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The WSSUS (Wide-Sense Stationary Uncorrelated Scattering) model provides a statistical description of the transmission behavior of wireless channels. "Wide-sense stationarity" means the second-order moments of the channel are stationary, which means that they depends only on the time difference, while "uncorrelated sc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Basic sediment and water (BS&W) is a both a technical specification of certain impurities in crude oil and the method for measuring it. When extracted from an oil reservoir, the crude oil will contain some amount of water and suspended solids from the reservoir formation. The particulate matter is known as sediment o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One of the drawbacks of using a separating funnel is emulsions can form easily, and can take a long time to separate once formed. They are often formed while liquids are being mixed in the separating funnel. This can occur when small droplets are suspended in an aqueous solution. If an emulsion is formed, one technique... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The NURF complex in Drosophila contains four subunits: NURF301, NURF140, NURF55, and NURF38. NURF140 is an ISWI ATPase, distinguishable by its HAND, SANT, and SLIDE domains (SANT-like but with several insertions). The NURF complex in Homo sapiens has three subunits, BPTF, SNF2L, and pRBAP46/48, homologous to NURF301, N... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The symbol used to represent specific volume in equations is "v" with SI units of cubic meters per kilogram.
The symbol used to represent volume in equations is "V" with SI units of cubic meters.
When performing a thermodynamic analysis, it is typical to speak of intensive and extensive properties. Properties which dep... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A few other elements have been proposed as candidates for supporting biological systems and processes as fundamentally as carbon does, for example, processes such as metabolism. The most frequently suggested alternative is silicon. Silicon, atomic number of 14, more than twice the size of carbon, shares a group in the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Inverted repeats play an important role in riboswitches, which are RNA regulatory elements that control the expression of genes that produce the mRNA, of which they are part. A simplified example of the flavin mononucleotide (FMN) riboswitch is shown in the illustration. This riboswitch exists in the mRNA transcript a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
After a genomic library is constructed with a viral vector, such as lambda phage, the titer of the library can be determined. Calculating the titer allows researchers to approximate how many infectious viral particles were successfully created in the library. To do this, dilutions of the library are used to transform c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Arrhenius equation is an elementary treatment that gives the quantitative basis of the relationship between the activation energy and the reaction rate at which a reaction proceeds. The rate constant as a function of thermodynamic temperature is then given by:
The reaction rate is given by:
where E is the activatio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
ECgene in computational biology is a database of genomic annotations taking alternative splicing events into consideration. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Indirect calorimetry provides at least two pieces of information: a measure of energy expenditure or 24-hour caloric requirements as reflected by the Resting Energy Expenditure (REE) and a measure of substrate utilization as reflected in the Respiratory Quotient (RQ). Knowledge of the many factors that affect these val... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Brus equation or confinement energy equation can be used to describe the emission energy of quantum dot semiconductor nanocrystals in terms of the band gap energy E, Plancks constant h, the radius of the quantum dot r, as well as the effective mass of the excited electron m* and of the excited hole m'*. The equati... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The apothecaries system, or apothecaries weights and measures, is a historical system of mass and volume units that were used by physicians and apothecaries for medical prescriptions and also sometimes by scientists. The English version of the system is closely related to the English troy system of weights, the pound a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The peritrich nuclear code (translation table 30) is a genetic code used by the nuclear genome of the peritrich ciliates Vorticella and Opisthonecta. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The order of modules and domains of a complete nonribosomal peptide synthetase is as follows:
* Initiation or Starting module: [F/NMT]-A-PCP-
* Elongation or Extending modules: -(C/Cy)-[NMT]-A-PCP-[E]-
* Termination or Releasing module: -(TE/R)
(Order: N-terminus to C-terminus; []: optionally; (): alternatively) | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
