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In protein structures determined by X-ray crystallography, poor peptide-plane geometry has been described as a common problem; many structures need correction by peptide-plane flips or peptide bond flips. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A subgenomic promoter is a promoter added to a virus for a specific heterologous gene, resulting in the formation of mRNA for that gene alone. Many positive-sense RNA viruses produce these subgenomic mRNAs (sgRNA) as one of the common infection techniques used by these viruses and generally transcribe late viral genes.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In any form of chromatography, the rate at which the solute moves down the column is a direct reflection of the percentage of time the solute spends in the mobile phase. To achieve separation in either elution or displacement chromatography, there must be appreciable differences in the affinity of the respective solut... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A Euclidean graph in three-dimensional space is a pair (V, E), where V is a set of vertices (sometimes called points or nodes) and E is a set of edges (sometimes called bonds or spacers) where each edge joins two vertices. There is a tendency in the polyhedral and chemical literature to refer to geometric graphs as net... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Similar to bromocresol green, the structure of bromocresol purple changes with pH. Changing the level of acidity causes a shift in the equilibrium between two different structures that have different colors. In near-neutral or alkaline solution, the chemical has a sulfonate structure that gives the solution a purple co... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
During the separation, the cell only needs to be suspended in a buffer solution and enter a centrifuge, the whole processes does not involve any chemical (e.g. staining) and physical (e.g. attachment of antibody, lyses of cell membrane) effect on the cells, so the cell will remain unchanged before and after the separat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
MIKE 21 comprises three simulation engines:
Single Grid: the -dependent non-linear equations of continuity and conservation of momentum are solved by implicit finite difference techniques with the variables defined on a space-staggered rectangular grid.
Multiple Grids: the Multiple Grids version uses the same simulati... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It has been proposed that mutations in gatekeeper genes could, to an extent, offer a sort of selective advantage to the individual in which the change occurs. This is because cells with these mutations are able to replicate at a faster rate than nearby cells. This is known as "increased somatic fitness". Caretaker g... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Devices that integrate multiple laboratory functions on a single chip of only a few square millimeters or centimeters in size and that are capable of handling extremely small fluid volumes down to less than picoliters. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The formation of amide is promoted by CDI. Although the reactivity of CDI is less than acid chlorides, it is more easily handled and avoids the use of thionyl chloride in acid chloride formation, which can cause side reactions. An early application of this type of reaction was noted in the formation of peptide bonds (... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Reduction by alkoxyaluminium hydrides is thought in most cases to proceed by a polar mechanism. Hydride transfer to the organic substrate generates an organic anion, which is neutralized either by protic solvent or upon acidic workup.
Reductions of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds may occur in a 1,2 sense (direct add... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Friedrich Wöhler () FRS(For) HonFRSE (31 July 180023 September 1882) was a German chemist known for his work in both organic and inorganic chemistry, being the first to isolate the chemical elements beryllium and yttrium in pure metallic form. He was the first to prepare several inorganic compounds, including silane an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
T independent antigen elicits antibody production by B lymphocytes without T lymphocyte involvement. There are 2 distinct subgroups of TI antigens, different in mechanism of activating B lymphocytes. TI-1 antigen, which has an activity that can directly activate B cells and TI-2 antigen, which has highly repetitive str... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chemistry education is important because the field of chemistry is fundamental to our world. The universe is subject to the laws of chemistry, while human beings depend on the orderly progress of chemical reactions within their bodies. Described as the central science, chemistry connects physical sciences with the life... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In hydroesterification, alkenes and alkynes insert into the bond of carboxylic acids. Vinyl acetate is produced industrially by the addition of acetic acid to acetylene in the presence of zinc acetate catalysts: Presently, zinc acetate is used as the catalyst:
Vinyl acetate can also be produced by palladium-catalyzed ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry is a peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal established in 2005. It is published by the Beilstein Institute for the Advancement of Chemical Sciences, a German non-profit foundation. The editor-in-chief is Peter Seeberger (Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces).... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In principle, cis–trans notation should not be used for alkenes with two or more different substituents. Instead the E–Z notation is used based on the priority of the substituents using the Cahn–Ingold–Prelog (CIP) priority rules for absolute configuration. The IUPAC standard designations E and Z are unambiguous in all... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sulfuric acid is used in large quantities by the iron and steelmaking industry to remove oxidation, rust, and scaling from rolled sheet and billets prior to sale to the automobile and major appliances industry. Used acid is often recycled using a spent acid regeneration (SAR) plant. These plants combust spent acid with... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
By changing specific amino acids by mutating the corresponding DNA base-pairs in the plasmids used, the importance of those amino acid residues in maintaining the interaction can be determined.
