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The chlorophycean mitochondrial code (translation table 16) is a genetic code found in the mitochondria of Chlorophyceae. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In addition to being used for their traditional properties, bioactive ceramics have seen specific use for due to their biological activity. Calcium phosphates, oxides, and hydroxides are common examples. Other natural materials — generally of animal origin — such as bioglass and other composites feature a combination o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The expression for the magnetooptical absorption of a polaron is:
Here, is the cyclotron frequency for a rigid-band electron. The magnetooptical absorption Γ(Ω) at the frequency Ω takes the form Σ(Ω) is the so-called "memory function", which describes the dynamics of the polaron. Σ(Ω) depends also on α, β and .
In the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Synthesis of the upper part of the NanoPutian chain begins with 1,3-dibromo-2,4-diiodobenzene as the starting material. Sonogashira coupling with 4-oxytrimethylsilylbut-1-yne produces 2,5-bis(4-tert-butyldimethylsiloxy-1′-butynyl)-1,4-di-bromobenzene. One of the bromine substituents is converted to an aldehyde through ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
PSII also relies on light to drive the formation of proton gradients in chloroplasts, however, PSII utilizes vectorial redox chemistry to achieve this goal. Rather than physically transporting protons through the protein, reactions requiring the binding of protons will occur on the extracellular side while reactions re... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Qualitative filter paper is used in qualitative analytical techniques to determine materials. There are different grades of qualitative filter paper according to different pore size. There are total 13 different grades of qualitative filter paper. The largest pore size is grade 4; the smallest pore size is grade 602 h;... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A process for electrochemical production of titanium through the reduction of titanium oxide in a calcium chloride solution was first described in a 1904 German patent, and later in a US patent by Carl Marcus Olson.
The FFC Cambridge process was developed by George Chen, Derek Fray, and Thomas Farthing between 1996 and... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The pKa of the related acids can be guessed from the number of double bonds to oxygen. Thus perchloric acid is a very strong acid while hypochlorous acid is very weak. A simple rule usually works to within about 1 pH unit. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Impurities usually enter the solder reservoir by dissolving the metals present in the assemblies being soldered. Dissolving of process equipment is not common as the materials are usually chosen to be insoluble in solder.
* Aluminium – little solubility, causes sluggishness of solder and dull gritty appearance due to f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Experiments and calculations generally agree that the methenium ion is planar, with threefold symmetry. The carbon atom is a prototypical (and exact) example of sp hybridization. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Allen–Millar–Trippett rearrangement is a ring expansion reaction in which a cyclic phosphine is transformed into a cyclic phosphine oxide. This name reaction, first reported in the 1960s by David W. Allen, Ian T. Millar, and Stuart Trippett, occurs by alkylation or acylation of the phosphorus, followed by reaction ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors (LILR) are a family of receptors possessing extracellular immunoglobulin domains.
They are also known as CD85, ILTs and LIR, and can exert immunomodulatory effects on a wide range of immune cells. The human genes encoding these receptors are found in a gene cluster at chromos... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a type of atomic emission spectroscopy which uses a highly energetic laser pulse as the excitation source. The laser is focused to form a plasma, which atomizes and excites samples. The formation of the plasma only begins when the focused laser achieves a certain threshold... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The carbonate–silicate geochemical cycle, also known as the inorganic carbon cycle, describes the long-term transformation of silicate rocks to carbonate rocks by weathering and sedimentation, and the transformation of carbonate rocks back into silicate rocks by metamorphism and volcanism. Carbon dioxide is removed fro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The partial order with respect to a given reactant can be evaluated by the method of flooding (or of isolation) of Ostwald. In this method, the concentration of one reactant is measured with all other reactants in large excess so that their concentration remains essentially constant. For a reaction with rate law the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Leukocytes or white blood cells destroy abnormal cells and also provide protection against bacteria and other foreign matter. These interactions are transitory in nature but are crucial as an immediate immune response. To fight infection, leukocytes must move from the blood into the affected tissues. This movement in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Characterization of microstructures has also been performed using x-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques for many years. XRD can be used to determine the percentages of various phases present in a specimen if they have different crystal structures. For example, the amount of retained austenite in a hardened steel is best m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Backscattering can occur in quite different physical situations, where the incoming waves or particles are deflected from their original direction by different mechanisms:
*Diffuse reflection from large particles and Mie scattering, causing alpenglow and gegenschein, and showing up in weather radar;
*Inelastic collisio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The local solidification time can be calculated using Chvorinov's rule, which is:
Where t is the solidification time, V is the volume of the casting, A is the surface area of the casting that contacts the mold, n is a constant, and B is the mold constant. It is most useful in determining if a riser will solidify before... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The angles used for each facet play a crucial role in the outcome of a gem. While the general facet arrangement of a particular gemstone cut may appear the same in any given gem material, the angles of each facet must be carefully adjusted to maximize the optical performance. The angles used will vary based on the refr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The ortho effect occurs in Diels-Alder reactions when the Z-substituted dienophiles react with 1-substituted butadienes to give 3,4-disubstituted cyclohexenes, independent of the nature of diene substituents. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In general, amino radicals are highly reactive and short lived; however, this is not the case when reacted with some organic molecules. Relative reactivities of the amino radical with several organic compounds have been reported, but the absolute rate constants for such reactions remain unknown. In reaction 1, it was h... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many pesticides are enzyme inhibitors. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is an enzyme found in animals, from insects to humans. It is essential to nerve cell function through its mechanism of breaking down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine into its constituents, acetate and choline. This is somewhat unusual among neurotrans... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The standard state for a gas is the hypothetical state it would have as a pure substance obeying the ideal gas equation at standard pressure. IUPAC recommends using a standard pressure p or P° equal to , or 1 bar. No real gas has perfectly ideal behavior, but this definition of the standard state allows corrections for... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although the apertureless mode is more promising than the aperture mode, the latter is more widely used because of easier instrumental setup and operation. To obtain a high resolution Raman micrograph/spectrum, the following conditions should be met: (1) the size of the aperture must be on the order of the wavelength o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
He was born at the Trewarthenick Estate in Cornwall, the son of Francis Gregor and Mary Copley and the brother of Francis Gregor, MP for Cornwall. He was educated at Bristol Grammar School, where he became interested in chemistry, then after two years with a private tutor entered St Johns College, Cambridge, graduating... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In a water-cooled reactor the action of radiation on the water (radiolysis) forms hydrogen peroxide and oxygen. These can cause stress corrosion cracking of metal parts which include fuel cladding and other pipework. To mitigate this hydrazine and hydrogen are injected into a BWR or PWR primary cooling circuit as corro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Several other scales have been proposed for the ranking of the donor properties of ligands. The HEP scale ranks ligands on the basis of the C NMR shift of a reference ligand. Lever's electronic parameter ranking is related to the Ru(II/III) couple. Another scale evaluated ligands on the basis of the redox couples of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
sAC is encoded in a single Homo sapiens gene identified as ADCY10 or Adenylate cyclase 10 (soluble). This gene packed down 33 exons that comprise greater than 100kb; though, it seems to utilize multiple promoters, and its mRNA undergoes extensive alternative splicing. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Huang was born in Putian, Fujian, China on December 15, 1921. He graduated from Fukien Christian University in 1943 with a bachelor's degree in chemistry. After earning his MS in 1949 from Lingnan University in Guangzhou, he entered Harvard University and received his Ph.D. in 1952. His graduate advisor was the organi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A biological target is anything within a living organism to which some other entity (like an endogenous ligand or a drug) is directed and/or binds, resulting in a change in its behavior or function. Examples of common classes of biological targets are proteins and nucleic acids. The definition is context-dependent, and... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Biosensors have the potential for "high sensitivity, selectivity, reliability, simplicity, low-cost and real-time response". For instance, bionanotechnologists reported the development of , that can detect levels of diverse water pollutants. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Valves are quite diverse and may be classified into a number of basic types. Valves may also be classified by how they are actuated:
*Hydraulic
*Pneumatic
*Manual
*Solenoid valve
*Motor | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This form factor is useful for any applications where the spectrum analyzer needs to be taken outside to make measurements or simply carried while in use. Attributes that contribute to a useful portable spectrum analyzer include:
*Optional battery-powered operation to allow the user to move freely outside.