DNA condensation refers to the process of compacting DNA molecules in vitro or in vivo. Mechanistic details of DNA packing are essential for its functioning in the process of gene regulation in living systems. Condensed DNA often has surprising properties, which one would not predict from classical concepts of dilute s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Imidoyl chlorides are organic compounds that contain the functional group RC(NR)Cl. A double bond exist between the RN and the carbon centre. These compounds are analogues of acyl chloride. Imidoyl chlorides tend to be highly reactive and are more commonly found as intermediates in a wide variety of synthetic procedu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Yolngu people of northeastern Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory of Australia identified a link between the Moon and the tides, which they mythically attributed to the Moon filling with water and emptying out again. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Although the underlying equations governing plasmas are relatively simple, plasma behaviour is extraordinarily varied and subtle: the emergence of unexpected behaviour from a simple model is a typical feature of a complex system. Such systems lie in some sense on the boundary between ordered and disordered behaviour an... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nontrigonal pnictogen compounds refer to tricoordinate trivalent pnictogen (phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth: P, As, Sb and Bi) compounds that are not of typical trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry. By virtue of their geometric constraint, these compounds exhibit distinct electronic structures and reactiviti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Extraction thimbles are rod-shape filter paper often used in soxhlet extractors or atomized extractors. It is ideal for very sensitive detection, the performance depends on the thickness of inner diameter. Also, it is usually used in areas of food control and environmental monitoring. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Peptide-based self-healing hydrogels may be selectively grown onto nanofiber material which can then incorporated into the desired reconstructive tissue target. The hydrogel framework is then chemically modified to promote cell adhesion to the nanofiber peptide scaffold. Because the growth of the extracellular matrix s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
1 - Enzymatic hydrolysis - a single source of feedstock, switchgrass for example, is mixed with strong enzymes which convert a portion of cellulosic material into sugars which can then be fermented into ethanol. Genencor and Novozymes are two companies that have received United States government Department of Energy fu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Clarkes father had been the European representative of US photographic pioneer company Kodak for several years, and was a personal friend of founder George Eastman. After Hans graduated in Chemistry, Eastman consulted with him a few times regarding chemistry-related processes. When World War I erupted, Eastman was forc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In geometry, the dyakis dodecahedron /ˈdʌɪəkɪsˌdəʊdɪkəˈhiːdrən/ or diploid is a variant of the deltoidal icositetrahedron with pyritohedral symmetry, transforming the kite faces into chiral quadrilaterals. It is the dual of the cantic snub octahedron. It can be constructed by enlarging 24 of the 48 faces of the disdyak... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Through anthropogenic impact the material flux of rivers has changed, which enters the sea and has a strong effect on coastal and shelf environments. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Because of its ability to cause chemical reactions and excite fluorescence in materials, ultraviolet radiation has a number of applications. The following table gives some uses of specific wavelength bands in the UV spectrum.
* 13.5 nm: Extreme ultraviolet lithography
* 30–200 nm: Photoionization, ultraviolet photoelec... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Terminal alkynes are weak acids:
: RC≡CH + R″M R″H + RC≡CM
To generate acetylides from acetylene and alkynes relies on the use of organometallic or inorganic superbases in solvents which are less acidic than the terminal alkyne. In early studies liquid ammonia was employed, but ethereal solvents are more common.
Lit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Valerie has two daughters, and her father is the honorary president of the Johannesburg Sephardic Hebrew Congregation. She grew up speaking Judeo-Spanish at home. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some common per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances include:
* Polytetrafluoroethylene (aka PTFE or Teflon)
* Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs)
* Perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs)
* Fluorotelomers (FTOHs) | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A dispersant or a dispersing agent is a substance, typically a surfactant, that is added to a suspension of solid or liquid particles in a liquid (such as a colloid or emulsion) to improve the separation of the particles and to prevent their settling or clumping.
Dispersants are widely used to stabilize various indust... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The amount of alcohol on the breath can be measured, without requiring drawing blood, by blowing into a breathalyzer, resulting in a breath alcohol content (BrAC). The BrAC specifically correlates with the concentration of alcohol in arterial blood, satisfying the equation . Its correlation with the standard BAC found ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In Chinese alchemy, elixir poisoning refers to the toxic effects from elixirs of immortality that contained metals and minerals such as mercury and arsenic. The official Twenty-Four Histories record numerous Chinese emperors, nobles, and officials who died from taking elixirs to prolong their lifespans. The first emper... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is the growth of a crack in a corrosive environment. It requires three conditions to take place: 1)corrosive environment 2)stress 3)susceptible material. SCC can lead to unexpected sudden and hence catastrophic failure of normally ductile metals under tensile stress. This is usually exac... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Folch, Albert. Hidden in Plain Sight: The History, Science, and Engineering of Microfluidic Technology (MIT Press, 2022) [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=57939 online review] | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Disrupted functioning of cAMP has been noted as one of the mechanisms of several bacterial exotoxins.