After using bacterial cell-based method to select DNA-binding proteins, it is necessary to check the specificity of these doma... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Inverse beta decay, commonly abbreviated to IBD, is a nuclear reaction involving an electron antineutrino scattering off a proton, creating a positron and a neutron. This process is commonly used in the detection of electron antineutrinos in neutrino detectors, such as the first detection of antineutrinos in the Cowan... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In female elephants, the two compounds 3-ethyl phenol and 2-ethyl 4,5 dimethylphenol have been detected in urine samples. Temporal glands secretion examination showed the presence of phenol, m-cresol and p-cresol (4-methyl phenol) during musth in male elephants.
p-Cresol and o-cresol are also components of the human sw... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In continuum mechanics and thermodynamics, a control volume (CV) is a mathematical abstraction employed in the process of creating mathematical models of physical processes. In an inertial frame of reference, it is a fictitious region of a given volume fixed in space or moving with constant flow velocity through which ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
After receiving his PhD, Corson spent the next two years as a post-doctoral fellow in the Radiation Laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley to help construct a 60-inch cyclotron. In 1939, Emilio Segrè suggested that the cyclotron could be used to bombard bismuth (element 83) with alpha particles to produce... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Alkynylation finds use in synthesis of pharmaceuticals, particularly in the preparation of steroid hormones. For example, ethynylation of 17-ketosteroids produces important contraceptive medications known as progestins. Examples include drugs such as Norethisterone, Ethisterone, and Lynestrenol. Hydrogenation of these ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The International Chemistry Olympiad (IChO) is an annual competition for the world’s most talented chemistry students at the secondary school level. Nations around the world send a team of four students who are tested on their chemistry knowledge and skills in a five-hour laboratory practical exam and a five-hour writt... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ocean tracers are used to deduce small scale flow patterns, large-scale ocean circulation, water mass formation and changes, "dating" of water masses, and carbon dioxide storage and uptake.
Temperature, salinity, density, and other conservative tracers are often used to track currents, circulation and water mass mixing... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A pair-instability supernova is believed to result from runaway oxygen fusion in the core of a massive, 130–250 solar mass, low to moderate metallicity star. According to theory, in such a star, a large but relatively low density core of nonfusing oxygen builds up, with its weight supported by the pressure of gamma ray... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Aquatic and marine dead zones can be caused by an increase in nutrients (particularly nitrogen and phosphorus) in the water, known as eutrophication. These nutrients are the fundamental building blocks of single-celled, plant-like organisms that live in the water column, and whose growth is limited in part by the avai... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thermonuclear weapons, also known as hydrogen bombs, are nuclear weapons that use energy released by a burning plasma's fusion reactions to produce part of their explosive yield. This is in contrast to pure-fission weapons, which produce all of their yield from a neutronic nuclear fission reaction. The first thermonucl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Naturally occurring asphalt/bitumen, a type of pitch, is a viscoelastic polymer. This means that even though it seems to be solid at room temperature and can be shattered with a hard impact, it is actually fluid and will flow over time, but extremely slowly. The pitch drop experiment taking place at University of Queen... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Caesium-137 (), cesium-137 (US), or radiocaesium, is a radioactive isotope of caesium that is formed as one of the more common fission products by the nuclear fission of uranium-235 and other fissionable isotopes in nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons. Trace quantities also originate from spontaneous fission of uraniu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Sullivan reaction is a chemical test used for detecting the presence of cysteine or cystine in proteins. A red colour appears when a protein with cysteine or cystine is heated with sodium 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonate (Folin's reagent) and sodium dithionite under alkaline conditions. This was pioneered by the Amer... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Currently, there are two main types of silencers in DNA, which are the classical silencer element and the non-classical negative regulatory element (NRE). In classical silencers, the gene is actively repressed by the silencer element, mostly by interfering with general transcription factor (GTF) assembly. NREs passivel... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Orbiting bodies can also be heated by tidal heating, geothermal energy which is driven by radioactive decay in the core of the planet, or accretional heating. These internal processes will cause the effective temperature (a blackbody temperature that produces the observed radiation from a planet) to be warmer than the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In crystallography and the theory of infinite vertex-transitive graphs, the coordination sequence of a vertex is an integer sequence that counts how many vertices are at each possible distance from . That is, it is a sequence
where each is the number of vertices that are steps away from . If the graph is vertex-tran... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A simple form of accumulator is an enclosed volume, filled with air. A vertical section of pipe, often enlarged diameter, may be enough and fills itself with air, trapped as the pipework fills.
