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Stripping is a physical separation process where one or more components are removed from a liquid stream by a vapor stream. In industrial applications the liquid and vapor streams can have co-current or countercurrent flows. Stripping is usually carried out in either a packed or trayed column. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The water dimer consists of two water molecules loosely bound by a hydrogen bond. It is the smallest water cluster. Because it is the simplest model system for studying hydrogen bonding in water, it has been the target of many theoretical (and later experimental) studies that it has been called a "theoretical Guinea p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Binucleating ligands bind two metal ions. Usually binucleating ligands feature bridging ligands, such as phenoxide, pyrazolate, or pyrazine, as well as other donor groups that bind to only one of the two metal ions. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chemoenzymatic glycorandomization was inspired by the early pathway engineering work of Hutchinson and coworkers that suggested natural product glycosyltransferases were capable of utilizing non-native sugar nucleotide donors. The initial platform for chemoenzymatic glycorandomization was based upon a set of two highly... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
CK2 typically appears as a tetramer of two α subunits; α being 42 kDa and α’ being 38 kDa, and two β subunits, each weighing in at 28 kDa. The β regulatory domain only has one isoform and therefore within the tetramer will have two β subunits. The catalytic α domains appear as an α or α’ variant and can either be forme... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Yttrium is used in the production of a large variety of synthetic garnets, and yttria is used to make yttrium iron garnets (, also "YIG"), which are very effective microwave filters which were recently shown to have magnetic interactions more complex and longer-ranged than understood over the previous four decades. Ytt... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Like all chemical reactions, the unimolecular decomposition of ions is subject to thermodynamic versus kinetic reaction control: the kinetic product forms faster, whereas the thermodynamic product is more stable. In the decomposition of ABCD, the reaction to form AD is thermodynamically favored and the reaction to f... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
RNA polymerase 1 (also known as Pol I) is, in higher eukaryotes, the polymerase that only transcribes ribosomal RNA (but not 5S rRNA, which is synthesized by RNA polymerase III), a type of RNA that accounts for over 50% of the total RNA synthesized in a cell. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Inorganic nanoparticles, such as gold, silica, iron oxide (ex. magnetofection) and calcium phosphates have been shown to be capable of gene delivery. Some of the benefits of inorganic vectors is in their storage stability, low manufacturing cost and often time, low immunogenicity, and resistance to microbial attack. Na... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The 3 poly(A) tail is a long sequence of adenine nucleotides (often several hundred) added to the 3 end of the pre-mRNA. This tail promotes export from the nucleus and translation, and protects the mRNA from degradation. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
If the pressure gradient is not measured, it can still be obtained by measuring the velocity at the centre line. The measured velocity has only the real part of the full expression in the form of
Noting that , the full physical expression becomes
at the centre line. The measured velocity is compared with the full expr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Assuming a single, well-mixed, homogeneous fluid and a single acceleration due to gravity (both are good assumptions in natural rivers, and the second is a good assumption for processes on Earth, or any planetary body with a dominant influence on the local gravitational field), the only two variables that determine the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) or preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) has been suggested to be able to be used in IVF to select an embryo that appears to have the greatest chances for successful pregnancy. However, a systematic review and meta-analysis of existing randomised controlled trials came to the r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In combustion, a Burke–Schumann flame is a type of diffusion flame, established at the mouth of the two concentric ducts, by issuing fuel and oxidizer from the two region respectively. It is named after S.P. Burke and T.E.W. Schumann, who were able to predict the flame height and flame shape using their simple analysis... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The experiments described in the instruction manual typically require a number of chemicals not shipped with the chemistry set, because they are common household chemicals:
* Acetic acid (in vinegar)
* Ammonium carbonate ("baker's ammonia" or "salts of hartshorn")
* Citric acid (in lemons)
* Ethanol (in denatured alcoh... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Wohl degradation in carbohydrate chemistry is a chain contraction method for aldoses. The classic example is the conversion of glucose to arabinose as shown below. The reaction is named after the German chemist Alfred Wohl (1863–1939).
