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Aside from virtually all saturated organic compounds, most compounds of Si, Ge, and Sn are tetrahedral. Often tetrahedral molecules feature multiple bonding to the outer ligands, as in xenon tetroxide (XeO), the perchlorate ion (), the sulfate ion (), the phosphate ion (). Thiazyl trifluoride () is tetrahedral, featuri... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* The two largest rivers in Australia, the Murray and its tributary the Darling, converge at Wentworth, New South Wales. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In coordination chemistry, the S1cB (conjugate base) mechanism describes the pathway by which many metal amine complexes undergo substitution, that is, ligand exchange. Typically, the reaction entails reaction of a polyamino metal halide with aqueous base to give the corresponding polyamine metal hydroxide:
The rate la... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Monosaccharide nomenclature is the naming system of the building blocks of carbohydrates, the monosaccharides, which may be monomers or part of a larger polymer. Monosaccharides are subunits that cannot be further hydrolysed in to simpler units. Depending on the number of carbon atom they are further classified into tr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Excitation energy can be deposited in air by a number of different mechanisms:
* Ionizing radiation is the cause of blue glow surrounding sufficient quantities of strongly radioactive materials in air, e.g. some radioisotope specimens (e.g. radium or polonium), particle beams (e.g. from particle accelerators) in air, t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The host recognition of bacteriophages occur via bacteria-binding proteins that have strong binding affinities to specific protein or carbohydrate structures on the surface of the bacterial host. At the end of the infection life cycle the bacteria-lysing Endolysin is synthesized and degrades the bacterial peptidoglycan... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Substitutions can occur on the level of both the DNA and RNA. RNA editing-dependent amino acid substitutions can produce missense mRNA's of which occur through hydrolytic deaminase reactions. Two of the most prevalent deaminase reactions occur through the Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme (APOBEC) and the adenosine ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The United States manufactured approximately 500,000 Geiger counters. Britain manufactured about 20,000 of each of its major types, and is second after the U.S. Some instruments were also manufactured by other countries in smaller numbers.
The American instruments dating from the Kennedy administration era were desig... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In electrochemistry, CO stripping is a special process of voltammetry where a monolayer of carbon monoxide already adsorbed on the surface of an electrocatalyst is electrochemically oxidized and thus removed from the surface. A well-known process of this type is CO stripping on Pt/C electrocatalysts in which the electr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
CuHARS have been shown to completely degrade under physiological conditions (cell culture media at 37 °C), even in the absence of cells; this is possibly due to the metal chelating properties of typical cell culture medias. These may include the copper-binding properties of cerulosplasmin and of albumin. Additionall... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Numerous authors have claimed that willow was used by the ancients as a painkiller, but there is no evidence that this is true. All such accounts date from after the discovery of aspirin, and are possibly based on a misunderstanding of the chemistry. Bartrams 1998 Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine is perhaps typical when... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lorber et al. found that at the outermost wing station, the existence of the tip vortex gives both the steady and unsteady lift and pitching moment hysteresis loops a more nonlinear quasi-steady behaviour due to an element of steady vortex-induced lift, while for the rest of the wing stations where oscillations below s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In a tetrahedral molecular geometry, a central atom is located at the center with four substituents that are located at the corners of a tetrahedron. The bond angles are cos(−) = 109.4712206...° ≈ 109.5° when all four substituents are the same, as in methane () as well as its heavier analogues. Methane and other perfec... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1840, Claus, received a substantial amount of platinum ore samples for his studies from the Ural Mountains and the St Petersburg Mint and started working on chemistry and isolation of noble metals, in particular rhodium, iridium, osmium, and to a lesser extent, palladium and platinum. In 1844, he discovered a new ch... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) is a highly sensitive optical spectroscopic technique that enables measurement of absolute optical extinction by samples that scatter and absorb light. It has been widely used to study gaseous samples which absorb light at specific wavelengths, and in turn to determine mole fraction... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
MALDI mass spectrometry is a laser-based soft-ionization method often used for analysis of large proteins, but has been used successfully for lipids. The lipid is mixed with a matrix, such as 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, and applied to a sample holder as a small spot. A laser is fired at the spot, and the matrix absorbs ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The compound hydrolyzes to hydrazoic acid:
The compound adds to ketones and aldehydes to give the siloxy azides and subsequently tetrazoles:
It ring-opens epoxides to give azido alcohols.