Such accumulators typically do not have enough capacity to be useful for storing significant power since they cannot be pre-ch... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Conditions have been developed for the transformation of pseudoephedrine amides into enantiomerically enriched carboxylic acids, alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones - after cleavage, the auxiliary can be recovered and reused.
<br /> | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Keith Christopher Rowley , (born 24 October 1949) is a Trinidadian politician serving as the seventh prime minister of Trinidad and Tobago, first elected into office on 9 September 2015 and again following the 2020 general election. He has led the People's National Movement (PNM) since May 2010 and was Leader of the Op... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As discussed previously, the 4n rule mainly deals with clusters with electron counts of , in which approximately 4 electrons are on each vertex. As more electrons are added per vertex, the number of the electrons per vertex approaches 5. Rather than adopting structures based on deltahedra, the 5n-type clusters have str... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The quantum yield of a photochemical reaction describes the number of molecules undergoing a photochemical event per absorbed photon:
In a chemical photodegradation process, when a molecule dissociates after absorbing a light quantum, the quantum yield is the number of destroyed molecules divided by the number of photo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the United Kingdom, following animal experiments and the recommendations of a government commissioned expert committee, the Human Fertilisation and Embryology (Research Purposes) Regulations were passed in 2001 regulating and allowing research into human embryos. In 2004, Newcastle University applied for a license t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The global meridional Turner angle distributions at the surface and 300-m depth in different seasons are investigated by Tippins, Duncan & Tomczak, Matthias (2003), which indicates the overall stability of the ocean over a long-time scale. It's worth noting that 300-m depth is deep enough to be beneath the mixed layer ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hydrogen termination removes dangling bonds. All surface Si atoms are tetrahedral. Hydrogen termination confers stability in ambient environments. So again, the surface is both clean (of oxides) and relatively inert. These materials can be handled in air without special care for several minutes.
The Si-H bond in fact ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first proposed mechanism for a thermal rearrangement of an aromatic compound was for the automerization of naphthalene. It was suggested that the rearrangement of naphthalene occurred due to reversibility of the isomerization of azulene to naphthalene. This mechanism would therefore involve an azulene intermediate ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Reynolds operators are used in fluid dynamics, functional analysis, and invariant theory, and the notation and definitions in these areas differ slightly. A Reynolds operator acting on φ is sometimes denoted by or .
Reynolds operators are usually linear operators acting on some algebra of functions, satisfying the i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Starting as a biomass technology licensor In Summer of 2012 SGC Energia (SGCE) successfully commissioned a pilot multi tubular Fischer–Tropsch process unit and associated product upgrading units at the Pasadena, Tx Technology Center. The technology center focused on the development and operations of their XTLH soluti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
To become functional, the 4-phospho-pantetheine sidechain of acyl-CoA molecules has to be attached to the PCP-domain by 4PP transferases (Priming) and the S-attached acyl group has to be removed by specialized associated thioesterases (TE-II) (Deblocking). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The dynamic stall is one of the hazardous phenomena on helicopter rotors, which can cause the onset of large torsional airloads and vibrations on the rotor blades. Unlike fixed-wing aircraft, of which the stall occurs at relatively low flight speed, the dynamic stall on a helicopter rotor emerges at high airspeeds or/a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hyperconjugation was suggested as the reason for the increased stability of carbon-carbon double bonds as the degree of substitution increases. Early studies in hyperconjugation were performed by in the research group of George Kistiakowsky. Their work, first published in 1937, was intended as a preliminary progress r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A spectroscopic peak may be fitted to multiples of the above functions or to sums or products of functions with variable parameters. The above functions are all symmetrical about the position of their maximum. Asymmetric functions have also been used. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Water scarcity has prompted efforts to reuse waste water once it has been properly treated, known as "water reclamation" (also called wastewater reuse, water reuse, or water recycling). Among the treatment technologies available to reclaim wastewater, membrane processes stand out for their capacity to retain solids and... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Potassium azodicarboxylate is a chemical compound with the formula CKNO. This chemical is used as a precursor to diimide. It can be synthesized by the reaction of potassium hydroxide with azodicarbonamide and it reacts with carboxylic acids to form diimide. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pump–probe microscopy is a non-linear optical imaging modality used in femtochemistry to study chemical reactions. It generates high-contrast images from endogenous non-fluorescent targets. It has numerous applications, including materials science, medicine, and art restoration. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