In one modification, d-glucose is converted to the glucose oxime by reaction wit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Inclusions are one of the most important factors when it comes to gem valuation. In many gemstones, such as diamonds, inclusions affect the clarity of the gem, diminishing the value. In some gems, however, such as star sapphires, the inclusion actually increases the value of the gem.
Many colored gemstones are expected... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The waste discharge can be sent into incineration plant, where the organic solid undergoes combustion process. The combustion process produces heat that can be used to generate electricity. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
(95%W/5%Re–74%W/26%Re, by weight) maximum temperature will be measured by type-c thermocouple is 2329 °C. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In a typical non-premixed combustion (fuel and oxidizer are separated initially), mixing of fuel and oxidizer takes place based on the mechanical time scale dictated by the convection/diffusion (the relative importance between convection and diffusion depends on the Reynolds number) terms. Similarly, chemical reaction ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Phosphorus occurs naturally in both organic and inorganic forms. The analytical measure of biologically available orthophosphates is referred to as soluble reactive phosphorus (SR-P). Dissolved organic phosphorus and insoluble forms of organic and inorganic phosphorus are generally not biologically available until tran... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The third commercial copper ISASMELT plant was installed in MIM's Mount Isa copper smelter at a cost of approximately A$100 million. It was designed to treat 104 t/h of copper concentrate, containing 180,000 t/y of copper, and it began operation in August 1992.
A significant difference between the Mount Isa copper ISAS... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In acute toxicity, people have primarily gastrointestinal symptoms such as vomiting and diarrhea, which may result in volume depletion. During acute toxicity, lithium distributes later into the central nervous system causing dizziness and other mild neurological symptoms. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Because of the unique shapes, reactivities, properties, and bioactivities that they engender, cyclic compounds are the largest majority of all molecules involved in the biochemistry, structure, and function of living organisms, and in the man-made molecules (e.g., drugs, herbicides, etc.) through which man attempts to ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Larry Robinson is an American professor and academic administrator, who is the current President of Florida A&M University, a historically black university. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
N NMR is the most effective method for investigation of structure of heterocycles with a high content of nitrogen atoms (tetrazoles, triazines and their annelated analogs). N labeling followed by analysis of C–N and H–N couplings may be used for establishing structures and chemical transformations of nitrogen heterocyc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The theory of solar cells explains the process by which light energy in photons is converted into electric current when the photons strike a suitable semiconductor device. The theoretical studies are of practical use because they predict the fundamental limits of a solar cell, and give guidance on the phenomena that co... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Partitioning in digital PCR increases sensitivity and allows for detection of rare events, especially single nucleotide variants (SNVs), by isolating or greatly diminishing the target biomarker signal from potentially competing background. These events can be organized into two classes: rare mutation detection and rare... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The total number of constructed wetlands in Austria is 5,450 (in 2015). Due to legal requirements (nitrification), only vertical flow constructed wetlands are implemented in Austria as they achieve better nitrification performance than horizontal flow constructed wetlands. Only about 100 of these constructed wetlands h... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One criticism of the concept of the control coefficient as defined above is that it is dependent on being described relative to a change in enzyme activity. Instead, the Berlin school defined control coefficients in terms of changes to local rates brought about by any suitable parameter, which could include changes to ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Wind waves are waves at the water surface that are generated due to the shear action of wind stress on the water surface and the aim of gravity, that acts as a restoring force, to return the water surface to its equilibrium position. Wind waves in the ocean are also known as ocean surface waves. The wind waves interact... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Donnan dialysis is a separation process which is used to exchange ions between two aqueous solutions which are separated by a CEM or an AEM membrane. In the case of a cation exchange membrane separating two solutions with different acidity, protons (H) go through the membrane to the less acidic side. This induces an el... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Julia was born in 1922 in Paris as son of the renowned mathematician Gaston Julia. Julia studied physics at the École Normale Supérieure. After receiving his diploma he joined the group of Ian Heilbron and David G. Jones at the Imperial College London where he received his first PhD in 1948. Back to France he changed h... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When the incident particle, such as an alpha particle or electron, is diffracted in the Coulomb potential of atoms and molecules, the elastic scattering process is called Rutherford scattering. In many electron diffraction techniques like reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED), transmission electron diffra... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Nearly all RAPD markers are dominant, i.e. it is not possible to distinguish whether a DNA segment is amplified from a locus that is heterozygous (1 copy) or homozygous (2 copies). Codominant RAPD markers, observed as different-sized DNA segments amplified from the same locus, are detected only rarely.
