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In scattering theory, a scattering channel is a quantum state of the colliding system before or after the collision (). The Hilbert space spanned by the states before collision (in states) is equal to the space spanned by the states after collision (out states) which are both Fock spaces if there is a mass gap. This ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ecological sanitation, commonly abbreviated as ecosan (also spelled eco-san or EcoSan), is an approach to sanitation provision which aims to safely reuse excreta in agriculture. It is an approach, rather than a technology or a device which is characterized by a desire to "close the loop", mainly for the nutrients and o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Reflection high energy electron diffraction - total reflection angle X-ray spectroscopy is a technique for monitoring the chemical composition of crystals. RHEED-TRAXS analyzes X-ray spectral lines emitted from a crystal as a result of electrons from a RHEED gun colliding with the surface.
RHEED-TRAXS is preferential t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hydrotesting of pipes, pipelines and vessels is performed to expose defective materials that have missed prior detection, ensure that any remaining defects are insignificant enough to allow operation at design pressures, expose possible leaks and serve as a final validation of the integrity of the constructed system. A... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chain initiation is the initial generation of a chain carrier, which is an intermediate such as a radical or an ion which can continue the reaction by chain propagation. Initiation steps are classified according to the way that energy is provided: thermal initiation, high energy initiation, and chemical initiation, etc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are many mechanisms by which pharmaceutical drugs can have toxic implications. A very common mechanism is covalent binding of either the drug or its metabolites to specific enzymes or receptor in tissue-specific pathways that then will elicit toxic responses. Covalent binding can occur during both on-target and o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In France a facility exists in which a fuel melting incident can be made to happen under strictly controlled conditions. In the PHEBUS research program fuels have been allowed to heat up to temperatures in excess of the normal operating temperatures, the fuel in question is in a special channel which is in a toroidal n... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the course of evolution, leaves have adapted to different environments in the following ways:
* Waxy micro- and nanostructures on the surface reduce wetting by rain and adhesion of contamination (See Lotus effect).
* Divided and compound leaves reduce wind resistance and promote cooling.
* Hairs on the leaf surface ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thermal desorption first appeared as an environmental treatment technology in 1985 when it was specified in the Record of Decision for the McKin Company Superfund site within the Royal River watershed in Maine.
It is frequently referred to as "low temp" thermal desorption to differentiate it from high temperature incin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the episode "A No-Rough-Stuff-Type Deal" of the crime drama television series Breaking Bad, Walter White uses thermite to burn through a security lock in order to steal a methylamine drum from a chemical plant. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mammalian expression vectors offer considerable advantages for the expression of mammalian proteins over bacterial expression systems - proper folding, post-translational modifications, and relevant enzymatic activity. It may also be more desirable than other eukaryotic non-mammalian systems whereby the proteins expres... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fmoc carbamate is frequently used as a protecting group for amines, where the Fmoc group can be introduced by reacting the amine with fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl chloride (Fmoc-Cl), e.g.:
The other common method for introducing the Fmoc group is through 9-fluorenylmethylsuccinimidyl carbonate (Fmoc-OSu), which may itsel... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The concept of structural-metabolic cellular complexes was first conceived in 1970 by A. M. Kuzin of the USSR Academy of Sciences, and adopted in 1972 by Paul A. Srere of the University of Texas for the enzymes of the citric acid cycle. This hypothesis was well accepted in the former USSR and further developed for the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Stream restoration or river restoration, sometimes called river reclamation in the United Kingdom, is a set of activities that aim to improve the environmental health of a river or stream. These activities aim to restore rivers and streams to their original states or to a reference state, in support of biodiversity, re... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hydroxylamine yields via oxidation to azinic acid. Further attempted oxidation yields nitric acid, and finally orthonitrate.
