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In the case of esterification with acetic anhydrides the currently accepted mechanism involves three steps. First, DMAP and acetic anhydride react in a pre-equilibrium reaction to form an ion pair of acetate and the acetylpyridinium ion. In the second step the alcohol adds to the acetylpyridinium, and elimination of py... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Since 2012, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has been funding research into omni processors. An omni processor is any of various types of technologies that treat fecal sludge, also known as septage to remove pathogens and simultaneously extract byproducts with commercial value, for example energy or soil nutrient... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemistry, phosphorus oxoacid (or phosphorus acid) is a generic name for any acid whose molecule consists of atoms of phosphorus, oxygen, and hydrogen. There is a potentially infinite number of such compounds. Some of them are unstable and have not been isolated, but the derived anions and organic groups are prese... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Optical isomerism occurs when a complex is not superimposable with its mirror image. It is so called because the two isomers are each optically active, that is, they rotate the plane of polarized light in opposite directions. In the first molecule shown, the symbol Λ (lambda) is used as a prefix to describe the left-h... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
These glycosides contain an aglycone group that is a derivative of anthraquinone. They have a laxative effect. They are mainly found in dicot plants except the family Liliaceae which are monocots. They are present in senna, rhubarb and Aloe species. Anthron and anthranol are reduced forms of anthraquinone. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gofman was born in Cleveland, Ohio to Jewish parents, David and Sarah Gofman, who immigrated to the US from the Russian Empire in about 1905. His father had been "involved in some of the early revolutionary activities against the Czar." Gofman died of heart failure at age 88 on August 15, 2007, in his home in San Franc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Genome-wide association studies are general applications to find specific gene targets and polymorphisms within the human race. In fact, the International HapMap project was created through a partnership of scientists and agencies from several countries to catalog and utilize this data. The goal of this project is to c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Materials in certain cosmetics such as sun cream, moisturizer, and deodorant may have potential benefits from the use of nanochemistry. Manufacturers are working to increase the effectiveness of various cosmetics by facilitating oil nanoemulsion. These particles have extended the boundaries in managing wrinkling, dehyd... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An E1 reaction consists of a unimolecular elimination, where the rate determining step of the mechanism depends on the removal of a single molecular species. This is a two-step mechanism. The more stable the carbocation intermediate is, the faster the reaction will proceed, favoring the products. Stabilization of th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy (FCCS) has several applications in the field of biophysics and biochemistry. Fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy (FCCS) is a powerful technique that enables the investigation of interactions between various types of biomolecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, an... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A boiler feedwater pump is a specific type of pump used to pump feedwater into a steam boiler. The water may be freshly supplied or returning condensate produced as a result of the condensation of the steam produced by the boiler. These pumps are normally high pressure units that take suction from a condensate return s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the hands of Blaise Pascal hydrostatics assumed the dignity of a science, and in a treatise on the equilibrium of liquids (Sur l’équilibre des liqueurs), found among his manuscripts after his death and published in 1663, the laws of the equilibrium of liquids were demonstrated in the most simple manner, and amply co... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Sir William Dunn Professorship of Biochemistry is the senior professorship in biochemistry at the University of Cambridge. The position was established in 1914 by the trustees of the will of Sir William Dunn, banker, merchant and philanthropist.