F-ATPase gene linkage and gene order are widely conserved across ancient prokaryote lineages, implying that this system already existed at a date before the last universal common ancestor, the LUCA. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Two simple examples are . The MB cores (M = Fe or Co) of these two compounds adopt structures expected for nido 5-vertex clusters. The iron compound is produced by reaction of diiron nonacarbonyl with pentaborane. and cyclobutadieneiron tricarbonyl have similar structures. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
NCAs are typically prepared by phosgenation of amino acids:
They were first synthesized by Hermann Leuchs by heating an N-ethoxycarbonyl or N-methoxycarbonyl amino acid chloride in a vacuum at 50-70 °C:
A moisture-tolerant route to unprotected NCAs employs epoxides as scavengers of hydrogen chloride.
This synthesis of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the 1970s–80s, it was realized that nanosized systems may affect ionic conductivity, opening a new field of nanoionics. In 1973, it was reported that ionic conductivity of lithium iodide (LiI) crystals could be increased 50 times by adding to it a fine powder of ‘’insulating’’ material (alumina). This effect was rep... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Between 1992 and 1997, Japans Ministry of International Trade and Industry sponsored a "New Hydrogen Energy (NHE)" program of US$20 million to research cold fusion. Announcing the end of the program in 1997, the director and one-time proponent of cold fusion research Hideo Ikegami stated "We couldnt achieve what was fi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The effects of calcium on human cells are specific, meaning that different types of cells respond in different ways. However, in certain circumstances, its action may be more general. Ca ions are one of the most widespread second messengers used in signal transduction. They make their entrance into the cytoplasm either... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
TFD is itself composed of TBP and several subunits called TATA-binding protein Associated Factors (TBP-associated factors, or TAFs). In a test tube, only TBP is necessary for transcription at promoters that contain a TATA box. TAFs, however, add promoter selectivity, especially if there is no TATA box sequence for TBP ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Low field NMR spans a range of different nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) modalities, going from NMR conducted in permanent magnets, supporting magnetic fields of a few tesla (T), all the way down to zero field NMR, where the Earths field is carefully shielded such that magnetic fields of nanotesla (nT) are achieved wh... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The die casting process forces molten metal under high pressure into mold cavities (which are machined into dies). Most die castings are made from nonferrous metals, specifically zinc, copper, and aluminium-based alloys, but ferrous metal die castings are possible. The die casting method is especially suited for applic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The structure of DNA shows a variety of forms, both double-stranded and single-stranded. The mechanical properties of DNA, which are directly related to its structure, are a significant problem for cells. Every process which binds or reads DNA is able to use or modify the mechanical properties of DNA for purposes of re... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Disulfides can undergo dynamic exchange reactions with free thiols. The reaction is well documented within the realm of DCvC, and is one of the first reactions demonstrated to have dynamic properties. The application of disulfide chemistry has the added advantage of being a biological motif. Cysteine residues can form ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bharat graduated with a BA in Biological Sciences from the University of Oxford, UK. His studies were supported by a Rhodes Scholarship. He then undertook research at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory in Heidelberg, Germany for his PhD working with John A. G. Briggs. He studied the structure and assembly of pat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Quantum mechanics developed in two distinct phases. The first phase, known as the old quantum theory, began around 1900 with radically new approaches to explanations physical phenomena not understood by classical mechanics of the 1800s. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Natural products chemistry is a distinct area of chemical research which was important in the development and history of chemistry. Isolating and identifying natural products has been important to source substances for early preclinical drug discovery research, to understand traditional medicine and ethnopharmacology, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The properties of HFMs can be characterized using the same techniques commonly used for other types of membranes. The primary properties of interest for HFMs are average pore diameter and pore distribution, measurable via a technique known as porosimetry, a feature of several laboratory instruments used for measuring p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A dihedral angle is the angle between two intersecting planes or half-planes. In chemistry, it is the clockwise angle between half-planes through two sets of three atoms, having two atoms in common. In solid geometry, it is defined as the union of a line and two half-planes that have this line as a common edge. In hig... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ultrapotassic igneous rocks are a class of rare, volumetrically minor, generally ultramafic or mafic silica-depleted igneous rocks.