They can be subgrouped into two distinct categories:
* Toxins that interfere with enzymes ADP-ribosyl-transferases, and
* invasive adenylate cyclases. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The fermentation processes used in alcohol production is commonly maintained in low oxygen conditions, under a blanket of carbon dioxide, while growing yeast for biomass involves aerating the broth for maximized energy production. Despite the bactericidal effects of ethanol, acidifying effects of fermentation, and low ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
AAV is capable of transducing multiple cell types within the retina. AAV serotype 2, the most well-studied type of AAV, is commonly administered in one of two routes: intravitreal or subretinal. Using the intravitreal route, AAV is injected in the vitreous humor of the eye. Using the subretinal route, AAV is injected u... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Photoactuation in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) has been demonstrated in proof-of-concept experiments. Instead of a typical substrate, a specialized cantilever is placed on top of the liquid-insulator-photoconductor stack. As light is shined on the photoconductor, the capillary force from the drop on the can... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cleaning is the preparatory process of ensuring that the surface to be etched is free of contaminants which could negatively impact the quality of the finished part. An improperly cleaned surface could result in poor adhesion of the maskant, causing areas to be etched erroneously, or a non-uniform etch rate which could... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Isotopocule is a shorthand for an isotopically substituted molecule. Isotopocules are molecules that differ only in their isotopic composition or the intramolecular position of the isotopes. It is an umbrella term for the more specific terms isotopologue and isotopomer, coined by Jan Kaiser and Thomas Röckmann in 2008. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Usually, plastocyanin can be found in organisms that contain chlorophyll b and cyanobacteria, as well as algae that contain chlorophyll c. Plastocyanin has also been found in the diatom, Thalassiosira oceanica, which can be found in oceanic environments. It was surprising to find these organisms containing the protein ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Citalopram: steps were taken to separate the more potent enantiomer, escitalopram.
* Thalidomide is a drug whose two enantiomers cause distinctly different effects from one another. The unforeseen teratogenicity of the (R)-(+)-isomer caused it to become an important case study of stereochemistry in medicine. Although... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Molds excrete toxic compounds called mycotoxins, secondary metabolites produced by fungi under certain environmental conditions. These environmental conditions affect the production of mycotoxins at the transcription level. Temperature, water activity and pH, strongly influence mycotoxin biosynthesis by increasing the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Interpretation of carbon isotope effects are usually complicated by simultaneously forming and breaking bonds to carbon. Even reactions that involve only bond cleavage from the carbon, such as S1 reactions, involve strengthening of the remaining bonds to carbon. In many such reactions, leaving group isotope effects ten... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Johannes Sibertus Kuffler (1595–1677) was a German inventor and chemist, from Cologne.
He had a 1618 doctorate from the University of Padua. After he married Catherina, daughter of Cornelius Drebbel, he started in a successful dyeing business in Leiden, with his brother Abraham. Supposedly he used a procedure invented ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Niobium-germanium (NbGe) is an intermetallic chemical compound of niobium (Nb) and germanium (Ge). It has A15 phase structure.
It is a superconductor with a critical temperature of 23.2 K.
Sputtered films have been reported to have an upper critical field of 37 teslas at 4.2 K. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In August 2018, scientists announced new observations regarding the rapid transformation of fluid deuterium from an insulating to a metallic form below 2000 K. Remarkable agreement is found between the experimental data and the predictions based on quantum Monte Carlo simulations, which is expected to be the most accu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thermocells in which the electrolyte connecting the electrodes is an ionic material have been considered and constructed too. The temperature range is also elevated as compared to liquid electrolytes. Studied systems fall in the 400–900 K. Some solid ionic materials that have been employed to construct thermogalvanic c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Adhesive strength depends also on the size and macroscopic shape of adhesive contact. When a rigid punch with a flat but oddly shaped face is carefully pulled off its soft counterpart, the detachment does not occur instantaneously. Instead, detachment fronts start at pointed corners and travel inwards until the final c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
All commonly used cloning vectors in molecular biology have key features necessary for their function, such as a suitable cloning site and selectable marker. Others may have additional features specific to their use. For reason of ease and convenience, cloning is often performed using E. coli. Thus, the cloning vecto... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sulfoxides feature relatively short S–O distances. In DMSO, the S–O distance is 1.531 Å. The sulfur center is pyramidal; the sum of the angles at sulfur is about 306°.