The first holder of the chair was Frederick Gowland Hopkins, winner of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The flotation process is also widely used in industrial waste water treatment plants, where it removes fats, oil, grease and suspended solids from waste water. These units are called dissolved air flotation (DAF) units. In particular, dissolved air flotation units are used in removing oil from the wastewater effluents ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Human genetic enhancement or human genetic engineering refers to human enhancement by means of a genetic modification. This could be done in order to cure diseases (gene therapy), prevent the possibility of getting a particular disease (similarly to vaccines), to improve athlete performance in sporting events (gene do... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Levomilnacipran has a high oral bioavailability of 92% and a low plasma protein binding of 22%. It is metabolized in the liver by the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP3A4, thereby making the medication susceptible to grapefruit-drug interactions. The drug has an elimination half-life of approximately 12 hours, allowing for on... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Calcareous () is an adjective meaning "mostly or partly composed of calcium carbonate", in other words, containing lime or being chalky. The term is used in a wide variety of scientific disciplines. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ida Tacke was born in Lackhausen (nowadays a part of the city of Wesel) in the northern Rhine region in 1896. She described how she picked her path of study by stating, "since I did not want to be a teacher at all, and research and industry employed proportionally fewer physicists at that time, I decided to become a ch... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Alarm signalling varies depending on the receiver's knowledge of a certain threat. Chimpanzees are significantly more likely to produce an alarm call when conspecifics are unaware of a potential threat or were not nearby when a previous alarm call was emitted. When judging if conspecifics are unaware of potential dange... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dissolved inorganic carbon is a key component of the biological pump, which is defined as the amount of biologically produced organic carbon flux from the upper ocean to the deep ocean. Dissolved inorganic carbon in the form of carbon dioxide is fixed into organic carbon is produced through photosynthesis. Respiration ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Plant viruses need to be transmitted by a vector, most often insects such as leafhoppers. One class of viruses, the Rhabdoviridae, has been proposed to actually be insect viruses that have evolved to replicate in plants. The chosen insect vector of a plant virus will often be the determining factor in that virus's host... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The technique has been used to evolve aptamers of extremely high binding affinity to a variety of target ligands, including small molecules such as ATP and adenosine and proteins such as prions and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Moreover, SELEX has been used to select high-affinity aptamers for complex targ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Metal organic frameworks, porous, three-dimensional coordination polymers, are often derived from metal carboxylate clusters. These clusters, called secondary bonding units (SBU's), are often linked by the conjugate bases of benzenedi- and tricarboxylic acids. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chromatin Immuno-Precipitation, or (ChIP), is an alternative method to assay protein binding at specific loci of the genome. Unlike ChIP, DamID does not require a specific antibody against the protein of interest. On the one hand, this allows to map proteins for which no such antibody is available. On the other hand, t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Reaction intermediates serve purposes in a variety of biological settings. An example of this is demonstrated with the enzyme reaction intermediate of metallo-β-lactamase, which bacteria can use to acquire resistance to commonly used antibiotics such as penicillin. Metallo-β-lactamase can catalyze β-lactams, a family o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although Unruh's prediction that an accelerating detector would see a thermal bath is not controversial, the interpretation of the transitions in the detector in the non-accelerating frame is. It is widely, although not universally, believed that each transition in the detector is accompanied by the emission of a parti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven-(pass)-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptors, and G protein-linked receptors (GPLR), form a large group of evolutionarily related proteins that are cell surface receptors that detect molecules outside the cell... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
If each quark is represented as , with color index taking values 1, 2, 3 corresponding to red, green, and blue, and flavor index taking values 1, 2, 3 corresponding to up, down, and strange, then the color-flavor-locked pattern of Cooper pairing is
This means that a Cooper pair of an up quark and a down quark must h... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The HHRA report was published in May. The Ecological Risk Assessment (ERA) report was published in December and detailed the work done by Golder to understand the ecological significance of the tailings dam breach of 2014. The ERA report was completed as a component of the MPMC's remediation strategy to help inform reh... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Initial studies on carboxypeptidases focused on pancreatic carboxypeptidases A1, A2, and B in the digestion of food. Most carboxypeptidases are not, however, involved in catabolism. Instead they help to mature proteins, for example Post-translational modification. They also regulate biological processes, such as the b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The high-frequency impact treatment or HiFIT – Method is the treatment of welded steel constructions at the weld transition to increase the fatigue strength. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lanthanum oxide can crystallize in at least three polymorphs.
Hexagonal has been produced by spray pyrolysis of lanthanum chloride.
