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* 1945–1946 – Nikolay Bogoliubov develops a general method for a microscopic derivation of kinetic equations for classical statistical systems using BBGKY hierarchy
* 1947 – Nikolay Bogoliubov and Kirill Gurov extend this method for a microscopic derivation of kinetic equations for quantum statistical systems
* 1948 – ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Oligomer Restriction technique was developed as a variation of the Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) assay method, with the hope of avoiding the laborious Southern blotting step used in RFLP analysis. OR was conceived by Randall Saiki and Henry Erlich in the early 1980s, working at Cetus Corporation i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Liu Yunbin () (1925 – 21 November 1967) was a Chinese nuclear chemist and the son of former President of the People's Republic of China Liu Shaoqi. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Testosterone sulfate is an endogenous, naturally occurring steroid and minor urinary metabolite of testosterone. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
At birth, infants don't develop enough ability to conjugate bilirubin. Up to 8% to 11% neonates will develop hyperbilirubinemia in the first week of their lives. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Butyric acid was first observed in an impure form in 1814 by the French chemist Michel Eugène Chevreul. By 1818, he had purified it sufficiently to characterize it. However, Chevreul did not publish his early research on butyric acid; instead, he deposited his findings in manuscript form with the secretary of the Acade... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Jelly-falls are primarily made up of the decaying corpses of Cnidaria and Thaliacea (Pyrosomida, Doliolida, and Salpida). Several circumstances can trigger the death of gelatinous organisms which would cause them to sink. These include high levels of primary production that can clog the feeding apparatuses of the organ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The rivers inter-linking feasibility reports completed by 2013, suggest the following investment needs and potential economic impact:
The cost conversion in US $ is at latest conversion price on the historical cost estimates in Indian rupees | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Carbon isotopes aid us in determining the primary production source responsible for the energy flow in an ecosystem. The transfer of C through trophic levels remains relatively the same, except for a small increase (an enrichment C between animals indicate that they have different food sources or that their food webs a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lineatin was first isolated in 1977 by MacConnell. The absolute configuration of the biologically active form was later determined as (+)-(1R,4S,5R,7R)-3,3,7-trimethyl-2,9- dioxatricyclo[3.3.1.0]nonane, whereas other enatinomers process no biological attraction activity. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As more electrons are added to a 5n cluster, the number of electrons per vertex approaches 6. Instead of adopting structures based on 4n or 5n rules, the clusters tend to have structures governed by the 6n rules, which are based on rings. The rules for the 6n structures are as follows.
Example: S
:Electron count = 8 × ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Besides imaging, AFM can be used for force spectroscopy, the direct measurement of tip-sample interaction forces as a function of the gap between the tip and sample. The result of this measurement is called a force-distance curve. For this method, the AFM tip is extended towards and retracted from the surface as the de... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Upon job specification, the material may be chosen. Material range from nickel-plated brass to aluminum, and even steel and stainless steel. Depending on the level of loads, humidity, temperature, and stroke lengths specified, the appropriate material may be selected. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A mill test report (MTR) and often also called a certified mill test report, certified material test report, mill test certificate (MTC), inspection certificate, certificate of test, or a host of other names, is a quality assurance document used in the metals industry that certifies a material's chemical and physical p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In surface science, selective adsorption is the effect when minima associated with bound-state resonances occur in specular intensity in atom-surface scattering.
In crystal growth, selective adsorption refers to the phenomenon where adsorbing molecules attach preferentially to certain crystal faces.
An example of selec... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
At a temperature below the boiling point, any matter in liquid form will evaporate until reaching equilibrium with the reverse process of condensation of its vapor. At this point the vapor will condense at the same rate as the liquid evaporates. Thus, a liquid cannot exist permanently if the evaporated liquid is contin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Directing a synthesis toward a desirable intermediate can greatly narrow the focus of analysis. This allows bidirectional search techniques. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
He was born in Durban, South Africa, although his parents returned to England soon afterwards. He was educated at Thetford Grammar School and Ipswich School and went on to study chemistry at Lincoln College, Oxford, gaining a doctorate at the university's Engineering Laboratory. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The velocity potential of a point source or sink of strength ( for source and for sink) in spherical polar coordinates is given by
where in fact is the volume flux across a closed surface enclosing the source or sink. The velocity field in spherical polar coordinates are | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The equivalence of the two formulations can also be seen by a simple parity argument without appeal to case analysis.