It has been used in the Oseltamivir total synthesis. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A dilatant (, ) (also termed shear thickening) material is one in which viscosity increases with the rate of shear strain. Such a shear thickening fluid, also known by the initialism STF, is an example of a non-Newtonian fluid. This behaviour is usually not observed in pure materials, but can occur in suspensions.
A d... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In civil engineering, and in the earth sciences, flocculation is a condition in which clays, polymers or other small charged particles become attached and form a fragile structure, a floc. In dispersed clay slurries,
flocculation occurs after mechanical agitation ceases and the dispersed clay platelets spontaneously fo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MAPK3) is also known as extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1). Transgenic gene knockout mice lacking MAPK3 are viable and it is thought that MAPK1 can fulfill some MAPK3 functions in most cells. The main exception is in T cells. Mice lacking MAPK3 have reduced T cell develo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Most hormones initiate a cellular response by initially binding to either cell surface receptors or intracellular receptors. A cell may have several different receptors that recognize the same hormone but activate different signal transduction pathways, or a cell may have several different receptors that recognize diff... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An aqueous sample is treated with an equal volume of 1% strong base (sodium or potassium hydroxide) followed by a few drops of aqueous copper(II) sulfate. If the solution turns purple, it contains protein. 5–160 mg/mL can be determined. Peptides with the correct length of at least 3 amino acids are necessary for a sign... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The limnology of the lake shows it contains approximately 280 million tons of dissolved salts, with the salinity varying depending upon the amount of water in the lake at any given time. Before 1941, average salinity was approximately 50 grams per liter (g/L) (compared to a value of 31.5 g/L for the world's oceans). In... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The density of seawater controls much of the movement of water, or the thermohaline flow, in the ocean. The density of seawater is primarily determined by the temperature and salinity of that water. Changes in these two main parameters, potential temperature Θ and salinity S, are multiplied with their thermal expansio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics
* Journal of Fluid Mechanics
* Physics of Fluids
* Physical Review Fluids
* Experiments in Fluids
* European Journal of Mechanics B: Fluids
* Theoretical and Computational Fluid Dynamics
* Computers and Fluids
* International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids
* Flow, Turbulence... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Enzymes used in decellularization treatments are used to break the bonds and interactions between nucleic acids, interacting cells through neighboring proteins, and other cellular components. Lipases, thermolysin, galactosidase, nucleases, and trypsin have all been used in the removal of cells. After a cell is lysed w... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* ASBMB Award for Exemplary Contributions to Education
* ASBMB Leadership Awards
* ASBMB–Merck Award
* ASBMB Young Investigator Award
* Avanti Award in Lipids
* Bert and Natalie Vallee Award in Biomedical Science
* DeLano Award for Computational Biosciences
* Earl and Thressa Stadtman Distinguished Scientist Award
* Ea... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Inglis–Teller equation represents an approximate relationship between the plasma density and the principal quantum number of the highest bound state of an atom. The equation was derived by [https://ahf.nuclearmuseum.org/ahf/profile/david-r-inglis/ David R. Inglis] and Edward Teller in 1939.
In a plasma, atomic lev... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In botany, a light curve shows the photosynthetic response of leaf tissue or algal communities to varying light intensities. The shape of the curve illustrates the principle of limiting factors; in low light levels, the rate of photosynthesis is limited by the concentration of chlorophyll and the efficiency of the ligh... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The accuracy and precision of this method is supported largely by the confidence level of the results for appropriate liquid/solid combinations (as seen, for example, in fig 6). The Owens/Wendt theory is typically applicable to surfaces with low charge and moderate polarity. Some good examples are polymers that contain... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
High-energy (from 80 GeV to ~10 TeV) gamma rays arriving from far-distant quasars are used to estimate the extragalactic background light in the universe: The highest-energy rays interact more readily with the background light photons and thus the density of the background light may be estimated by analyzing the incomi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sulfur has long been known to contribute to damage. This is true for many materials such as metal corrosion, or concrete degradation. In King Lear, Shakespeare says: | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The stereoisomers β--glucopyranose and β--mannopyranose are epimers because they differ only in the stereochemistry at the C-2 position. The hydroxy group in β-D-glucopyranose is equatorial (in the "plane" of the ring), while in β-D-mannopyranose the C-2 hydroxy group is axial (up from the "plane" of the ring). These t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Darcys law is valid for laminar flow through sediments. In fine-grained sediments, the dimensions of interstices are small and thus flow is laminar. Coarse-grained sediments also behave similarly but in very coarse-grained sediments the flow may be turbulent. Hence Darcys law is not always valid in such sediments.
For ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Living polymerization was first described by Michael Szwarc in 1956. It is defined as a chain polymerization from which chain transfer and chain termination are absent. In the absence of chain-transfer and chain termination, the monomer in the system is consumed and the polymerization stops but the polymer chain remain... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The magnetic properties of metal clusters are strongly influenced by their size and surface ligands. In general, the magnetic moments in small metal clusters are larger than in the case of a macroscopic bulk metal structure. For example, the average magnetic moment per atom in Ni clusters was found to be 0.7-0.8 μB, as... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Single Chain Cyclized/Knotted Polymers are a new class of polymer architecture with a general structure consisting of multiple intramolecular cyclization units within a single polymer chain. Such a structure was synthesized via the controlled polymerization of multivinyl monomers, which was first reported in Dr. Wenxin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
EQCM has been used to study the self-assembled monolayers of long chain alkyl mercaptan and alkanethiol and mercaptoalkanoic on gold electrode surface. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Even though quark-gluon plasma can only occur under quite extreme conditions of temperature and/or pressure, it is being actively studied at particle colliders, such as the Large Hadron Collider LHC at CERN and the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider RHIC at Brookhaven National Laboratory.
In these collisions, the plasma ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In laboratory systems, either 10–30 mm beam diameter non-monochromatic Al K or Mg K anode radiation is used, or a focused 20-500 micrometer diameter beam single wavelength Al K monochromatised radiation. Monochromatic Al K X-rays are normally produced by diffracting and focusing a beam of non-monochromatic X-rays off o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Several countries had created their own nonproprietary naming system before the INN was created, and in many cases, the names created under the old systems continue to be used in those countries. As one example, in English the INN name for a common painkiller is paracetamol; the table below gives the alternative names ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Environmental chemistry is used by the Environment Agency in England, Natural Resources Wales, the United States Environmental Protection Agency, the Association of Public Analysts, and other environmental agencies and research bodies around the world to detect and identify the nature and source of pollutants. These ca... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ultraviolet radiation can aggravate several skin conditions and diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögrens syndrome, Sinear Usher syndrome, rosacea, dermatomyositis, Dariers disease, Kindler–Weary syndrome and Porokeratosis. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gene expression and RNA quantification studies have benefited from the increased precision and absolute quantification of dPCR. RNA quantification can be accomplished via RT-PCR, wherein RNA is reverse-transcribed into cDNA in the partitioned reaction itself, and the number of RNA molecules originating from each transc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Soil vapor extraction (SVE) is a physical treatment process for in situ remediation of volatile contaminants in vadose zone (unsaturated) soils (EPA, 2012). SVE (also referred to as in situ soil venting or vacuum extraction) is based on mass transfer of contaminant from the solid (sorbed) and liquid (aqueous or non-aq... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The elementary reaction responsible for water quantification in the Karl Fischer titration is oxidation of sulfur dioxide () with iodine:
This elementary reaction consumes exactly one molar equivalent of water vs. iodine. Iodine is added to the solution until it is present in excess, marking the end point of the titrat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The fatty acid salts formed during production constitute the actual soap and are effective cleaners due to their surfactant properties. Using soap helps dissolve many water-insoluble substances, like fats and oils, making them washable with water.