An alternative route to obtaining hexagonal involves precipitation of nominal from aqueous solution using a combination of 2.5% and the surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate followed by he... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The enamine is generally generated in situ from catalytic amine (such as pyrrolidine) and a ketone. The enamine then reacts as the dienophile with a 1,2,4-triazine. The initial adduct then expels nitrogen, and the pyridine is rearomatized with loss of the amine. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Alain Viel is the director of Northwest Undergraduate Laboratories and senior lecturer in the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology at Harvard University. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
During thin film growth, there can be a balance between surface energy and internal strain, with surface stress a coupling term combining the two. Instead of growing as a continuous thin film, a morphological instability can occur and the film can start to become very uneven, in many cases due to a breakdown of a balan... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A homogeneous method for screening yoctoreactor libraries (yR) has recently been developed which uses water-in-oil emulsion technology to isolate individual ligand-target complexes. Called Binder Trap Enrichment (BTE), ligands to a protein target are identified by trapping binding pairs (DNA-labelled protein target and... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In genetics, an expressed sequence tag (EST) is a short sub-sequence of a cDNA sequence. ESTs may be used to identify gene transcripts, and were instrumental in gene discovery and in gene-sequence determination. The identification of ESTs has proceeded rapidly, with approximately 74.2 million ESTs now available in publ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The three principal phosphate producer countries (China, Morocco and the United States) account for about 70% of world production. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Phosphinooxazolines (often abbreviated PHOX) are a class of chiral ligands used in asymmetric catalysis. Their complexes are particularly effective at generating single enatiomers in reactions involving highly symmetric transition states, such as allylic substitutions, which are typically difficult to perform stereosel... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nitric oxide can also serve as a bridging ligand. In the compound [Mn(ηCH) (μ-NO) (μ-NO)], three NO groups bridge two metal centres and one NO group bridge to all three. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Using the MagPen (a Nano3D Biosciences, Inc. product), organized 3D co-cultures similar to native tissue architecture can be rapidly created. Endothelial cells (PEC), smooth muscle cells (SMC), fibroblasts (PF), and epithelial cells (EpiC) cultured with the Bio-Assembler can be sequentially layered in a drag-and-drop m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cellular biomarkers allow cells to be isolated, sorted, quantified and characterized by their morphology and physiology. Cellular biomarkers are used in both clinical and laboratory settings, and can discriminate between a large sample of cells based on their antigens. An example of a cellular biomarker sorting techniq... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In natural photosynthesis, photosynthetic organisms produce energy-rich organic molecules from water and carbon dioxide by using solar radiation. Therefore, the process of photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, from the air. Artificial photosynthesis, as performed by the Bionic Leaf, is approximately ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Atmospheric chemistry is a branch of atmospheric science in which the chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere and that of other planets is studied. It is a multidisciplinary field of research and draws on environmental chemistry, physics, meteorology, computer modeling, oceanography, geology and volcanology and other disci... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sedimentation field flow fractionation (SFFF) is a non-destructive separation technique which can be used for both separation, and collecting fractions. Some applications of SFFF include characterization of particle size of latex materials for adhesives, coatings and paints, colloidal silica for binders, coatings and c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
CREB-regulated transcription coactivator 1 (CRTC1), previously referred to as TORC1 (), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CRTC1 gene. It is expressed in a limited number of tissues that include fetal brain and liver and adult heart, skeletal muscles, liver and salivary glands and various regions of the adu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Decantation can also separate solid and liquid mixtures by allowing gravity to pull the solid fragments to settle at the bottom of the container. In laboratory situations, decantation of mixtures containing solids and liquids occur in test tubes. To enhance productivity, test tubes should be placed at a 45° angle to al... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
From the second equation described above, it follows that when , . More precisely, as , that equation can be approximated as
As , and if decreases as . The left hand side of the above equation can become positive infinity only if . Thus, when decreases to the value , the gas comes to rest (Here is the sound speed ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For the case of counterpropagating waves with orthogonal circular polarizations the resulting polarization is linear everywhere, but rotates about at an angle . As a result, there is no Sisyphus effect. The rotating polarization instead leads to motion-induced population imbalances in the Zeeman levels that cause imba... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
After two years of post-doctoral research with Merle Battiste at the University of Florida, where he worked on small ring chemistry, Halton was appointed as a faculty member in the Department of Chemistry at Victoria University of Wellington in 1968, eventually rising to become a full professor. When he retired in 2004... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
DPP-4 is attached to the plasma membrane of the endothelium of almost every organ in the body. Tissues which strongly express DPP-4 include the exocrine pancreas, sweat glands, salivary and mammary glands, thymus, lymph nodes, biliary tract, kidney, liver, placenta, uterus, prostate, skin, and the capillary bed of the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Melzer's reagent can be used to test whether spores are amyloid, nonamyloid, or dextrinoid.