Proposition. The following formulations of the Woodward–Hoffmann rules are equivalent:
(A) For a pericyclic reaction, if the sum of the number of suprafacial 4q + 2 components and antarafacial 4r compon... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Vanillin is most prominent as the principal flavor and aroma compound in vanilla. Cured vanilla pods contain about 2% by dry weight vanillin. On cured pods of high quality, relatively pure vanillin may be visible as a white dust or "frost" on the exterior of the pod.
It is also found in Leptotes bicolor, a species of o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The following is a list of humans genes that encode components of complex I:
* NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex
** NDUFA1 – NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex, 1, 7.5kDa
** NDUFA2 – NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex, 2, 8kDa
** NDUFA3 – NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Eukaryotic promoters are diverse and can be difficult to characterize, however, recent studies show that they are divided in more than 10 classes.
Gene promoters are typically located upstream of the gene and can have regulatory elements several kilobases away from the transcriptional start site (enhancers). In eukaryo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nanocomposite hydrogels incorporated with polymeric nanoparticles are tailored for drug delivery and tissue engineering. The addition of polymeric nanoparticles gives these hydrogels a reinforced polymeric network that is more stiff and has the ability to enclose hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs along with genes and p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Glide-reflection symmetry with respect to two parallel lines with the same translation implies that there is also translational symmetry in the direction perpendicular to these lines, with a translation distance which is twice the distance between glide reflection lines. This corresponds to wallpaper group pg; with add... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A simple case of diffusion with time in one dimension (taken as the -axis) from a boundary located at position , where the concentration is maintained at a value is
where is the complementary error function. This is the case when corrosive gases diffuse through the oxidative layer towards the metal surface (if we as... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
National Pipe Thread series have the same 60° included angle as Sellers thread. On the other hand, for sealing capability, tapered (pressure-tight) threads have crest and root shapes that differ from Sellers. For example, the NPT has a crest width of 0.038 to 0.062 pitch, which is sharper than the 0.125 pitch of Seller... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The societys annual meeting is held in the first week of September as well as regular special interest group meetings (Lipidomics, MALDI & Imaging, Ambient Ionisation, Environmental & Food Analysis) through the year, in locations throughout the United Kingdom. Locations of the societys annual meetings beginning in 1965... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
After Saigon fell on 30 April 1975, ending the Vietnam War, the military purpose of Project 523 subsided. Researchers could not publish their findings but could share their works within the working groups. The first publication in English (and thus circulated outside China) was in the December 1979 issue of the Chinese... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
NMR experiments require creating a transient non-stationary state of the spin system. In conventional high-field experiments, radio frequency pulses tilt the magnetization from along the main magnetic field direction to the transverse plan. Once in the transverse plan, the magnetization is no longer in a stationary sta... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Diphosphagermylenes are a class of compounds containing a divalent germanium atom bound to two phosphorus atoms. While these compounds resemble diamidocarbenes, such as N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC), diphosphagermylenes display bonding characteristics distinct from those of diamidocarbenes. In contrast to NHC compounds... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fluorescent moieties emit photons several nanoseconds after absorption following an exponential decay curve, which differs between dyes and depends on the surrounding solvent. When the dye is attached to a macromolecules the decay curve becomes multiexponential. Conjugated dyes generally have a lifetime between 1–10 ns... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first known variant of the AnMBR was developed by Dorr-Oliver in 1980, specifically to treat wastewater with high organic loads, specifically, dairy wastewater. Due to the high cost of membranes, the technology was never applied on a larger commercial scale, only going through laboratory and pilot scale trials.
The... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The channelosome (not to be confused with "channelome") is the collection of (usually) signalling proteins associated with an ion channel. The channelosome is frequently clustered within a lipid microdomain or caveolae. This collection of proteins may be involved with anchoring, phosphorylation or some other modulat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The CCR family of receptors are a group of g-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) that normally operate as chemokine receptors. They are primarily found on immunological cells, especially T-cells. CCR receptors are also expressed on neuronal cells, such as dendrites and microglia. Perhaps the most famous and well-studied... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The lithosphere is 46.6% oxygen by volume, present mainly as silica minerals (SiO) and other oxide minerals. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fluoroalkanes are generally inert and non-toxic.