While there are debates on the exact classifications of ultrapotassic rocks, they are defined by using the chemical screens KO/NaO > 3 in much of the scientific literature. However caution... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Halogen bonding is a type of non-covalent interaction which does not involve the formation nor breaking of actual bonds, but rather is similar to the dipole–dipole interaction known as hydrogen bonding. In halogen bonding, a halogen atom acts as an electrophile, or electron-seeking species, and forms a weak electrostat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemistry, the dispersity is a measure of the heterogeneity of sizes of molecules or particles in a mixture. A collection of objects is called uniform if the objects have the same size, shape, or mass. A sample of objects that have an inconsistent size, shape and mass distribution is called non-uniform. The objects ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Throughout the 1800s many studies investigated details in the spectrum of intensity versus frequency for light emitted by flames, by the Sun, or red-hot objects. Rydberg's formula effectively summarized the dark lines seen in the spectrum, but he provided no physical model to explain them. The spectrum emitted by red-... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In India, guns made of bronze were recovered from Calicut (1504) and Diu (1533). By the 17th century, Indians were manufacturing a diverse variety of firearms; large guns in particular, became visible in Tanjore, Dacca, Bijapur and Murshidabad. Gujarāt supplied Europe saltpeter for use in gunpowder warfare during the 1... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The classic synthesis is the Fischer esterification, which involves treating a carboxylic acid with an alcohol in the presence of a dehydrating agent:
The equilibrium constant for such reactions is about 5 for typical esters, e.g., ethyl acetate. The reaction is slow in the absence of a catalyst. Sulfuric acid is a typ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Multiple new inhibitors based on non-carbohydrate templates have been synthesized. With focus on positioning the double bond in the inhibitor to more closely resemble the transition state of the substrate and replacing the glycerol side chain with a lipophilic group on the basis of the hydrophobic backbone of the glyce... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Levonorgestrel acetate (LNG-A), or levonorgestrel 17β-acetate, also known as 3-ketonorgestimate, is a progestin which was never marketed. It is a progestogen ester and is the C17β acetate ester and a prodrug of levonorgestrel. Norgestimate is the C3 oxime of LNG-A. The drug is a minor active metabolite of norgestimate,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Corona treatment is a surface modification method using a low temperature corona discharge to increase the surface energy of a material, often polymers and natural fibers. Most commonly, a thin polymer sheet is rolled through an array of high-voltage electrodes, using the plasma created to functionalize the surface. Th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Invoking the theory of rubber elasticity, one considers a polymer chain in a cross-linked network as an entropic spring. When the chain is stretched, the entropy is reduced by a large margin because there are fewer conformations available. Therefore, there is a restoring force, which causes the polymer chain to return ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Molecules, by definition, are most often held together with covalent bonds involving single, double, and/or triple bonds, where a "bond" is a shared pair of electrons (the other method of bonding between atoms is called ionic bonding and involves a positive cation and a negative anion).
Molecular geometries can be spec... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Video camera tubes in the early days of television used the photoelectric effect, for example, Philo Farnsworth's "Image dissector" used a screen charged by the photoelectric effect to transform an optical image into a scanned electronic signal. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As a class, esters serve as protecting groups for carboxylic acids. Protecting a carboxylic acid is useful in peptide synthesis, to prevent self-reactions of the bifunctional amino acids. Methyl and ethyl esters are commonly available for many amino acids; the t-butyl ester tends to be more expensive. However, t-butyl ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Weber et al. 2005 determined that the inactive X-chromosome in females is hypermethylated on a chromosome wide level using MeDIP coupled with microarray.