* Spores that stain bluish-gray to bluish-black are amyloid
* Spores that stain brown to reddish-brown are dextrinoid
This test is normally performed on white spored mushrooms. If the spores are not light colored, a change will... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Early work in the development of liquid-liquid separation techniques was undertaken by Cornish et al. with a process called "systematic fractional distribution" as well as Randall and Longtin, however, the central figure is certainly Lyman C. Craig. Lyman Craigs development of countercurrent distribution began with stu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For a Van der Waals gas, the coefficient iswith inversion temperature .
For the Dieterici gas, the reduced inversion temperature is , and the relation between reduced pressure and reduced inversion temperature is . This is plotted on the right. The critical point falls inside the region where the gas cools on expansion... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Laporte rule is a selection rule formally stated as follows: In a centrosymmetric environment, transitions between like atomic orbitals such as s-s, p-p, d-d, or f-f, transitions are forbidden. The Laporte rule (law) applies to electric dipole transitions, so the operator has u symmetry (meaning ungerade, odd). p o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Photofermentation is the fermentative conversion of organic substrate to biohydrogen manifested by a diverse group of photosynthetic bacteria by a series of biochemical reactions involving three steps similar to anaerobic conversion. Photofermentation differs from dark fermentation because it only proceeds in the prese... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In analytical chemistry, biomonitoring is the measurement of the body burden of toxic chemical compounds, elements, or their metabolites, in biological substances. Often, these measurements are done in blood and urine. Biomonitoring is performed in both environmental health, and in occupational safety and health as a ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Stable nuclides are nuclides that are not radioactive and so (unlike radionuclides) do not spontaneously undergo radioactive decay. When such nuclides are referred to in relation to specific elements, they are usually termed stable isotopes.
The 80 elements with one or more stable isotopes comprise a total of 251 nucli... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The thermodynamic square is mostly used to compute the derivative of any thermodynamic potential of interest. Suppose for example one desires to compute the derivative of the internal energy . The following procedure should be considered:
# Place oneself in the thermodynamic potential of interest, namely (, , , ). In o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Alkali metal nitrates are relatively low melting and thermally stable. The least stable, lithium nitrate| (m.p. 255 °C) decomposes only at 474 °C. At the other extreme, cesium nitrate melts at 414 °C and decomposes at 584 °C.
*60:40 mixture of sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate is a liquid between 260-550 °C. It has ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 2014 and 2016 the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, hosted academic symposiums to commemorate his life's work.
A Special Memorial Exhibition was also held in 2015 at the Dong-Eun Museum of Medical Science in Seoul, Korea. The exhibit included a collection of pa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ptaquiloside has unstable chemical structure and readily undergoes glucose liberation. The resulting ptaquilodienone is the active form of ptaquiloside and accounts for the observed biological effects. The cyclopropyl group in the dienone is highly reactive as an electrophile, not only because it is conjugated with the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) serves as an extension of thin-layer chromatography (TLC), offering robustness, simplicity, speed, and efficiency in the quantitative analysis of compounds. This TLC-based analytical technique enhances compound resolution for quantitative analysis. Some of these improv... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Group-specific CSIs are commonly shared by different species belonging to a particular taxon (e.g. genus, family, class, order, phylum) but they are not present in other groups. These CSIs were most likely introduced in an ancestor of the group of species before the members of the taxa diverged. They provide molecular ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Companion plants that produce copious nectar or pollen in a vegetable garden (insectary plants) may help encourage higher populations of beneficial insects that control pests.
Some companion herbs that produce aromatic volatiles attract natural enemies, which can help to suppress pests. Mint, basil, and marigold all a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Orbifold signature:
* Coxeter notation: [4,4]
* Lattice: square
* Point group: D
* The group p4g has two centres of rotation of order four (90°), which are each other's mirror image, but it has reflections in only two directions, which are perpendicular. There are rotations of order two (180°) whose centres are loca... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The bowl and stand were favourite archaic forms. The Greek stand was a fusion of the cast-rod tripod and the embossed cone. Some early examples have large triangular plates between the legs, worked in relief; but the developed type has separate legs and stays of which the joints are masked with decorative rims and feet... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
# Somatic cell fusion appears to be the only means through which two different parental genomes can be recombined among plants that cannot reproduce sexually (asexual or sterile).