* PCR is an en... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Consider steady flow of blood through a capillary of radius . The capillary cross section can be divided into a core region and cell-free plasma region near the wall. The governing equations for both regions can be given by the following equations:
where:
: is the pressure drop across the capillary
: is the length of c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The basic room purge equation is used in industrial hygiene. It determines the time required to reduce a known vapor concentration existing in a closed space to a lower vapor concentration. The equation can only be applied when the purged volume of vapor or gas is replaced with "clean" air or gas. For example, the e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The choice of metallic substrate is determined by the dimensional, mechanical and corrosion resistance properties required of the coated product in use. The most common metallic substrates that are organically coated are:
* Hot dip galvanised steel (HDG) which consists of a cold reduced steel substrate onto which a lay... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Born equation can be used for estimating the electrostatic component of Gibbs free energy of solvation of an ion. It is an electrostatic model that treats the solvent as a continuous dielectric medium (it is thus one member of a class of methods known as continuum solvation methods).
It was derived by Max Born.
whe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A wide variety of alkyl Nb compounds have been prepared. Low coordination number complexes require the absence of any β-hydrogen to prevent rapid β-hydride elimination. The simplest compounds are salts of , which is prepared by alkylation of using methyl lithium: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The sum of the atomic mass of the two atoms produced by the fission of one fissile atom is always less than the atomic mass of the original atom. This is because some of the mass is lost as free neutrons, and once kinetic energy of the fission products has been removed (i.e., the products have been cooled to extract th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although the cost of acquiring hyperspectral images is typically high for specific crops and in specific climates, hyperspectral remote sensing use is increasing for monitoring the development and health of crops. In Australia, work is under way to use imaging spectrometers to detect grape variety and develop an early ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Jameson's research into flotation began when he was at Imperial College London, in 1969. A colleague, Dr J. A. Kitchener of the Royal School of Mines, pointed out that many of the new mineral deposits being found around the world required fine grinding to separate the valuable particles from the rock in which they were... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs): when derived from methane and ethane these compounds have the formulae CClF and CClF, where m is nonzero.
*Hydro-chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs): when derived from methane and ethane these compounds have the formula CClFH and CClFH, where m, n, x, and y are nonzero.
* and bromofluorocarbons hav... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Current RO membranes, thin-film composite (TFC) polyamide membranes, are being studied to find ways of improving their permeability. Through new imaging methods, researchers were able to make 3D models of membranes and examine how water flowed through them. They found that TFC membranes with areas of low flow significa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
High potential iron–sulfur proteins (HiPIPs) form a unique family of FeS ferredoxins that function in anaerobic electron transport chains. Some HiPIPs have a redox potential higher than any other known iron–sulfur protein (e.g., HiPIP from Rhodopila globiformis has a redox potential of ca. -450 mV). Several HiPIPs have... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One contributing structure may resemble the actual molecule more than another (in the sense of energy and stability). Structures with a low value of potential energy are more stable than those with high values and resemble the actual structure more. The most stable contributing structures are called major contributors.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nanoclusters are agglomerates of nanoparticles with at least one dimension between 1 and 10 nanometers and a narrow size distribution. Nanopowders are agglomerates of ultrafine particles, nanoparticles, or nanoclusters. Nanometer-sized single crystals, or single-domain ultrafine particles, are often referred to as nano... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Cape York meteorite, also known as the Innaanganeq meteorite, is one of the largest known iron meteorites, classified as a medium octahedrite in chemical group IIIAB. In addition to many small fragments, at least eight large fragments with a total mass of 58 tonnes have been recovered, the largest weighing . The me... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It is usually recommended not to declare a person dead until their body is warmed to a near normal body temperature of greater than , since extreme hypothermia can suppress heart and brain function. This is summarized in the common saying "Youre not dead until youre warm and dead." Exceptions include if there are obvio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chemogenetics and usage of DREADDs have allowed researchers to advance in biomedical research areas including many neurodegenerative and psychiatric conditions. Chemogenetics have been used in these fields to induce specific and reversible brain lesions and therefore, study specific activities of neuron population. Alt... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Originally used with a different meaning, the term took its current definition after Lwoff and collaborators (1946). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