Fluoroalkanes are not ozone depleting, as they contain no chlorine or bromine atoms, and they are sometimes used as replacements for ozone-depleting chemicals.
The term fluorocarbon is used rather loosely to include any chemical containing fluorine and carbon, including ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The crystallization process of polymers does not always obey simple chemical rate equations. Polymers can crystallize through a variety of different regimes and unlike simple molecules, the polymer crystal lamellae have two very different surfaces. The two most prominent theories in polymer crystallization kinetics are... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mechanical work performed on a working fluid causes a change in the mechanical constraints of the system; in other words, for work to occur, the volume must be altered. Hence, volume is an important parameter in characterizing many thermodynamic processes where an exchange of energy in the form of work is involved.
Vo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The earliest estimated use of bitumen dates back 40,000 years to the paleolithic age in which Bitumen was used to adhere handles onto primitive stone tools.
A re-examination of artifacts uncovered in 1908 at Le Moustier rock shelters in France has identified Mousterian stone tools that were attached to grips made of oc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Conserved cycles in a biochemical network can be identified by examination of the stoichiometry matrix, The stoichiometry matrix for a simple cycle with species A and AP is given by:
The rates of change of A and AP can be written using the equation:
Expanding the expression leads to:
Note that . This means that , wher... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A limitation of FRET performed with fluorophore donors is the requirement for external illumination to initiate the fluorescence transfer, which can lead to background noise in the results from direct excitation of the acceptor or to photobleaching. To avoid this drawback, bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (or ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Joule performed his experiment with air at room temperature which was expanded from a pressure of about 22 bar. Air, under these conditions, is almost an ideal gas, but not quite. As a result the real temperature change will not be exactly zero. With our present knowledge of the thermodynamic properties of air we can ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An application of HSAB theory is the so-called Kornblum's rule (after Nathan Kornblum) which states that in reactions with ambident nucleophiles (nucleophiles that can attack from two or more places), the more electronegative atom reacts when the reaction mechanism is S1 and the less electronegative one in a S2 reactio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the Earths atmosphere, the chief factor affecting the speed of sound is the temperature. For a given ideal gas with constant heat capacity and composition, the speed of sound is dependent solely upon temperature; see ' below. In such an ideal case, the effects of decreased density and decreased pressure of altitude ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Live vaccines, such as oral polio vaccine, can be stabilized by deuterium, either alone or in combination with other stabilizers such as MgCl. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Masking is the process of applying the maskant material to the surface to ensure that only desired areas are etched. Liquid maskants may be applied via dip-masking, in which the part is dipped into an open tank of maskant and then the maskant dried. Maskant may also be applied by flow coating: liquid maskant is flowed ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Neuromuscular-blocking drugs, or Neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs), block transmission at the neuromuscular junction, causing paralysis of the affected skeletal muscles. This is accomplished via their action on the post-synaptic acetylcholine (Nm) receptors.