In most cases, hard soaps or products based on them are used for handwas... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A gamma ray, also known as gamma radiation (symbol ), is a penetrating form of electromagnetic radiation arising from the radioactive decay of atomic nuclei. It consists of the shortest wavelength electromagnetic waves, typically shorter than those of X-rays. With frequencies above 30 exahertz () and wavelength less th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
MPI-Marburg is scheduled to expand with a new [http://www.uni-marburg.de/synmikro/synmikro?set_language=en Department for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO)], in collaboration with the Max Planck Society and the University of Marburg. The new department will serve as a research centre for SYNMIKRO with about 100 scient... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As a successor to the HSEES program, ATSDR launched the National Toxic Substance Incidents Program (NTSIP) in 2009. One aspect of NTSIP is a national database of information related to chemical spills. NTSIP also has Assessment of Chemical Exposure teams to assist state and local health departments in the aftermath of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are two options for realizing apertureless NSOM-Raman technique: TERS and SERS. TERS is frequently used for apertureless NSOM-Raman and can significantly enhance the spatial resolution. This technique requires a metal tip to enhance the signal of the sample. That is why an AFM metal tip is usually used for enhanc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A vacuum coffee maker operates as a siphon, where heating and cooling the lower vessel changes the vapor pressure of water in the lower, first pushing the water up into the upper vessel, then allowing the water to fall back down into the lower vessel.
Specifically, once the water in lower chamber is hot enough that its... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Several different technological methods are available for carbon capture as demanded by the clean coal concept:
* Pre-combustion capture – This involves the gasification of a feedstock (such as coal) to form synthesis gas, which may be shifted to produce an and -rich gas mixture, from which the can be efficiently cap... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A variational principle in physics, such as the principle of least action or Fermat's principle in optics, allows one to describe the system in a global manner and to solve it using the calculus of variations. In thermodynamics, such a principle would allow a Lagrangian formulation. The Gouy-Stodola theorem can be used... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hydroxylamine was first prepared as hydroxylammonium chloride in 1865 by the German chemist Wilhelm Clemens Lossen (1838-1906); he reacted tin and hydrochloric acid in the presence of ethyl nitrate. It was first prepared in pure form in 1891 by the Dutch chemist Lobry de Bruyn and by the French chemist Léon Maurice Cri... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A.J. Clark, FRS (1885–1941) held the established Chair of Pharmacology from 1918 to 1926. After qualifying in medicine, and serving as a field medical officer throughout the First World War, Clark had been appointed Professor of Pharmacology at the University of Cape Town where he remained until accepting the Chair of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
-Norpseudoephedrine, or (−)-norpseudoephedrine, is a psychostimulant drug of the amphetamine family. It is one of the four optical isomers of phenylpropanolamine, the other three being cathine ((+)-norpseudoephedrine), (−)-norephedrine, and (+)-norephedrine; as well as one of the two enantiomers of norpseudoephedrine (... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2017, General Fusion developed its plasma injector technology and Tri Alpha Energy constructed and operated its C-2U device. In August 2014, Phoenix Nuclear Labs announced the sale of a high-yield neutron generator that could sustain 5×10 deuterium fusion reactions per second over a 24-hour period.
In October 2014, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chemical kinetics, also known as reaction kinetics, is the branch of physical chemistry that is concerned with understanding the rates of chemical reactions. It is different from chemical thermodynamics, which deals with the direction in which a reaction occurs but in itself tells nothing about its rate. Chemical kinet... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1922 Karamichailova graduated as a PhD in Physics and Mathematics. She wrote her thesis, entitled "About Electric Figures on Different Materials, Especially On Crystals" under the direction of Karl Przibram. Karamichailova continued her work at the Institute for Radium Studies afterwards, becoming particularly inter... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Permeable pavements are designed to replace Effective Impervious Areas (EIAs), but can be used, in some cases, to manage stormwater from other impervious surfaces on site. Use of this technique must be part of an overall on site management system for stormwater, and is not a replacement for other techniques.
During lar... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The reaction between a ketone and ammonia results in an imine and byproduct water. This reaction is water sensitive and thus drying agents such as aluminum chloride or a Dean–Stark apparatus must be employed to remove water. The resulting imine will react and decompose back into the ketone and the ammonia when in the p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thomas Charles Hope (21 July 1766 – 13 June 1844) was a Scottish physician, chemist and lecturer. He proved the existence of the element strontium, and gave his name to Hope's Experiment, which shows that water reaches its maximum density at .
In 1815 Hope was elected as president of the Royal College of Physicians of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The metabolome refers to the complete set of small-molecule chemicals found within a biological sample. The biological sample can be a cell, a cellular organelle, an organ, a tissue, a tissue extract, a biofluid or an entire organism. The small molecule chemicals found in a given metabolome may include both endogenous... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Almost all functional transcripts are derived from known genes. The only exceptions are a small number of transcripts that might play a direct role in regulating gene expression near the prompters of known genes. (See Enhancer RNA.)