*Clearly vie... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Electric companies often prefer to use cooling water from the ocean or a lake, river, or cooling pond instead of a cooling tower. This single pass or once-through cooling system can save the cost of a cooling tower and may have lower energy costs for pumping cooling water through the plant's heat exchangers. However, t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Deaths have resulted from accidental exposure to fumigation materials containing aluminium phosphide or phosphine. It can be absorbed either by inhalation or transdermally. As a respiratory poison, it affects the transport of oxygen or interferes with the utilization of oxygen by various cells in the body. Exposure re... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The fact that radon is present in indoor air has been known since at least the 1950s and research into its effects on human health started in the early 1970s. The danger of radon exposure in dwellings received more widespread public awareness after 1984, as a result of a case of Stanley Watras, an employee at the Limer... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The primary convention for expressing tacticity is in terms of the relative weight fraction of triad or higher-order components, as described above. An alternative expression for tacticity is the average length of meso and racemo sequences within the polymer molecule. The average meso sequence length may be approxima... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Septage or "septic tank sludge" is fecal sludge that is accumulated and stored in a septic tank. Septage tends to be more dilute, as septic tanks are typically used with flush toilets (blackwater) and can also include grey water. Septic tanks also tend to have less solid waste, as they only receive things that can be f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Radiological Response and Emergency Management System (RREMS) is a system managed by the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero and used by the Government of the United Kingdom which records and analyses the level of radioactivity across the United Kingdom. A reading is taken from each of the over 200 stations... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There is significant correlation of phosphorylated mTOR with the survival rate for patients with stages I and II TNBC. A patient-derived xenograft TNBC model testing the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin showed 77–99% tumor-growth inhibition, which is significantly more than has been seen with doxorubicin; protein phosphorylati... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first three have similar half-lives, between 200 thousand and 300 thousand years; the last four have longer half-lives, in the low millions of years.
#Technetium-99 produces the largest amount of LLFP radioactivity. It emits beta particles of low to medium energy but no gamma rays, so has little hazard on external ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Disjoining pressure can be expressed as:
where (in SI units):
* - disjoining pressure (N/m)
* - the surface area of the interacting surfaces (m)
* - total Gibbs energy of the interaction of the two surfaces (J)
* - distance (m)
* indices and signify that the temperature, volume, and the surface area remain consta... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The heat distortion temperature is determined by the following test procedure outlined in ASTM D648. The test specimen is loaded in three-point bending in the edgewise direction. The outer fiber stress used for testing is either 0.455 MPa or 1.82 MPa, and the temperature is increased at 2 °C/min until the specimen defl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Well-defined, molecular clusters are known, invariably containing organic ligands on their exteriors. Two examples are and . In order to generate naked gold clusters for catalytic applications, the ligands must be removed, which is typically done via a high-temperature ( or higher) calcination process, but can also b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mass-independent fractionation of sulfur can be observed in ancient sediments, where it preserves a signal of the prevailing environmental conditions. The creation and transfer of the mass-independent signature into minerals would be unlikely in an atmosphere containing abundant oxygen, constraining the Great Oxygenati... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Inorganic atoms form cyclic compounds as well. Examples include sulfur and nitrogen (e.g. heptasulfur imide , trithiazyl trichloride , tetrasulfur tetranitride ), silicon (e.g., cyclopentasilane ), phosphorus and nitrogen (e.g., hexachlorophosphazene ), phosphorus and oxygen (e.g., metaphosphates and other cyclic phos... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate is the organic oxonium compound with the formula . It is often called Meerweins reagent or Meerweins salt after its discoverer Hans Meerwein. Also well known and commercially available is the related trimethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate. The compounds are white solids that dissolve in po... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemistry and biochemistry, an oligomer () is a molecule that consists of a few repeating units which could be derived, actually or conceptually, from smaller molecules, monomers. The name is composed of Greek elements oligo-, "a few" and -mer, "parts". An adjective form is oligomeric.