Sulfoxides are generally represented with the structural formula R−S(=O)−R, where R and R are organic groups. The bond between the sulfur and oxygen ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1987 antistasin was tested as the first direct Xa inhibitor. Antistasin is a protein made up of 119 amino acid residues, of which 20 are cysteines involved in 10 disulfide bonds. It acts as a slow, tight-binding inhibitor of factor Xa with a Ki value of 0.3–0.6 nM but it also inhibits trypsin. Recombinant Antistasin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Kovacs reagent is a biochemical reagent consisting of isoamyl alcohol, para-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (DMAB), and concentrated hydrochloric acid. It is used for the diagnostical indole test, to determine the ability of the organism to split indole from the amino acid tryptophan. The indole produced yields a red comple... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Using electroreflectance in surface physics studies gives some major advantages over techniques used before its discovery. Before, the determination of the surface potential was the hard to do since you need electrical measurements at the surface and it was difficult to probe the surface region without involving the bu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
EOS-80 (Equation of State of Seawater -1980) uses Practical Salinity measured on the PSS-78 (Practical Salinity Scale of 1978) scale that itself is based on measurements of temperature, pressure and electrical conductivity. Thus, EOS-80 did not account for different chemical compositions of seawater.
EOS-80 consisted... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a top load washing machine the agitator projects from the bottom of the wash basket and creates the wash action by rotating back and forth, rolling garments from the top of the load, down to the bottom, then back up again.
There are several types of agitators with the most common being the "straight-vane" and "dual-... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T) or uracil (U).
Amino acids: Alanine (Ala, A), Arginine (Arg, R), Asparagine (Asn, N), Aspartic acid (Asp, D), Cysteine (Cys, C), Glutamic acid (Glu, E), Glutamine (Gln, Q), Glycine (Gly, G), Histidine (His, H), Isoleucine (Ile, I), Leucine (Leu, L), Lysine (... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Those who use lithium should receive regular serum level tests and should monitor thyroid and kidney function for abnormalities, as it interferes with the regulation of sodium and water levels in the body, and can cause dehydration. Dehydration, which is compounded by heat, can result in increasing lithium levels. The ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Stereographic projection plots can be carried out by a computer using the explicit formulas given above. However, for graphing by hand these formulas are unwieldy. Instead, it is common to use graph paper designed specifically for the task. This special graph paper is called a stereonet or Wulff net, after the Russian ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Plastic deformation involves using heat or pressure to make a workpiece more conductive to mechanical force. Historically, this and casting were done by blacksmiths, though today the process has been industrialized. In bulk metal forming, the workpiece is generally heated up.
* Cold sizing
* Extrusion
* Drawing
* Forgi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ammonia borane has been suggested as a storage medium for hydrogen, e.g. for when the gas is used to fuel motor vehicles. It can be made to release hydrogen on heating, being polymerized first to , then to , which ultimately decomposes to boron nitride (BN) at temperatures above 1000 °C. It is more hydrogen-dense than ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although much of the literature on the subject is concerned with just one mechanism, there are actually several different mechanisms that produce the photoacoustic effect. The primary universal mechanism is photothermal, based on the heating effect of the light and the consequent expansion of the light-absorbing materi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Southeastern Los Angeles County installed thousands of stainless steel, full-capture trash devices on their road drains in 2011. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The reactions are most usually carried out in test tubes into which a gel is formed that contains a dilute solution of one of the reactants.