N decays by positron emission with a half-life of 9.97 min. It is produced by the nuclear reaction
:H + O → N + He
N is used in positron emission tomography (PET scan). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh, (; 12 November 1842 – 30 June 1919) was a British mathematician and physicist who made extensive contributions to science. He spent all of his academic career at the University of Cambridge. Among many honours, he received the 1904 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his investigations... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In elementary applications, Raoults law is generally valid when the liquid phase is either nearly pure or a mixture of similar substances. Raoults law may be adapted to non-ideal solutions by incorporating two factors that account for the interactions between molecules of different substances. The first factor is a co... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The EPOC effect is greatest soon after the exercise is completed and decays to a lower level over time. One experiment, involving exertion above baseline, found EPOC increasing metabolic rate to an excess level that decays to 13% three hours after exercise, and 4% after 16 hours, for the studied exercise dose. Another ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lithium is present in biological systems in trace amounts; its functions are uncertain. Lithium salts have proven to be useful as a mood stabilizer and antidepressant in the treatment of mental illness such as bipolar disorder. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The leaf surface is also host to a large variety of microorganisms; in this context it is referred to as the phyllosphere.
;Lepidote: Covered with fine scurfy scales. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In contrast to most organic compounds, many inorganic compounds are magnetic and/or colored. These properties provide information on the bonding and structure. The magnetism of inorganic compounds can be comlex.For example, most copper(II) compounds are paramagnetic but Cu(OAc)(HO) is almost diamagnetic below room tem... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
4-Nitrophenol can be prepared by nitration of phenol using dilute nitric acid at room temperature. The reaction produces a mixture of 2-nitrophenol and 4-nitrophenol. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Microbial food cultures preserve food through formation of inhibitory metabolites such as organic acid (lactic acid, acetic acid, formic acid, propionic acid), ethanol, bacteriocins, etc., often in combination with decrease of water activity (by drying or use of salt). Further, microbial food cultures help to improve f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Akkaya and coworkers demonstrated a molecular NOR gate using a boradiazaindacene system. Fluorescence of the highly-emissive boradiazaindacene (input “1”) was found to be quenched in the presence of either a zinc salt [Zn(II)] or trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). The system, thus, could realize the truth table of a NOR logic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
External spray systems for buildings are well documented for protection from fires in adjacent buildings. However, up there is little published scientific research on scientific information pertaining to the effectiveness of EWSS under varying wildfire conditions. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Gallic acid reagent is used as a simple spot-test to presumptively identify drug precursor chemicals. It is composed of a mixture of gallic acid and concentrated sulfuric acid.
0.05 g of gallic acid is used for every 10 mls of sulfuric acid. The same ratio of gallic acid n-propyl ester in sulfuric acid can also be ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Synthetic chelates such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) proved too stable and not nutritionally viable. If the mineral was taken from the EDTA ligand, the ligand could not be used by the body and would be expelled. During the expulsion process the EDTA ligand randomly chelated and stripped other minerals from... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hahn echos have also been observed at optical frequencies. For this, resonant light is applied to a material with an inhomogeneously broadened absorption resonance. Instead of using two spin states in a magnetic field, photon echoes use two energy levels that are present in the material even in zero magnetic field. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In medical training, thermochromic ink can be used to imitate human blood because it shares its color changing property. It is currently being tested in medical simulations involving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). In these procedures, a change in color of blood between a dark and light red indicates blood ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
PSII and PSI are connected by a transmembrane proton pump, cytochrome bf complex (plastoquinol—plastocyanin reductase; ). Electrons from PSII are carried by plastoquinol to cyt bf, where they are removed in a stepwise fashion (re-forming plastoquinone) and transferred to a water-soluble electron carrier called plastocy... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The asymmetric Darzens reaction between aldehydes and (alpha)-haloesters is an effective method for the synthesis of glycidic esters. Chiral auxiliaries, chiral boron enolates, and asymmetric phase transfer catalysis have been used successfully to effect asymmetric induction in the Darzens reaction.