More hydroxyl radicals substitute the hydrogen atoms to yield azonous acid & azorous acid. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are three optical ways via which these tagged molecules can be visualized: fluorescence, phosphorescence and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). In all three cases molecules relax to a lower state and their excess energy is released as photons. In fluorescence this energy decay occurs rapidly (within s to s at at... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sarıçiftçi has published more than 500 scientific publications in scientific journals. He is one of the most cited scientists in his field. In a global ranking of the best materials scientists Sarıçiftçi was classified as 14th. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The peptidoglycan layer within the bacterial cell wall is a crystal lattice structure formed from linear chains of two alternating amino sugars, namely N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc or NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc or NAM). The alternating sugars are connected by a β-(1,4)-glycosidic bond. Each MurNAc is attached... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bioorganometallic chemistry is the study of biologically active molecules that contain carbon directly bonded to metals or metalloids. The importance of main-group and transition-metal centers has long been recognized as important to the function of enzymes and other biomolecules. However, only a small subset of natur... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Trimethyl orthoformate is prepared on an industrial scale by the methanolysis of hydrogen cyanide:
:HCN + 3 HOCH → HC(OCH) + NH
Trimethyl orthoformate can also be prepared from the reaction between chloroform and sodium methoxide, an example of the Williamson ether synthesis. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The carbothermic route to magnesium has been recognized as a low energy, yet high productivity path to magnesium extraction. The chemistry is as follow:
The reaction between magnesia and carbon produces a magnesium and carbon monoxide vapour. A disadvantage of this method is that slow cooling the vapour can cause the r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Toxicokinetics (often abbreviated as TK) is the description of both what rate a chemical will enter the body and what occurs to excrete and metabolize the compound once it is in the body. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Iron can be stored in ferritin as ferric iron due to the ferroxidase activity of the ferritin heavy chain. Dysfunctional ferritin may accumulate as hemosiderin, which can be problematic in cases of iron overload. The ferritin storage iron pool is much larger than the labile iron pool, ranging in concentration from 0.7 ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The investigation of Mg in animals, including humans, has lagged behind that in bacteria and yeast. This is largely because of the complexity of the systems involved, but also because of the impression within the field that Mg was maintained at high levels in all cells and was unchanged by external influences. Only in ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Synthetic perovskites are possible materials for high-efficiency photovoltaics – they showed a conversion efficiency of up to 26.3% and can be manufactured using the same thin-film manufacturing techniques as that used for thin film silicon solar cells. Methylammonium tin halides and methylammonium lead halides are of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Eslicarbazepine acetate (ESL), sold under the brand names Aptiom and Zebinix among others, is an anticonvulsant medication approved for use in Europe and the United States as monotherapy or as additional therapy for partial-onset seizures epilepsy.
Similarly to oxcarbazepine, ESL behaves as a prodrug to (S)-(+)-licarba... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The FCC lattice is a Bravais lattice, and its Fourier transform is a body-centered cubic lattice. However to obtain without this shortcut, consider an FCC crystal with one atom at each lattice point as a primitive or simple cubic with a basis of 4 atoms, at the origin and at the three adjacent face centers, , and .... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Aquametry in analytical chemistry refer to analytical processes to measure the water present in materials.
The methods widely used in aquametry encompasses Karl Fischer titration, distillation, chromatography etc. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Over the years, concerns over population declines of the northern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum cottoni) have increased with the increasing value of their horns to poachers. Specifically, the population has declined nearly seventy percent from 2011 to 2019. Processes like SCNT can help aid in conservation effor... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Agamous (AG) is a homeotic gene and MADS-box transcription factor from Arabidopsis thaliana. The TAIR AGI number is AT4G18960.
The identity of a floral organ is determined by particular combinations of homeotic genes, these genes derive from a group of undifferentiated cells known as the floral meristem. The presence o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
TADs have been reported to be relatively constant between different cell types (in stem cells and blood cells, for example), and even between species in specific cases. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Figure 2 shows the positions of the BBOC at various stages of the operating cycle.
The BBOC is held in an upright position during the charging stage. A solid or liquid charge is added using an overhead crane. The furnace is then tilted forward so that the lance is above the charge, and the charge is melted using an oil... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Computational approaches have been regarded as a useful tool to elucidate the mechanism of action of enzymes. Molecular mechanics itself can not predict the electron transfer which is the fundamental of organic reaction but the molecular dynamics simulation provide sufficient information considering the flexibility of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Crabbé reaction (or Crabbé allene synthesis, Crabbé–Ma allene synthesis) is an organic reaction that converts a terminal alkyne and aldehyde (or, sometimes, a ketone) into an allene in the presence of a soft Lewis acid catalyst (or stoichiometric promoter) and secondary amine. Given continued developments in scope... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Antibiotics, sympathomimetics, antihistamines, anticholinergics, NSAIDs, corticosteroids, antiseptics, local anesthetics, antifungals, and cerumenolytics. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Via the process known as spontaneous resolution, 5-10% of all racemates crystallize as mixtures of enantiopure crystals. This phenomenon allowed Louis Pasteur to separate left-handed and right-handed sodium ammonium tartrate crystals. These experiments underpinned his discovery of optical activity. In 1882 he went on... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One line of evidence for ion transport comes from macroscopic examination of statistical ensembles. All these techniques use intact vesicles with an entrapped volume, with ion channel activities reported by different spectroscopic methods.