The oligomer concept is co... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ingold married Dr. Edith Hilda Ingold (Usherwood) in 1923. She was a fellow chemist with whom he collaborated. They had two daughters and a son, the chemist Keith Ingold. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In very strong magnetic fields, (around 750,000 Tesla) and low enough temperatures, helium atoms attract, and can even form linear chains. This may happen in white dwarfs and neutron stars. The bond length and dissociation energy both increase as the magnetic field increases. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mill scale, often shortened to just scale, is the flaky surface of hot rolled steel, consisting of the mixed iron oxides iron(II) oxide (, wüstite), iron(III) oxide (, hematite), and iron(II,III) oxide (, magnetite).
Mill scale is formed on the outer surfaces of plates, sheets or profiles when they are produced by pas... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, the sulfonamide functional group (also spelled sulphonamide) is an organosulfur group with the structure . It consists of a sulfonyl group () connected to an amine group (). Relatively speaking this group is unreactive. Because of the rigidity of the functional group, sulfonamides are typically c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Steam cracking is the process for producing ethylene and other alkenes from aliphatic hydrocarbons. Depending on the feedstock used to produce the olefins, steam cracking can produce a benzene-rich liquid by-product called pyrolysis gasoline. Pyrolysis gasoline can be blended with other hydrocarbons as a gasoline addit... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An α,β-unsaturated acid is a type of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound that consists of an alkene conjugated to a carboxylic acid. The simplest example is acrylic acid (CH=CHCOH). These compounds are prone to polymerization, giving rise to the large area of polyacrylate plastics. Acrylate polymers are derived from but ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chiral inversion is a very important part of designing and making drugs. Because this process can change how chiral drugs work in the body and can cause side effects that can be serious or even fatal. Traditionally, chiral inversions have been studied with NMR spectroscopy at different temperatures and chiroptical meth... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Hazen–Williams equation is an empirical relationship which relates the flow of water in a pipe with the physical properties of the pipe and the pressure drop caused by friction. It is used in the design of water pipe systems such as fire sprinkler systems, water supply networks, and irrigation systems. It is named ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hexachlorophosphazene has a core with six equivalent P–N bonds, for which the adjacent P–N distances are 157 pm. This is characteristically shorter than the ca. 177 pm P–N bonds in the valence saturated phosphazane analogues.
The molecule possesses D symmetry, and each phosphorus center is tetrahedral with a Cl–P–Cl a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Common laboratory conductivity meters employ a potentiometric method and four electrodes. Often, the electrodes are cylindrical and arranged concentrically. The electrodes are usually made of platinum metal. An alternating current is applied to the outer pair of the electrodes. The potential between the inner pair is m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Spectrometer can determine chemical composition through its measure of spectrums. The common spectrometer used in analytical chemistry is Mass spectrometry. In a mass spectrometer, a small amount of sample is ionized and converted to gaseous ions, where they are separated and analyzed according to their mass-to-charge ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Röntgen equivalent physical or rep (symbol rep) of tissue.
At the time, this was thought to be the amount of energy deposited by 1 roentgen. Improved measurements have since found that one roentgen of air kerma deposits 8.77 mGy in dry air, or 9.6 mGy in soft tissue, but the rep was defined as a fixed number of erg... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Typically, for free convection, the average Nusselt number is expressed as a function of the Rayleigh number and the Prandtl number, written as:
Otherwise, for forced convection, the Nusselt number is generally a function of the Reynolds number and the Prandtl number, or
Empirical correlations for a wide variety of geo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The French iron industry lagged behind Britain and Belgium in the early 19th century. After 1850 it also lagged behind Germany and Luxembourg. Its industry comprised too many small, inefficient firms. 20th century growth was not robust, due more to traditional social and economic attitudes than to inherent geographic,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
To gather relevant statistical data higher sample masses are needed in some cases. Thus, transportation of the sample into the mini-bulk testing facility becomes unviable and the equipment is set up in the field. Containerised units in conjunction with Diesel-powered crushing and screening equipment are often applied a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A base metal, such as iron (Fe) goes into aqueous solution as positively charged cation, Fe. As the metal is oxidized under anaerobic conditions by the protons of water, H ions are reduced to form molecular H. This can be written in the following ways under acidic and neutral conditions respectively:
:Fe + 2 H → Fe +... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In polymer chemistry and materials science, the term "polymer" refers to large molecules whose structure is composed of multiple repeating units. Supramolecular polymers are a new category of polymers that can potentially be used for material applications beyond the limits of conventional polymers. By definition, supr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Not all reactions have a single rate-determining step. In particular, the rate of a chain reaction is usually not controlled by any single step. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The borax method is a technique of artisanal gold mining, which uses borax as a flux to purify gold concentrates. By using borax, no mercury flour is produced, hence gold recovery increases. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Under certain conditions the Beer–Lambert law fails to maintain a linear relationship between attenuation and concentration of analyte. These deviations are classified into three categories:
# Real—fundamental deviations due to the limitations of the law itself.
# Chemical—deviations observed due to specific chemical s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Crude oil and refined fuel spills from tanker ship accidents have damaged natural ecosystems and human livelihoods in Alaska, the Gulf of Mexico, the Galápagos Islands, France and many other places.
The quantity of oil spilled during accidents has ranged from a few hundred tons to several hundred thousand tons (e.g., D... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
By analyzing the emissivity of ground surfaces, multispectral imaging can detect the presence of underground missiles. Surface and sub-surface soil possess different physical and chemical properties that appear in spectral analysis. Disturbed soil has increased emissivity in the wavelength range of 8.5 to 9.5 micromete... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In general, the most important requisite is to calibrate the incubation time of the assay both to the model cell and the ligand to be evaluated. Too short incubation time results in no cells in the sample, while too long time perturbs the concentration gradients and measures more chemokinetic than chemotactic responses... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An enantiomer can be named by the direction in which it rotates the plane of polarized light. Clockwise rotation of the light traveling toward the viewer is labeled (+) enantiomer. Its mirror-image is labeled (−). The (+) and (−) isomers have been also termed d- and l- (for dextrorotatory and levorotatory); but, naming... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The physical state (solid, liquid, or gas) of a reactant is also an important factor of the rate of change. When reactants are in the same phase, as in aqueous solution, thermal motion brings them into contact. However, when they are in separate phases, the reaction is limited to the interface between the reactants. Re... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As the environment is altered through physical means (dredging), the occurring reactions change resulting in a decrease of the availability of nutrients and chemical species to plant species and the ecosystem. This then further changes the physical environment as these species are no longer able to survive. The loss of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
tert-Butyllithium is renowned for deprotonation of carbon acids (C-H bonds). One example is the double deprotonation of allyl alcohol. Other examples are the deprotonation of vinyl ethers.
In combination with n-butyllithiium, tert-butylllithium monolithiates ferrocene. tert-Butyllithium deprotonates dichloromethane:
Si... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Schott systematized the chemical composition of a significant range of glass compositions. Representative examples are summarized in the table. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mass spectrometric immunoassay (MSIA) is a rapid method is used to detect and/ or quantify antigens and or antibody analytes. This method uses an analyte affinity (either through antigens or antibodies) isolation to extract targeted molecules and internal standards from biological fluid in preparation for matrix assis... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering medicinal chemistry and published by Elsevier. It was established in 1966 as Chimica Therapeutica (CODEN: CHTPBA) and obtained its current title in 1974. From 1974 to 1981 the journal was still subtitled as Chimica Therap... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Around one-third of the human population drinks water from groundwater resources. Of this, about 10%, approximately three hundred million people, obtain water from groundwater resources that are heavily contaminated with arsenic or fluoride. These trace elements derive mainly from minerals. Maps locating potential pro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fatty acids are preferentially oxidized because of the inactivation of PDH by fatty acid oxidation inhibiting glucose oxidation. This suggests that mitochondrial metabolism may control fuel selection. Cellular respiration is stimulated by fatty acids and this relates to an increase in the mitochondrial NADH to NAD+ rat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
To use electron affinities properly, it is essential to keep track of sign. For any reaction that releases energy, the change ΔE in total energy has a negative value and the reaction is called an exothermic process. Electron capture for almost all non-noble gas atoms involves the release of energy and thus is exothermi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, the stagnation enthalpy of a fluid is the static enthalpy of the fluid at a stagnation point. The stagnation enthalpy is also called total enthalpy. At a point where the flow does not stagnate, it corresponds to the static enthalpy of the fluid at that point assuming it was brough... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The radiometric description of the electromagnetic radiative field at a point in space and time is completely represented by the spectral radiance (or specific intensity) at that point. In a region in which the material is uniform and the radiative field is isotropic and homogeneous, let the spectral radiance (or speci... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a homogeneous environment, all U nuclei are in the same conditions with respect to the resonant neutron flux. In a heterogeneous environment uranium is separated from the moderator, which significantly affects the resonant neutron absorption. Firstly, some of the resonant neutrons become thermal neutrons in the mode... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Underground stormwater detention allows for high volume storage of runoff in a small footprint area. The storage vessels can be made from a variety of materials, including corrugated metal pipe, aluminum, steel, plastic, fiberglass, pre-cast or poured-in-place concrete.