If a hot solution of agar gel also containing a dilute solution of potassium dichromate is poured in a test tube, and after the gel solidifies a more concentrated solution of silv... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nucleotide sugars are the activated forms of monosaccharides. Nucleotide sugars act as glycosyl donors in glycosylation reactions. Those reactions are catalyzed by a group of enzymes called glycosyltransferases. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chan King-ming is a Hong Kong politician and academic. He served as the vice-chairman of the Democratic Party of Hong Kong from 2004 to 2006. He is also an associate professor in the department of biochemistry and Environmental Science Program of the Chinese University of Hong Kong. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The second step of nitrification is the oxidation of nitrite into nitrate. This process is sometimes known as nitratation. Nitrite oxidation is conducted by nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) from the taxa Nitrospirota, Nitrospinota, Pseudomonadota and Chloroflexota. NOB are typically present in soil, geothermal springs,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nanofluidic circuitry is a nanotechnology aiming for control of fluids in nanometer scale. Due to the effect of an electrical double layer within the fluid channel, the behavior of nanofluid is observed to be significantly different compared with its microfluidic counterparts. Its typical characteristic dimensions fall... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics, an adverse pressure gradient is a pressure gradient in which the static pressure increases in the direction of the flow. Mathematically this is expressed as for a flow in the positive -direction.
This is important for boundary layers. Increasing the fluid pressure is akin to increasing the potentia... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
DNA printing can thus be used to produce DNA parts, which are defined as sequences of DNA that encode a specific biological function (for example, promoters, transcription regulatory sequences or open reading frames). However, because oligonucleotide synthesis typically cannot accurately produce oligonucleotides sequen... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
While semiconductors have been studied using microwave radiation since the 1950s, it was not until the late 1970s and early 1980s that John Warman at the Delft University of Technology exploited microwaves for time-resolved measurements of photoconductivity. The first reports used electrons then photons to generate cha... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The TET proteins also have activities that are independent of DNA demethylation. These include, for instance, TET2 interaction with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase to promote histone O-GlcN acylation to affect transcription of target genes. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The units of the rate constant depend on the overall order of reaction.
If concentration is measured in units of mol·L (sometimes abbreviated as M), then
* For order (m + n), the rate constant has units of mol·L·s (or M·s)
* For order zero, the rate constant has units of mol·L·s (or M·s)
* For order one, the rate const... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dangling type side chain self-healing hydrogels are activated by changes in the relative acidity of solution they are in. Depending on user specified application, side chains may be selectively used in self-healing hydrogels as pH indicators. If a specified functional group chain end with a low pKa, such as a carboxyli... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pyrohydrolysis of hydrochloric spent pickle liquor from carbon steel pickling lines is a hydrometallurgical reaction which takes place according to the following chemical formulae:
4 FeCl + 4 HO + O = 8 HCl + 2 FeO
2 FeCl + 3 HO = 6 HCl + FeO
The process is an inversion of the chemical descaling (pickling) process. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2019, Rostami and Zeitlin reported a discovery of steady, long-living, slowly eastward-moving large-scale coherent twin cyclones, so-called “equatorial modon,” by means of a moist-convective rotating shallow water model. Crudest barotropic features of MJO such as eastward propagation along the equator, slow phase ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A methylene group is any part of a molecule that consists of two hydrogen atoms bound to a carbon atom, which is connected to the remainder of the molecule by two single bonds. The group may be represented as or , where the > denotes the two bonds.
This stands in contrast to a situation where the carbon atom is bound ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2010, exometabolomics analysis of the cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 by Baran, et al. revealed that this photoautotroph could deplete a diverse pool of exogenous metabolites. A follow-up exometabolomics study on sympatric microbial isolates from biological soil crust, which exist in communities with cyan... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Eugène-Anatole Demarçay (1 January 1852 – 5 March 1903) was a French chemist who designed an apparatus to produce a spark using an induction coil and used it to generate the spectra of rare earth elements which he examined using spectroscopy, thus detecting the element europium in 1896, and isolated it as the oxide eur... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* St. Elmo Brady, the First African-American Ph.D. in Chemistry
* Steroid Medicines and Upjohn Innovation
* Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Midland, Michigan | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The last stage of transcription is termination, which leads to the dissociation of the complete transcript and the release of RNA polymerase from the template DNA.The process differs for each of the three RNA polymerases.