In clinical use, neuromuscular block is used adjunctively... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Antifoaming agents are also sold commercially to relieve bloating. A familiar example is the drug simethicone, which is the active ingredient in drugs such as Gas-X. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemistry, specific rotation ([α]) is a property of a chiral chemical compound. It is defined as the change in orientation of monochromatic plane-polarized light, per unit distance–concentration product, as the light passes through a sample of a compound in solution. Compounds which rotate the plane of polarization ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In May 1990, the GFP reached an agreement with the Société chimique de France, becoming its Division of "Polymeric materials and elastomers". In 2001 this agreement was modified to create a "Polymer and Materials Chemistry" Division that was common to the two societies. In 2002, a similar agreement with the Société fra... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The process of binding is central in determining the "strength" of promoters, that is the relative estimation of how "well" a promoter perform the expression of a gene under specific circumstances. Brewster et al., using a simple thermodynamical model based on the postulate that transcriptional activity is proportional... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The principle of microscopic reversibility in physics and chemistry is twofold:
* First, it states that the microscopic detailed dynamics of particles and fields is time-reversible because the microscopic equations of motion are symmetric with respect to inversion in time (T-symmetry);
* Second, it relates to the stati... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
After the hazards of strontium-90 became evident, the next step was to focus on impact and damage per detonation. Smith's tests focused primarily on how many atomic weapons could potentially be detonated before radioactive contamination of air, water and soil became a long-term effect on crops, animals and humans world... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Most antibodies have the similar structure except the hypervariable region which is called the antigen binding site. This region is constituted by the combination of various amino acids. When the antigen is a kind of carbohydrate (Polysaccharide), the binding could be regarded as a protein-carbohydrate interaction. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Consider a two-point velocity correlation tensor for homogeneous turbulence
For isotropic turbulence, this correlation tensor can be expressed in terms of two scalar functions, using the invariant theory of full rotation group, first derived by Howard P. Robertson in 1940,
where is the root mean square turbulent veloc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
C/EBPβ has been found to have a role in the development of osteoporosis. The full-length isoform of the C/EBPβ protein (LAP) activates the MafB gene, whereas the short isoform (LIP) suppresses it. MafB gene activation suppresses the formation of osteoclasts. Thus, upregulation of LAP diminishes the number of osteoclast... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The eudysmic ratio (also spelled eudismic ratio) represents the difference in pharmacologic activity between the two enantiomers of a drug. In most cases where a chiral compound is biologically active, one enantiomer is more active than the other. The eudysmic ratio is the ratio of activity between the two. A eudysmic ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The experimental determination of pK values is commonly performed by means of titrations, in a medium of high ionic strength and at constant temperature. A typical procedure would be as follows. A solution of the compound in the medium is acidified with a strong acid to the point where the compound is fully protonated.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Digital PCR has many applications in basic research, clinical diagnostics and environmental testing. Its uses include pathogen detection and digestive health analysis; liquid biopsy for cancer monitoring, organ transplant rejection monitoring and non-invasive prenatal testing for serious genetic abnormalities; copy num... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
"Lucas' reagent" is a solution of anhydrous zinc chloride in concentrated hydrochloric acid. This solution is used to classify alcohols of low molecular weight. The reaction is a substitution in which the chloride replaces a hydroxyl group. A positive test is indicated by a change from clear and colourless to turbid,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
To illustrate the processes, consider the case of dissolving a weak acid, HA, in water. The pH can be calculated using an ICE table. Note that in this example, we are assuming that the acid is not very weak, and that the concentration is not very dilute, so that the concentration of [OH] ions can be neglected. This is... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Al-Kindis ninth century AD book, De Gradibus and Ibn Sina (Avicenna)s The Canon of Medicine, covers a range of drugs known to the practice of medicine in the medieval Islamic world.
Medieval medicine of Western Europe saw advances in surgery compared to previously, but few truly effective drugs existed, beyond opium (f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Astrobiological exploration is founded upon the premise that biosignatures encountered in space will be recognizable as extraterrestrial life. The usefulness of a biosignature is determined not only by the probability of life creating it but also by the improbability of non-biological (abiotic) processes producing it. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Born at Montpellier, France, on 30 September 1802, he started as an apothecary, but taking up teaching he acted as chemical assistant at the faculty of sciences of his native town, and then became professor of chemistry at the royal college and school of pharmacy and at the faculty of sciences. In 1826 he discovered in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Starch granules are very common in chloroplasts, typically taking up 15% of the organelle's volume, though in some other plastids like amyloplasts, they can be big enough to distort the shape of the organelle. Starch granules are simply accumulations of starch in the stroma, and are not bounded by a membrane.