In a typical case, a dye is entrapped within the population of vesicles. This ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Decantation is a process for the separation of mixtures of immiscible liquids or of a liquid and a solid mixture such as a suspension. The layer closer to the top of the container—the less dense of the two liquids, or the liquid from which the precipitate or sediment has settled out—is poured off, leaving denser liquid... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Brain tissue swelling, known as cerebral oedema, results from brain injury and other traumatic head injuries that can increase intracranial pressure (ICP). Negatively charged molecules within cells create a fixed charge density, which increases intracranial pressure through the Donnan effect. ATP pumps maintain a negat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When a body of material starts from a non-equilibrium state of inhomogeneity or chemical non-equilibrium, and is then isolated, it spontaneously evolves towards its own internal state of thermodynamic equilibrium. It is not necessary that all aspects of internal thermodynamic equilibrium be reached simultaneously; some... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
On the basis of Mössbauer spectroscopic analysis, green rust minerals are suspected to occur as minerals in certain bluish-green soils that are formed in alternating redox conditions, and turn ochre once exposed to air. The green rust has been conjectured to be present in the form of the mineral fougerite. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The final stage in the production of copper is refining. Refining is achieved by electrolysis, which exploits the easy (low potential) and selective conversion of copper(II) solutions to the metal. The anodes cast from processed blister copper are placed into an aqueous solution of 3–4% copper sulfate and 10–16% sulfur... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Monomers with aromatic motifs such as bis(merocyanine), oligo(para-phenylenevinylene) (OPV), perylene bisimide (PBI) dye, cyanine dye, corannulene and nano-graphene derivatives have been employed to prepare supramolecular polymers. In some cases, hydrogen bonding side chains appended onto the core aromatic motif help ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As early as 1147 in Troyes in Champagne (in the Middle Ages an important trading town) a unit of weight called was used.
The national French standard until 1799 was based on a famous artifact called the , which probably dates back to the second half of the 15th century. It is an elaborate set of nesting weight pieces,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
RNA sequencing is a next-generation sequencing technology; as such it requires only a small amount of RNA and no previous knowledge of the genome. It allows for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of RNA transcripts, the former allowing discovery of new transcripts and the latter a measure of relative quantities... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Handbook of Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology; Nalwa, H.S., Ed.; Academic Press: New York, NY, USA, 2000; Volume 5, pp. 501–575 | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In biochemistry, the molar absorption coefficient of a protein at depends almost exclusively on the number of aromatic residues, particularly tryptophan, and can be predicted from the sequence of amino acids. Similarly, the molar absorption coefficient of nucleic acids at can be predicted given the nucleotide sequenc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
UV rays also treat certain skin conditions. Modern phototherapy has been used to successfully treat psoriasis, eczema, jaundice, vitiligo, atopic dermatitis, and localized scleroderma. In addition, UV light, in particular UV‑B radiation, has been shown to induce cell cycle arrest in keratinocytes, the most common type ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
After the introduction of CrO cassettes, Japanese companies began developing a royalty-free alternative to DuPonts patent, based on an already established cobalt doping process. A controlled increase in cobalt content causes an almost linear increase in coercivity, thus a Type II "pseudochrome" tape can be made by simp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Understanding the mechanisms and purposes of lactonase activity could lead to potential applied roles for these lactonases to control bacterial infections by inhibiting quorum-sensing activity and bring about profound effects on human health and the environment. However, in both the chemical and enzymatic lactonolysis,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bone ash is a white material produced by the calcination of bones. Typical bone ash consists of about 55.82% calcium oxide, 42.39% phosphorus pentoxide, and 1.79% water. The exact composition of these compounds varies depending upon the type of bones being used, but generally the formula for bone ash is Ca(OH)(PO). Bon... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1987 Parker was a fellow of the John Simon Guggenheim Foundation. In 2009 the Parker was elected a fellow of the American Chemical Society and she received the Francis P. Garvan-John M. Olin Medal from the American Chemical Society. In 2017 she received the Arthur C. Cope Scholar Award in recognition of her work syn... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics, slosh refers to the movement of liquid inside another object (which is, typically, also undergoing motion).