The mechanism of termination is the least understood of the three transcription stages. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Malachite green is an organic compound that is used as a dyestuff and controversially as an antimicrobial in aquaculture. Malachite green is traditionally used as a dye for materials such as silk, leather, and paper. Despite its name the dye is not prepared from the mineral malachite; the name just comes from the simil... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A coactivator is a type of transcriptional coregulator that binds to an activator (a transcription factor) to increase the rate of transcription of a gene or set of genes. The activator contains a DNA binding domain that binds either to a DNA promoter site or a specific DNA regulatory sequence called an enhancer. Bindi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Consider an axisymmetric jet emerging from an orifice, located at the origin of a cylindrical polar coordinates , with being the jet axis and being the radial distance from the axis of symmetry. Since the jet is in constant pressure, the momentum flux in the direction is constant and equal to the momentum flux at th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is the best-characterized member of the family Birnaviridae. These viruses have bipartite dsRNA genomes enclosed in single layered icosahedral capsids with T = 13l geometry. IBDV shares functional strategies and structural features with many other icosahedral dsRNA viruses, except... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When food is cooked, some of its proteins become denatured. This is why boiled eggs become hard and cooked meat becomes firm.
A classic example of denaturing in proteins comes from egg whites, which are typically largely egg albumins in water. Fresh from the eggs, egg whites are transparent and liquid. Cooking the ther... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Black Drop was a 19th-century dark medicine made of opium, vinegar, spices, often with sugar, sometimes called Black drops, and known in Great Britain and North America.
One recipe for Black Drop began, "Macerate the opium and nutmeg in... the diluted acetic acid, for seven days, stirring frequently".
As well as Kendal... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When implanted on a surface, gold clusters catalyze oxidation of at ambient temperatures. Similarly gold clusters implanted on can oxidize at temperatures as low as 40K. Catalytic activity correlated with the structure of gold nanoclusters. A strong relationship between energetic and electronic properties with size... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Steroid 21-hydroxylase is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYP21A2 gene. The protein is an enzyme that hydroxylates steroids at the C21 position on the molecule. Naming conventions for enzymes are based on the substrate acted upon and the chemical process performed. Biochemically, this enzyme is involved in t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Use of cyclooctanone is almost nonexistent drug chemistry with only 2 known exceptions:
#Blonanserin
#Iprindole | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As observed through the literature, survivin is found to be over-expressed across many tumour types. Scientists are not sure of the mechanism that causes this abnormal over-expression of survivin; however, p53 is downregulated in almost all cancers, so it is tempting to suggest that survivin over-expression is due to p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are at least three distinct mechanisms in which pRb can repress transcription of E2F-regulated promoters. Though these mechanisms are known, it is unclear which are the most important for the control of the cell cycle.
E2Fs are a family of proteins whose binding sites are often found in the promoter regions of ge... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Magnetofection is a transfection method that uses magnetic fields to concentrate particles containing vectors to target cells in the body. Magnetofection has been adapted to a variety of vectors, including nucleic acids, non-viral transfection systems, and viruses. This method offers advantages such as high transfectio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The sigma-2 receptor takes part in a number of normal-function roles, including cell proliferation, autophagy, cholesterol homeostasis, and both non-neuronal and neuronal signaling. Much of sigma-2 receptor function relies on signaling cascades. The receptor's interaction with EGFR and PGRMC1 proteins allow for sigma-2... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Neuromodulation also refers to an emerging class of medical therapies that target the nervous system for restoration of function (such as in cochlear implants), relief of pain, or control of symptoms, such as tremor seen in movement disorders like Parkinson's disease. The therapies consist primarily of targeted electri... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemistry, transition state theory (TST) explains the reaction rates of elementary chemical reactions. The theory assumes a special type of chemical equilibrium (quasi-equilibrium) between reactants and activated transition state complexes.
TST is used primarily to understand qualitatively how chemical reactions tak... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Photothermal microspectroscopy (PTMS), alternatively known as photothermal temperature fluctuation (PTTF), is derived from two parent instrumental techniques: infrared spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM). In one particular type of AFM, known as scanning thermal microscopy (SThM), the imaging probe is a sub-m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2014 the technique was used to produce the HIV drug didanosine: a simpler molecule was identified that can be converted into didanosine when subjected to a specific chemical transformation in the presence of a specific enzyme. The gene that creates the enzyme was then "copied", adding random mutations to each copy u... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Beta particles can be used to treat health conditions such as eye and bone cancer and are also used as tracers. Strontium-90 is the material most commonly used to produce beta particles.
Beta particles are also used in quality control to test the thickness of an item, such as paper, coming through a system of rollers. ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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