Starch gr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Firewater control
*Pipeline safety systems
*Residential plumbing systems (both water and gas)
*Nuclear reactors
*Oil and gas wells
*Chemical plant
*Oil production plant
*Power plant | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For MLL, two isomers are possible - a facial isomer (fac) in which each set of three identical ligands occupies one face of the octahedron surrounding the metal atom, so that any two of these three ligands are mutually cis, and a meridional isomer (mer) in which each set of three identical ligands occupies a plane pass... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
From the perspective of solid state physics, Brillouin scattering is an interaction between an electromagnetic wave and one of the three above-mentioned crystalline lattice waves (e.g. electrostriction and magnetostriction). The scattering is inelastic i.e. the photon may lose energy (Stokes process) and in the process... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Another example is [Co(HO)]. Note that the ligand is the same as the last example. Here the cobalt ion has the oxidation state of +2, and it is a d ion. From the high-spin (left) side of the d Tanabe–Sugano diagram, the ground state is T(F), and the spin multiplicity is a quartet. The diagram shows that there are thre... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
According to the work of the corrosion electrochemist Shoesmith the nanoparticles of Mo-Tc-Ru-Pd have a strong effect on the corrosion of uranium dioxide fuel. For instance his work suggests that when the hydrogen (H) concentration is high (due to the anaerobic corrosion of the steel waste can) the oxidation of hydroge... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
SDS is mainly used in detergents for laundry with many cleaning applications. It is a highly effective surfactant and is used in any task requiring the removal of oily stains and residues. For example, it is found in higher concentrations with industrial products including engine degreasers, floor cleaners, and car ext... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Christopher Longuet-Higgins (Founding Editor)
* Joan van der Waals (Founding Editor)
* John Shipley Rowlinson
* A. David Buckingham
* Lawrence D. Barron
* Martin Quack
* Dominic Tildesley
* Henry F. Schaefer III
* Nicholas C. Handy
* Ruth Lynden-Bell
* Jean-Pierre Hansen
* Timothy Softley
* Martin Head-Gordon
* Try... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Aurin (C.I. 43800), sometimes named rosolic acid or corallin is an organic compound, forming yellowish or deep-red crystals with greenish metallic luster. It is practically insoluble in water, freely soluble in alcohol. It is soluble in strong acids to form yellow solution, or in aqueous alkalis to form carmine red sol... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Circulation within local systems, such as bays, estuaries, and groundwater, may be examined with radium isotopes. Ra has a half-life of 11 days and can occur naturally at specific locations in rivers and groundwater sources. The isotopic ratio of radium will then decrease as the water from the source river enters a bay... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The method of slipping is one which exploits the thermodynamic stability of the rotaxane. If the end groups of the dumbbell are an appropriate size it will be able to reversibly thread through the macrocycle at higher temperatures. By cooling the dynamic complex, it becomes kinetically trapped as a rotaxane at the lowe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Neoglycorandomization is a chemoselective glycodiversification method inspired by the alkoxyamine-based ‘neoglycosylation’ reaction first described Peri and Dumy. This reaction proceeds via an oxy-iminium intermediate to ultimately provide the more thermodynamically-favored closed ring neoglycoside. The neoglycosylatio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In physics and engineering, mass flow rate is the mass of a substance which passes per unit of time. Its unit is kilogram per second in SI units, and slug per second or pound per second in US customary units. The common symbol is (ṁ, pronounced "m-dot"), although sometimes μ (Greek lowercase mu) is used.