Strictly speaking, the liquid must have a free surface to constitute a slosh dynamics problem, where the dynamics of the liquid can interact with the container to alter the system dynamics sign... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, also known as triose phosphate or 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde and abbreviated as G3P, GA3P, GADP, GAP, TP, GALP or PGAL, is a metabolite that occurs as an intermediate in several central pathways of all organisms. With the chemical formula H(O)CCH(OH)CHOPO</sup>, this anion is a monophosphate es... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cyrus Eaton (1883–1979) in 1925 purchased the small Trumbull Steel Company of Warren, Ohio, for $18 million. In the late 1920s he purchased undervalued steel and rubber companies. In 1930, Eaton consolidated his steel holdings into the Republic Steel, based in Cleveland; it became the third-largest steel producer in th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Most of the methyl chloride present in the environment ends up being released to the atmosphere. After being released into the air, the atmospheric lifetime of this substance is about 10 months with multiple natural sinks, such as ocean, transport to the stratosphere, soil, etc.
On the other hand, when the methyl chlor... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Spiro structures contain chiral molecules with no say asymmetric center. The rings of a spiro structure lie at right angles to each other. It's important to note that the mirror images of spiro structures are non-superimposable and are enantiomers. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hair multiplication or hair cloning is a proposed technique to counter hair loss. The technology to clone hair is in its early stages, but multiple groups have demonstrated pieces of the technology at a small scale with a few in commercial development.
Scientists previously assumed that in the case of complete baldnes... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The theology in Tattvartha Sutra presents seven categories of truth in sutra 1.4:
#Souls exist ()
#Non-sentient matter exists ()
#Karmic particles exist that inflow to each soul ()
#Karmic particles bind to the soul {which transmigrate with rebirth} ()
#Karmic particles inflow can be stopped ()
#Karmic particles can f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nickel allergy is typically diagnosed by patch testing – applying a patch with 2.5% (in North America) or 5% (in Europe) nickel sulfate to the upper back and looking for irritation on the skin. As with other causes of allergic contact dermatitis, patches containing several common allergens are typically applied to the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Consider a small variation in the velocity potential . Then the resulting variation in the Lagrangian is:
Using Leibniz integral rule, this becomes, in case of constant density :
The first integral on the right-hand side integrates out to the boundaries, in and , of the integration domain and is zero since the variat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Soil is well developed in the forest as suggested by the thick humus layers, rich diversity of large trees and animals that live there. Forest soils can form a thick soil carbon sponge. In forests, precipitation exceeds evapotranspiration which results in an excess of water that percolates downward through the soil la... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A not often used definition of glaze is the highly sintered compacted oxide layer formed due to the sliding of either two metallic surfaces (or sometimes a metal surface and ceramic surface) at high temperatures (normally several hundred degrees Celsius) in oxidizing conditions. The sliding or tribological action gener... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
1,2 carboboration delivers the carbon-carbon bond and the carbon-boron bond to adjacent carbons in the substrate. It is typically facilitated by transition metal catalysis, but transition-metal-free 1,2 carboborations have been developed and continue to be of interest to synthetic chemists. The benefit of utilizing tra... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
SMA is subject to structural fatigue – a failure mode by which cyclic loading results in the initiation and propagation of a crack that eventually results in catastrophic loss of function by fracture. The physics behind this fatigue mode is accumulation of microstructural damage during cyclic loading. This failure mode... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Andrei Nikolaevich Khlobystov () is a Russian-British scientist who is the Professor of Nanomaterials at the University of Nottingham. He serves as Director for Research for the School of Chemistry in the Faculty of Science and has received several awards during his career, including the European Young Investigator awa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The nuclease hybridization assay, also called S1 nuclease cutting assay, is a nuclease protection assay-based hybridization ELISA. The assay is using S1 nuclease, which degrades single-stranded DNA and RNA into oligo- or mononucleotides, leaving intact double-stranded DNA and RNA.