* Keshet et al. 2006 performed a study on colon and prostate cancer cells using MeDIP-chip. The result is a genome-wide analysis of genes lying in hypermethylated ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thermopiles are used for measuring the intensity of incident radiation, typically visible or infrared light, which heats the hot junctions, while the cold junctions are on a heat sink. It is possible to measure radiative intensities of only a few μW/cm with commercially available thermopile sensors. For example, some l... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The chloride-hydrogen antiporter facilitates the exchange of chloride ions for hydrogen ions across plasma membranes, thus playing a critical role in maintaining acid-base balance and chloride homeostasis. It is found in various tissues, including the gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, and pancreas. The well-known chlori... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Plants such as Zea mays, Arabidopsis thaliana and Tradescantia have been used in various test assays for mutagenecity of chemicals. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
GLD-2 (which stands for Germ Line Development 2) is a cytoplasmic poly(A) polymerase (cytoPAPs) which adds successive AMP monomers to the 3’ end of specific RNAs, forming a poly(A) tail, which is a process known as polyadenylation.
For RNA specificity, GLD-2 associates with an RNA-binding protein, typically a GLD-3, to... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The process of creating these luxuriously inlaid objects is somewhat complicated and has multiple stages. First, designs are formed on the surface of the metal (usually copper or brass) by relief, piercing, engraving, or chasing. Color is then added to the crevices of the surface by encrustation, overlay or, most commo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The ORNL conducted FACE experiments where levels were increased above ambient levels in forest stands. These experiments showed:
* Increased root production stimulated by increased , resulting in more soil carbon.
* An initial increase of net primary productivity, which was not sustained.
* Faster decline in nitrogen ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The journal is abstracted and indexed by BIOSIS Previews, Chemical Abstracts, Chemistry Citation Index, Embase/Excerpta Medica, Index Medicus/MEDLINE/PubMed, Science Citation Index Expanded, and Scopus. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 3.808. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC, DSC, DYSC or Grätzel cell) is a low-cost solar cell belonging to the group of thin film solar cells. It is based on a semiconductor formed between a photo-sensitized anode and an electrolyte, a photoelectrochemical system. The modern version of a dye solar cell, also known as the Grät... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
According to the Final Project 4.1 report, the Bravo test exposed 239 Marshallese on the Utirik, Rongelap, and Ailinginae Atolls to significant level of radiation, and 28 Americans stationed on the Rongerik Atoll were also exposed. Those on the Rongelap Atoll were the most seriously affected, receiving approximately 17... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Evolution of metal ions in biological systems refers to the incorporation of metallic ions into living organisms and how it has changed over time. Metal ions have been associated with biological systems for billions of years, but only in the last century have scientists began to truly appreciate the scale of their infl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sephadex is used to separate molecules by molecular weight. Sephadex is a faster alternative to dialysis (de-salting), requiring a low dilution factor (as little as 1.4:1), with high activity recoveries. Sephadex is also used for buffer exchange and the removal of small molecules during the preparation of large biomole... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Surfactant immune function is primarily attributed to two proteins: SP-A and SP-D. These proteins can bind to sugars on the surface of pathogens and thereby opsonize them for uptake by phagocytes. It also regulates inflammatory responses and interacts with the adaptive immune response. Surfactant degradation or inactiv... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A monochromator is an optical device that transmits a mechanically selectable narrow band of wavelengths of light or other radiation chosen from a wider range of wavelengths available at the input. The name is from the Greek roots mono-, "single", and chroma, "colour", and the Latin suffix -ator, denoting an agent. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemical thermodynamics, the fugacity of a real gas is an effective partial pressure which replaces the mechanical partial pressure in an accurate computation of chemical equilibrium. It is equal to the pressure of an ideal gas which has the same temperature and molar Gibbs free energy as the real gas.
Fugacities ar... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fans may be installed in various ways, according to the application. They are often used in a free installation, without any housing of any kind. There are also some specialised installations. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Electromerism is a type of isomerism between a pair of molecules (electromers, electro-isomers) differing in the way electrons are distributed among the atoms and the connecting chemical bonds. In some literature electromerism is equated to valence tautomerism, a term usually reserved for tautomerism involving reconnec... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Photopolymers can be used to generate printing plates, which are then pressed onto paper-like metal type. This is often used in modern fine printing to achieve the effect of embossing (or the more subtly three-dimensional effect of letterpress printing) from designs created on a computer without needing to engrave desi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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