Diastereoselective ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Froth flotation is one of the processes used to recover recycled paper. In the paper industry this step is called deinking or just flotation. The target is to release and remove the hydrophobic contaminants from the recycled paper. The contaminants are mostly printing ink and stickies. Normally the setup is a two-stage... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Tishchenko reaction involve disproportionation of an aldehyde in the presence of an anhydrous base to give an ester. Catalysts are aluminium alkoxides or sodium alkoxides. Benzaldehyde reacts with sodium benzyloxide (generated from sodium and benzyl alcohol) to generate benzyl benzoate. The method is used in the pr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nickel–metal hydride batteries (Ni-MH) largely replaced Ni-Cd batteries in the early 1990s. They replaced the metallic cadmium electrode with a hydrogen-absorbing alloy, allowing it to have over two times the capacity of Ni-Cd batteries while being easier to recycle. Their heyday in computer equipment was in the early-... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
WECs are sub-surface white cracks networks within local microstructural changes that are characterised by a changed microstructure known as white etching area (WEA). The term "white etching" refers to the white appearance of the altered microstructure of a polished and etched steel sample in the affected areas. The WEA... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In polymer science, the polymer chain or simply backbone of a polymer is the main chain of a polymer. Polymers are often classified according to the elements in the main chains. The character of the backbone, i.e. its flexibility, determines the properties of the polymer (such as the glass transition temperature). For ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One method for preparing β-phenethylamine, set forth in J. C. Robinson and H. R. Snyders Organic Syntheses' (published 1955), involves the reduction of benzyl cyanide with hydrogen in liquid ammonia, in the presence of a Raney-Nickel catalyst, at a temperature of 130 °C and a pressure of 13.8 MPa. Alternative syntheses... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
γ-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (γ-MSH) is an endogenous peptide hormone and neuropeptide. It is a melanocortin, specifically, one of the three types of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), and is produced from proopiomelanocortin (POMC). It is an agonist of the MC, MC, MC, and MC receptors. It exists in three forms,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Polymorphic and polyamorphic substances have multiple crystal or amorphous phases, which can be graphed in a similar fashion to solid, liquid, and gas phases. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Following the 2019 redefinition of the SI base units, the value of the triple point of water is no longer used as a defining point. However, its empirical value remains important: the unique combination of pressure and temperature at which liquid water, solid ice, and water vapor coexist in a stable equilibrium is appr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Stains-all stains nucleic acids, anionic proteins, anionic polysaccharides such as alginate and pectinate, hyaluronic acid and dermatan sulfate, heparin, heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate. It is used in SDS-PAGE, agarose gel electrophoresis and histologic staining, e.g. staining of growth lines in bones. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Various CBRNE (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive) weapons can be used for area denial, as long as the agent is long-lasting. Fallout from nuclear weapons might be used in such a role. While never actually employed in this form, its use had been suggested by Douglas MacArthur during the Korean W... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The flaw in Clark's receptor-occupancy model was that it was insufficient to explain the concept of a partial agonist. This led to the development of agonist models of drug action by Ariens in 1954 and by Stephenson in 1956 to account for the intrinsic activity (efficacy) of a drug (that is, its ability to induce an ef... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The principle of minimum energy can be generalized to apply to constraints other than fixed entropy. For other constraints, other state functions with dimensions of energy will be minimized. These state functions are known as thermodynamic potentials. Thermodynamic potentials are at first glance just simple algebraic c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1811, Amedeo Avogadro verified that equal volumes of pure gases contain the same number of particles. His theory was not generally accepted until 1858 when another Italian chemist Stanislao Cannizzaro was able to explain non-ideal exceptions. For his work with gases a century prior, the physical constant that bears ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Except for tritium, which was determined by the helium gas emitted by radioactive decay, these measurements were taken using mass spectroscopy.
* Deuterium (H / H) – , about 1 in 6420 hydrogen atoms
* Tritium (H / H) – = , measured on 16 September 1976, about 1 in 5.4010 hydrogen atoms
* Oxygen-18 (O / O) – , about 1 ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Germicidal UV for disinfection is most typically generated by a mercury-vapor lamp. Low-pressure mercury vapor has a strong emission line at 254 nm, which is within the range of wavelengths that demonstrate strong disinfection effect. The optimal wavelengths for disinfection are close to 260 nm.