In the nuclease hybridization assay, t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A newer chiral derivatizing agent (CDA), α-cyano-α-fluoro (2-naphthyl)-acetic acid (2-CFNA) was prepared in optically pure form by the chiral HPLC separation of a racemic 2-CFNA methyl ester. This ester was obtained by fluorination of methyl α-cyano (2-naphthyl) acetate with FClO3. 2-CFNA has been shown to be a superio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In spectroscopy and radiometry, vector radiative transfer (VRT) is a method of modelling the propagation of polarized electromagnetic radiation in low density media. In contrast to scalar radiative transfer (RT), which models only the first Stokes component, the intensity, VRT models all four components through vector... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An agitation rack is a special form of agitator used to store platelets. It is composed of a series of clasps attached to motorised bars, that rock the specimens of platelets gently back-and-forth. This prevents them from becoming activated and adhering to one another, which cannot be reversed by any current means. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
IHC staining for FH is used to detect lack of this protein in patients with papillary renal cell carcinoma type 2. The lack of FH in renal carcinoma cells induces pro-survival metabolic adaptations where several cascades are affected. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A Josiphos ligand is a type of chiral diphosphine which has been modified to be substrate-specific; they are widely used for enantioselective synthesis. They are widely used in asymmetric catalysis. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Modafinil's patent history involves several key developments. The original patent, , was granted to Laboratoire L. Lafon in 1990, covering the chemical compound of modafinil. This patent expired in 2010. In 1994, Cephalon filed a patent for modafinil in the form of particles of a defined size, represented by , which ex... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Photodynamic therapy utilizes Type II photosensitizers to harvest light to degrade tumors or cancerous masses. This discovery was first observed back in 1907 by Hermann von Tappeiner when he utilized eosin to treat skin tumors. The photodynamic process is predominantly a noninvasive technique wherein the photosensitize... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries the town of Waratah in Gippsland, Victoria, Australia produced a majority of the quicklime used in the city of Melbourne as well as around other parts of Gippsland. The town, now called Walkerville, was set on an isolated part of the Victorian coastline and exported the lime by... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dendrosomes are vesicular, spherical, supramolecular entities wherein the dendrimer–nucleic acid complex is encapsulated within a lipophilic shell. They possess negligible hemolytic toxicity and higher transfection efficiency, and they are better tolerated in vivo than are dendrimers. The word " Dendrosome" came from t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The mucoadhesive process will differ greatly depending on the surface and properties of the adhesive. However, two general steps of the process have been identified: the contact stage and the consolidation stage. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The lower boundary of the model domain coincides with the ground. Because of the inhomogeneity of the terrain, it is not possible to impose boundary conditions at that boundary with respect to Cartesian coordinates. Therefore, a transformation of the vertical coordinate to a terrain-following one is performed. Hence, t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
From biblical times until the 1950s the pesticides used were inorganic compounds and plant extracts. The inorganic compounds were derivatives of copper, arsenic, mercury, sulfur, among others, and the plant extracts contained pyrethrum, nicotine, and rotenone among others. The less toxic of these are still in use in or... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) works by applying a small sample of DNA (or RNA) to an electrophoresis gel that contains a denaturing agent. Researchers have found that certain denaturing gels are capable of inducing DNA to melt at various stages. As a result of this melting, the DNA spreads through th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In a compressible fluid, it is convenient to define the total conditions (also called stagnation conditions) for all thermodynamic state properties (such as total temperature, total enthalpy, total speed of sound). These total flow conditions are a function of the fluid velocity and have different values in frames of r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Paracetamol powder has poor compression properties, which poses difficulty in making tablets. A second polymorph was found with more suitable compressive properties. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Krypton-85 is used in arc discharge lamps commonly used in the entertainment industry for large HMI film lights as well as high-intensity discharge lamps. The presence of krypton-85 in discharge tube of the lamps can make the lamps easy to ignite. Early experimental krypton-85 lighting developments included a railroad ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Aminolevulinic acid utilization is promising in the field of cancer delineation, particularly in the context of fluorescence-guided surgery. This compound is utilized to enhance the visualization of malignant tissues during surgical procedures. When administered to patients, 5-ALA is metabolized to protoporphyrin IX (P... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When retroviruses have integrated their own genome into the germ line, their genome is passed on to a following generation. These endogenous retroviruses (ERVs), contrasted with exogenous ones, now make up 5–8% of the human genome. Most insertions have no known function and are often referred to as "junk DNA". However,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Source:
When hemoglobin is exposed to certain conditions, reversible or irreversible hemichromes are formed.
