Heterolytic bond cleavage is a process where the electron pair that comprised a bond moves to one of the atoms that was formerly joined by a bond. The bond breaks, forming a negatively charged species (an anion) and a positively charged species (a cation). The anion is the species that retains the electrons from the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The word aldehyde was coined by Justus von Liebig as a contraction of the Latin (dehydrogenated alcohol). In the past, aldehydes were sometimes named after the corresponding alcohols, for example, vinous aldehyde for acetaldehyde. (Vinous is from Latin "wine", the traditional source of ethanol, cognate with vinyl.)
T... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The International Fine Particle Research Institute (IFPRI) is a cooperative organisation concerned with advancing the fundamentals of fine particle technology. Its mission statement is "To define long-term research objectives in particle science and engineering aligned with the industrial agenda, providing the scientif... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An oxidizing agent (also known as an oxidant, oxidizer, electron recipient, or electron acceptor) is a substance in a redox chemical reaction that gains or "accepts"/"receives" an electron from a (called the , , or ). In other words, an oxidizer is any substance that oxidizes another substance. The oxidation state, wh... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Several syntheses of oxoiron(IV) species have been reported. These compounds model biological complexes such as cytochrome P450, NO synthase, and isopenicillin N synthase. Two such reported compounds are thiolate-ligated oxoiron(IV) and cyclam-acetate oxoiron(IV).
Thiolate-ligated oxoiron(IV) is formed by the oxidation... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Liquid is one of the four primary states of matter, with the others being solid, gas and plasma. A liquid is a fluid. Unlike a solid, the molecules in a liquid have a much greater freedom to move. The forces that bind the molecules together in a solid are only temporary in a liquid, allowing a liquid to flow while a so... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Changeable optics filters are used in the colorimeter to select the wavelength which the solute absorbs the most, in order to maximize accuracy. The usual wavelength range is from 400 to 700 nm. If it is necessary to operate in the ultraviolet range then some modifications to the colorimeter are needed. In modern color... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In Laser ablation electrospray ionization (LAESI) a laser is used to ablate the surface of the sample and the emitted molecules are ionized in the gas phase by charged droplets from electrospray. Similar to DESI the ionization happens in ambient conditions. Anderton et al. used this ionization technique coupled to a Fo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Floral scent is often composed of hundreds of VOCs, in very variable proportions. The method used is a tradeoff between accurately detecting quantifying minor compounds and avoiding detector saturation by major compounds. For most analysis methods routinely used, the detection threshold of many VOCs is still higher tha... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Reynolds number is the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces within a fluid that is subjected to relative internal movement due to different fluid velocities. A region where these forces change behavior is known as a boundary layer, such as the bounding surface in the interior of a pipe. A similar effect is cr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.