# Protoplasts of sexually sterile (haploid, triploid, and aneuploid) plants can be fused to produce fertile diploids and polyploids.
# Somat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Electric arc is a continuous electric discharge between two electrodes, similar to lightning.
With ample current density, the discharge forms a luminous arc, where the inter-electrode material (usually, a gas) undergoes various stages — saturation, breakdown, glow, transition, and thermal arc. The voltage rises to its ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As with any functional group, the hazards of halohydrins are difficult to generalize as they may form part of an almost limitless series of compounds, with each structure having different pharmacology. In general, simpler low molecular weight compounds are often toxic and carcinogenic (e.g. 2-chloroethanol, 3-MCPD) by ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In their reactions with metal complexes, diazonium cations behave similarly to . For example, low-valent metal complexes add with diazonium salts. Illustrative complexes are and the chiral-at-metal complex . | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
He is a member of American Academy of Arts and Sciences, National Academy of Sciences, American Philosophical Society, European Molecular Biology Organization, American Crystallographic Association and American Association for the Advancement of Science. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The electronic transitions in organic compounds and some other compounds can be determined by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, provided that transitions in the ultraviolet (UV) or visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum exist for the compound. Electrons occupying a HOMO (highest-occupied molecular orbital) of a ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In biology, the word gene (, ; generation, or birth, or gender) has two meanings. The Mendelian gene is a basic unit of heredity. The molecular gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA, that is transcribed to produce a functional RNA. There are two types of molecular genes: protein-coding genes and non-coding genes.
Du... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Steric effects play a major role in the assignment of configurations in cyclohexanes. One can use steric hindrances to determine the propensity of a substituent to reside in the axial or equatorial plane. It is known that axial bonds are more hindered than the corresponding equatorial bonds. This is because substituen... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Hyper-IL-6 protein has also been used to explore the physiologic role of Interleukin-6 trans-signaling in vivo. It turned out that this signaling mode was involved in many types of inflammation and cancer.
Hyper-IL-6 has helped to establish the concept of Interleukin-6 trans-signaling. Interleukin-6 trans-signaling... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Poroma is a benign, relatively common skin tumor that has the cellular features similar to those of a sweat gland duct. This tumor typically occurs as a solitary stalkless nodule on the soles and palms but may occur in any area where there are sweat glands. Porocarcinoma (also termed eccrine porocarcinoma and malignant... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For hydrogels, their elasticity comes from the solid polymer matrix while the viscosity originates from the polymer network mobility and the water and other components that make up the aqueous phase. Viscoelastic properties of a hydrogel is highly dependent on the nature of the applied mechanical motion. Thus, the time... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
α-Ketoisovaleric acid is an organic compound with the formula (CH)CHC(O)COH. It is a ketoacid. With a melting point just above room temperature, it is usually an oil or semi-solid. The compound is colorless. It is a metabolite of valine and a precursor to pantothenic acid, a prosthetic group found in several cofacto... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In a gas of finite-sized particles there are collisions among particles that depend on their cross-sectional size. The average distance that a particle travels between collisions depends on the density of gas particles. These quantities are related by
where
: is the cross section of a two-particle collision (SI units: ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Omega oxidation (ω-oxidation) is a process of fatty acid metabolism in some species of animals. It is an alternative pathway to beta oxidation that, instead of involving the β carbon, involves the oxidation of the ω carbon (the carbon most distant from the carboxyl group of the fatty acid). The process is normally a mi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Grignard reagents of acetylene or alkynes can be used to perform alkynylations on compounds that are liable to polymerization reactions via enolate intermediates. However, substituting lithium for sodium or potassium acetylides accomplishes similar results, often giving this route little advantage over the conventional... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Monatomic ions are formed by the gain or loss of electrons to the valence shell (the outer-most electron shell) in an atom. The inner shells of an atom are filled with electrons that are tightly bound to the positively charged atomic nucleus, and so do not participate in this kind of chemical interaction. The process o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hybrid metal foams typically have a thin film on the underlying porous substrate. Coating metal foams with a different material has been shown to improve the mechanical properties of the metal foam, especially because they are prone to bending deformation mechanisms due to their cellular structure. The addition of a th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