Sometimes, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
John Robert Huizenga (April 21, 1921 – January 25, 2014) was an American physicist who helped build the first atomic bomb and who also debunked University of Utah scientists' claim of achieving cold fusion. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In general, many questions exist about the health and environmental effects of many herbicides because of the large number of herbicides and the myriad potential targets, mostly unintended. For example, a 1995 panel of 13 scientists reviewing studies on the carcinogenicity of 2,4-D had divided opinions on the likelihoo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chain shuttling polymerization is a dual-catalyst method for producing block copolymers with alternating or variable tacticity. The desired effect of this method is to generate hybrid polymers that bear the properties of both polymer chains, such as a high melting point accompanied by high elasticity. It is a relativ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cyclohexene derivatives, such as imines, epoxides, and halonium ions, react with nucleophiles in a stereoselective fashion, affording trans-diaxial addition products. The term “Trans-diaxial addition” describes the mechanism of the addition, however the products are likely to equilibrate by ring flip to the lower ener... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In superconducting materials, the characteristics of superconductivity appear when the temperature T is lowered below a critical temperature T. The value of this critical temperature varies from material to material. Conventional superconductors usually have critical temperatures ranging from around 20 K to less than 1... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A promoter is defined in RegulonDB as the nucleotide sequence 60 bases upstream and 20 downstream from the precise initiation of transcription or +1. Terminators are regions where transcription ends, and RNA Polymerase unbinds from DNA. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Racemic drugs are not drug combinations in the accepted sense of two or more co-formulated therapeutic agents, but combinations of isomeric substances whose pharmacological activity may reside predominantly in one specific enantiomeric form. In case of stereoselectivity in action only one of the components in the racem... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Modafinil has been studied in the treatment of major depressive disorder. In a 2021 systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of psychostimulants for depression, modafinil and other stimulants such as methylphenidate and amphetamines improved depression in traditional meta-analysis. However, w... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
He received his second Ph.D. degree at Duke University where he was a Fulbright Scholar from 1964 to 1968. He worked in the laboratory of Charles Tanford, Department of Biochemistry in the protein folding area focussing his career on the folding thermodynamics and
kinetics, properties of the native and the unfolded pr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
pH in rivers is affected by the geology of the water source, atmospheric inputs and a range of other chemical contaminants. pH is only likely to become an issue on very poorly buffered upland rivers where atmospheric sulphur and nitrogen oxides may very significantly depress the pH as low as pH4 or in eutrophic alkalin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Boron is used in pyrotechnics to prevent the amide-forming reaction between aluminium and nitrates. A small amount of boric acid is added to the composition to neutralize alkaline amides that can react with the aluminium.
Boric acid can be used as a colorant to make fire green. For example, when dissolved in methanol i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson, (30 August 1871 – 19 October 1937) was a New Zealand physicist who was a pioneering researcher in both atomic and nuclear physics. Rutherford has been described as "the father of nuclear physics", and "the greatest experimentalist since Michael Faraday". In 1908, he w... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Oxocarbenium ions have been utilized in total synthesis on several occasions. A major subunit of (+)-clavosolide was synthesized with a reduction of a six-membered oxocarbenium ring. All the large substituents were found in an equatorial position, and the transformation went through the chair transition state, as predi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Whereas a four-spin AA′BB′ (or AA′XX′) system may have the requisite symmetry and coupling properties, its signals may show more or less complexity and, as with other coupling phenomena, the appearance of a signal from magnetically inequivalent nuclei will also depend on the instrumental field strength. A large number ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Diffusers are generally referred to as either:
# Fine Bubble/Fine Pore
# Coarse Bubble
Other diffused aeration devices include: jet aerators, aspirators, and U tubes. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
MSO is phosphorylated by glutamine synthetase. The resulting product acts as a transition state analog that is unable to diffuse from the active site, thereby inhibiting the enzyme. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
is the latinized form of Greek (), from sárx (, "flesh") and kólla (, "glue"). It is variously known in Arabic as or , as Persian gum (), and as Kerman gum () and in Persian as , as or , and as . The medieval Latin name of the product was from corruption of the Andalusian Arabic form of or , probably via Old Spani... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cumulative fission yields give the amounts of nuclides produced either directly in the fission or by decay of other nuclides. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ashe joined the University of Minnesota Medical School in 1992 as an assistant professor of neurology. She has also worked with the Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System. She was the founding director of the N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care. As of 2022, she has received over $28million in ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Despite its major advantages, RT-PCR is not without drawbacks. The exponential growth of the reverse transcribed complementary DNA (cDNA) during the multiple cycles of PCR produces inaccurate end point quantification due to the difficulty in maintaining linearity. In order to provide accurate detection and quantificati... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The entries in BTO are updated bi-annually as part of the major update of BRENDA. It is available via the BRENDA website in the category “[https://www.brenda-enzymes.org/ontology.php Ontology Explorer]”. The enzyme source terms can be searched via the BTO query form. As a result, the user receives a list of EC numbers ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
, translated as external alchemy<nowiki/> or external elixir<nowiki/>, is the early branch of Chinese alchemy that focuses upon compounding elixirs of immortality by heating minerals, metals, and other natural substances in a luted crucible. The later branch of esoteric neidan inner alchemy, which borrowed doctrines an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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