Mercury vapor lamps ma... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are many applications in which viral transformation can be artificially induced in a cell culture in order to treat an illness or other condition. A cell culture is infected with a virus causing the transformation; transformed cells can then be used to either produce treatments or be directly introduced into the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The EWOC Conference structure consists of a combination of scientific presentations, workshops, topical networking sessions, career panel and also includes a poster session. Examples of Workshops have included Cultivate Belonging in the Workplace for Yourself and Others; How to Create, Build and Leverage Networks for ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1848, Louis Pasteur became the first scientist to discover chirality and enantiomers while he was working with tartaric acid. During the experiments, he noticed that there were two crystal structures produced but these structures looked to be non-superimposable mirror images of each other; this observation of isomer... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Naturally occurring minerals that are sometimes given the chemical name, sodium aluminosilicate include albite (NaAlSiO, an end-member of the plagioclase series) and jadeite (NaAlSiO). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Berry mechanism, or Berry pseudorotation mechanism, is a type of vibration causing molecules of certain geometries to isomerize by exchanging the two axial ligands (see Figure at right) for two of the equatorial ones. It is the most widely accepted mechanism for pseudorotation and most commonly occurs in trigonal b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Based on her extraction, Wright thinks the "glomalin molecule is a clump of small glycoproteins with iron and other ions attached... glomalin contains from 1 to 9% tightly bound iron.... We've seen glomalin on the outside of hyphae, and we believe this is how the hyphae seal themselves so they can carry water and nutr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Eating fish or shellfish from lakes with a bloom nearby is not recommended. Potent toxins are accumulated in shellfish that feed on the algae. If the shellfish are consumed, various types of poisoning may result. These include amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, neurotoxic shellfish pois... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mikhail Semyonovich Tsvet, also spelt Tsvett, Tswett, Tswet, Zwet, and Cvet (Russian: Михаил Семёнович Цвет; 14 May 1872 – 26 June 1919) was a Russian-Italian botanist who invented chromatography. His last name is Russian for "colour" and is also the root word of "flower." | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
UVC radiation is able to break chemical bonds. This leads to rapid aging of plastics and other material, and insulation and gaskets. Plastics sold as "UV-resistant" are tested only for the lower-energy UVB since UVC does not normally reach the surface of the Earth. When UV is used near plastic, rubber, or insulation, t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thermohaline circulation (THC) is a part of the large-scale ocean circulation that is driven by global density gradients created by surface heat and freshwater fluxes. The adjective thermohaline derives from thermo- referring to temperature and referring to salt content, factors which together determine the density of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Joseph Priestley, in Observations on different kinds of air, was one of the first people to describe air as being composed of different states of matter, and not as one element. Priestley elaborated on the notions of fixed air (CO), mephitic air and inflammable air to include "inflammable nitrous air," "vitriolic acid... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Low-energy electrons are produced from a tungsten filament, a lanthanum hexaboride crystal cathode or a field emission electron source and accelerated by a positively biased anode plate to 3 to 30 thousand electron volts (keV). The anode plate has central aperture and electrons that pass through it are collimated and f... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Observed atmospheric Xe is depleted relative to Chondritic meteorites by a factor of 4 to 20 when compared to Kr. In contrast, the stable isotopes of Kr are barely fractionated. This mechanism is unique to Xe since Kr ions are quickly neutralized via
Therefore, Kr can be rapidly returned to neutral and wouldn't be drag... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Within EPANET, pumps are modeled using a head-flow curve, which defines the relationship between hydraulic head imparted to the system by the pump and flow conveyed by the pump. The model calculates the flow conveyed by the pump element for a given system head condition based on this curve. EPANET can also model a pump... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hydrocyanation was first reported by Arthur and Pratt in 1954, when they homogeneously catalyzed the hydrocyanation of linear alkenes.
The industrial process for catalytic hydrocyanation of butadiene to adiponitrile was invented by William C. Drinkard. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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