To a solution of 1,3-dihydro-1,3-bis(chloromethyl)benzo[c] thiophene 2,2-dioxide (0.584 g, 2.2 mmol) in 50 ml of dry benzene was added 0.80 mL (2.8 mmol) of a 70% benzene solution of NaAlH(OCHCHOCH) via syringe, and the solution was refluxed for 12 hours. The mixture was cooled to 0° and decomposed with 20% sulfuric ac... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some nutrients are complex molecules (for example vitamin B) which would be destroyed if they were broken down into their functional groups. To digest vitamin B non-destructively, haptocorrin in saliva strongly binds and protects the B molecules from stomach acid as they enter the stomach and are cleaved from their pr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Irma Goldberg (born 1871) was a Russian-born chemist. She was one of the first female organic chemists to have and sustain a successful career, her work even being quoted in her own name in standard textbooks. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Golden rice is a recombinant variety of rice that has been engineered to express the enzymes responsible for β-carotene biosynthesis. This variety of rice holds substantial promise for reducing the incidence of vitamin A deficiency in the world's population. Golden rice is not currently in use, pending the resolution o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
These are also called injectable formulations and are used with intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intra-articular administration. The drug is stored in liquid or if unstable, lyophilized form.
Many parenteral formulations are unstable at higher temperatures and require storage at refrigerated or sometimes f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The presence of water in a solution of sodium chloride must be examined in respect to its reduction and oxidation in both electrodes. Usually, water is electrolysed as mentioned above in electrolysis of water yielding gaseous oxygen in the anode and gaseous hydrogen in the cathode. On the other hand, sodium chloride in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), also referred to as inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), is an analytical technique used for the detection of chemical elements. It is a type of emission spectroscopy that uses the inductively coupled plasma to produce exc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In fragment-based drug discovery, the low binding affinities of the fragments pose significant challenges for screening. Many biophysical techniques have been applied to address this issue. In particular, ligand-observe nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods such as water-ligand observed via gradient spectroscopy (wa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Adsorption is the first step in the viral life cycle. The next steps are penetration, uncoating, synthesis (transcription if needed, and translation), and release. The virus replication cycle, in this respect, is similar for all types of viruses. Factors such as transcription may or may not be needed if the virus is ab... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A mechanical tube cleaning system is a cleaning body that is moved through the tube in order to remove deposits from the tube wall. In the most simple case it is a matter of a brush that is moved in the tube by means of a rod or a flexible spring (device). In large-scale technology and industrial sector, however, sever... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
TADs are defined as regions whose DNA sequences preferentially contact each other. They were discovered in 2012 using chromosome conformation capture techniques including Hi-C. They have been shown to be present in multiple species, including fruit flies (Drosophila), mouse, plants, fungi and human genomes. In bacteri... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1928, German chemist H. O. Albrecht found that blood, among other substances, enhanced the luminescence of luminol in an alkaline solution of hydrogen peroxide. In 1936, Karl Gleu and Karl Pfannstiel confirmed this enhancement in the presence of haematin, a component of blood. In 1937, German forensic scientist Wa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Suspended solids (or SS), is the mass of dry solids retained by a filter of a given porosity related to the volume of the water sample. This includes particles 10 μm and greater.
Colloids are particles of a size between 1 nm (0.001 µm) and 1 µm depending on the method of quantification. Because of Brownian motion and e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* pentacyanopyridine -
* tetracyanopyrazine -
* tricyanotriazine -
* tetracyano-bitriazine -
* dicyanotetrazine -
* hexacyanotrisimidazole -
* hexacyanohexaazatriphenylene - | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The work of the Italian physician and humanist Ermolao Barbaro was published in 1516, 23 years after his death. Poliziano wrote to Ermalao Barbaro, forwarding a manuscript of the 1st-century pharmacologist Pedanius Dioscorides, asking him to send it back "annotated by that very learned hand of yours, thus lending the v... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Consider the example burning of magnesium ribbon (Mg). When magnesium burns, it combines with oxygen () from the air to form magnesium oxide (MgO) according to the following equation:
Magnesium oxide is an ionic compound containing and ions whereas and are elements with no charges.
The with zero charge gains a +2... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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