Reversible hemichrome formation occurs in the presence of:
* Fatty acids
* Aliphatic alcohol (n-butanol)
* Dehydration
* High concentration of glycerol
* Polyethylene glycol
Irreversible hemichrome formation occ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Explosophores are functional groups in organic chemistry that give organic compounds explosive properties. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The cecum is a pouch marking the division between the small intestine and the large intestine. It lies below the ileocecal valve in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen. The cecum receives chyme from the last part of the small intestine, the ileum, and connects to the ascending colon of the large intestine. At this ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Anti-double stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) antibodies are highly associated with SLE. They are a very specific marker for the disease, with some studies quoting nearly 100%. Data on sensitivity ranges from 25 to 85%. Anti-dsDNA antibody levels, known as titres, correlate with disease activity in SLE; high levels indicate mo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Once again, the conformation and position of groups (ie. substituents) larger than a singular hydrogen are critical to the overall stability of the molecule. The larger the group, the less likely to prefer the axial position on its respective carbon. Maintaining said position with a larger size costs more energy from t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first known racemic mixture was racemic acid, which Louis Pasteur found to be a mixture of the two enantiomeric isomers of tartaric acid. He manually separated the crystals of a mixture, starting from an aqueous solution of the sodium ammonium salt of racemate tartaric acid. Pasteur benefited from the fact that am... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Grewe's cyclization is easier to handle in terms of the chemicals used, produces higher yields and higher purity of the product. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An introduction to Landau theory can be found here.
Based on Ginzburg–Landau theory, the free energy of a ferroelectric material, in the absence of an electric field and applied stress may be written as a Taylor expansion in terms of the order parameter, P. If a sixth order expansion is used (i.e. 8th order and higher... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Ranch-style house one-level underground earth shelter was designed to blend with the surroundings with earth against the walls and on the roof. It had a brick veneer siding but was enclosed in a waterproof concrete shell and covered with a compacted earth berm. The entrance was created to look like an opening to a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The identification of the genetic basis for the causative agent of a disease can be an important component of understanding its effects and spread. Location and content of structural genes can elucidate the evolution of virulence, as well as provide necessary information for treatment. Likewise understanding the specif... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Moiseev was born in Moscow. He studied organic chemistry at Moscow State University of Fine Chemical Technologies (MITHT). After graduating in 1952, his first jobs were as an engineer, a junior researcher in physical chemistry, then a senior researcher in organic chemistry. From 1963, he worked at the N. S. Kurnakov (... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Epitaxial wafers of crystalline silicon can be grown on a monocrystalline silicon "seed" wafer by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and then detached as self-supporting wafers of some standard thickness (e.g., 250 µm) that can be manipulated by hand, and directly substituted for wafer cells cut from monocrystalline sili... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lithophile elements are those that remain on or close to the surface because they combine readily with oxygen, forming compounds that do not sink into the Earth's core. The lithophile elements include Al, B, Ba, Be, Br, Ca, Cl, Cr, Cs, F, I, Hf, K, Li, Mg, Na, Nb, O, P, Rb, Sc, Si, Sr, Ta, Th, Ti, U, V, Y, Zr, W and th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For a weakly collisional plasma, Debye shielding can be introduced in a very intuitive way by taking into account the granular character of such a plasma. Let us imagine a sphere about one of its electrons, and compare the number of electrons crossing this sphere with and without Coulomb repulsion. With repulsion, this... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
While enantioselective epoxidations have been successfully achieved utilizing Sharpless epoxidation, Shi epoxidation, and Jacobsen epoxidation, none of these methods allows for the efficient asymmetric synthesis of terminal epoxides, which are key chiral building blocks. Due to the inexpensiveness of most racemic termi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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