The vault is typically buried under a parking lo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1967, Charles Pedersen, who was a chemist working at DuPont, discovered a simple method of synthesizing a crown ether when he was trying to prepare a complexing agent for divalent cations. His strategy entailed linking two catecholate groups through one hydroxyl on each molecule. This linking defines a polydentate l... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The measurement approaches of end-point RT-PCR requires the detection of gene expression levels by the use of fluorescent dyes like ethidium bromide, P32 labeling of PCR products using phosphorimager, or by scintillation counting. End-point RT-PCR is commonly achieved using three different methods: relative, competitiv... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Legumes such as clover provide nitrogen compounds to neighbouring plants such as grasses by fixing nitrogen from the air with symbiotic bacteria in their root nodules. These enable the grasses or other neighbours to produce more protein (with lower inputs of artificial fertiliser) and hence to grow more. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Diffusion hardening can be done in many different ways to achieve different hardnesses and different surface finishes on metal parts. Some of the different diffusion hardening operations include: Carburizing, Nitriding, Carbonitriding, Nitrocarburizing, Boriding, Titanium-carbon diffusion, and Toyota diffusion. While... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Putting foreign molecules or atoms between hexagon graphite sheets leads to ordered structures and to superconductivity even if neither the foreign molecule or atom nor the graphite layers are metallic. Several stoichiometries have been synthesized using mainly alkali atoms as anions. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Drospirenone is the generic name of the drug and its , , , and , while drospirénone is its . Its name is a shortened form of the name 1,2-dihydrospirorenone or dihydrospirenone. Drospirenone is also known by its developmental code names SH-470 and ZK-30595 (alone), BAY 86-5300, BAY 98-7071, and SH-T-00186D (in combinat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If a specular reflection from a hard flat surface is giving a problematic echo then an acoustic diffuser may be applied to the surface. It will scatter sound in all directions. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The extended double-stranded adapters are cleaved by HpyCH4III at a specific restriction site located at 3’ side of the tag sequence and will result in a 3’-dT overhang that will be ligated to the 3’-dA overhang on DNA libraries in the adapter ligation step (Figure 1). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Extended aeration is a method of sewage treatment using modified activated sludge procedures. It is preferred for relatively small waste loads, where lower operating efficiency is offset by mechanical simplicity. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The nonlinear nature of ferroelectric materials can be used to make capacitors with adjustable capacitance. Typically, a ferroelectric capacitor simply consists of a pair of electrodes sandwiching a layer of ferroelectric material. The permittivity of ferroelectrics is not only adjustable but commonly also very high, e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Rain can generally help clean PDRC surfaces that have been covered with dust, dirt, or other debris and improve their reflectivity. However, in humid areas, consistent rain can result in heavy water accumulation on PDRC surfaces which can hinder performance. In response, porous PDRCs have been developed. Another respon... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Sumerians are said to have cultivated and harvested the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) in lower Mesopotamia as early as 3400 BC, though this has been disputed. The most ancient testimony concerning the opium poppy found to date was inscribed in cuneiform script on a small white clay tablet at the end of the third... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Monte Carlo and molecular dynamic approaches became useful tools for theoretical calculations aiming at predictions of adsorption equilibria and diffusivities in small pores of various simple geometries. The interactions between adsorbate molecules are represented by the Lenard-Jones potential:
where r is the interpart... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
SCS facilitates the flux of molecules into other metabolic pathways by controlling the interconversion between succinyl CoA and succinate. This is important because succinyl CoA is an intermediate necessary for porphyrin, heme, and ketone body biosynthesis. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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