Gene occupy most of prokaryotic genomes so most of their genomes are transcribed. Many... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Metallic microlattice may find potential applications in thermal and vibration insulators such as shock absorbers, and may also prove useful as battery electrodes and catalyst supports. Additionally, the microlattices' ability to return to their original state after being compressed may make them suitable for use in sp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Numerous ion channels undergo palmitoylation, a lipid modification process. Moreover, a significant subset of ion channels demonstrate a direct affinity for cholesterol binding. The regulation of ion channels by cholesterol can stem from both direct binding interactions and an indirect influence, facilitated by the loc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An electrocyclic reaction can either be classified as conrotatory or disrotatory based on the rotation at each end of the molecule. In conrotatory mode, both atomic orbitals of the end groups turn in the same direction (such as both atomic orbitals rotating clockwise or counter-clockwise). In disrotatory mode, the ato... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Kinetic energy may be released during the course of a reaction (exothermic reaction) or kinetic energy may have to be supplied for the reaction to take place (endothermic reaction). This can be calculated by reference to a table of very accurate particle rest masses, as follows: according to the reference tables, the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first passive sampling devices were developed in the 1970s to determine concentrations of contaminants in the air. In 1980 this technology was first adapted for the monitoring of organic contaminants in water. The initial type of passive sampler developed for aquatic monitoring purposes was the semipermeable membra... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Southern Research was founded in Birmingham, Alabama, on October 11, 1941, by Thomas Martin as the Alabama Research Institute.
Although Martin was named chairman of the newly chartered organization in December, 1941, activities were put on hold in the aftermath of the attack on Pearl Harbor and the beginning of US inv... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tritium has an atomic mass of 3.01604928 u. Diatomic tritium ( or ) is a gas at standard temperature and pressure. Combined with oxygen, it forms a liquid called tritiated water ().
Compared to hydrogen in its natural composition on Earth, tritium has a higher melting point (20.62 K vs. 13.99 K), a higher boiling point... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Flavin mononucleotide is a prosthetic group found in, among other proteins, NADH dehydrogenase, E.coli nitroreductase and old yellow enzyme. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bounded by impoundments (an impoundment is a dam), these dams typically use "local materials" including the tailings themselves, and may be considered embankment dams. Traditionally, the only option for tailings storage was to contain the tailings slurry with locally available earthen materials. This slurry is a dilute... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The same molecular-kinetic picture of a single component gas can also be applied to a gaseous mixture. For instance, in the Chapman–Enskog approach the viscosity of a binary mixture of gases can be written in terms of the individual component viscosities , their respective volume fractions, and the intermolecular inte... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A fibrous protein forms long protein filaments, which are shaped like rods or wires. Fibrous proteins are structural or storage proteins that are typically inert and water-insoluble. A fibrous protein occurs as an aggregate due to hydrophobic side chains that protrude from the molecule.
A fibrous protein's peptide sequ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Historically, the modern idea of pharmacophore was popularized by Lemont Kier, who mentions the concept in 1967 and uses the term in a publication in 1971. Nevertheless, F. W. Shueler, in a 1960s book, uses the expression "pharmacophoric moiety" that corresponds to the modern concept.
The development of the concept ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A study of non-medical use potential of eszopiclone found that in persons with a known history of non-medical benzodiazepine use, eszopiclone at doses of 6 and 12 mg produced effects similar to those of diazepam 20 mg. The study found that at these doses which are two or more times greater than the maximum recommended ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The 6 of the 11 metabolic intermediates in reverse Krebs cycle promoted by Fe, Zn, and Cr in acidic conditions imply that protocells possibly emerged in locally metal-rich and acidic terrestrial hydrothermal fields. The acidic conditions are seemingly consistent with the stabilization of RNA. These hydrothermal fields ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In drug development, preclinical development (also termed preclinical studies or nonclinical studies) is a stage of research that begins before clinical trials (testing in humans) and during which important feasibility, iterative testing and drug safety data are collected, typically in laboratory animals.
The main goa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The translational invariance of a crystal lattice is described by a set of unit cell, direct lattice basis vectors (contravariant or polar) called a, b, and c, or equivalently by the lattice parameters, i.e. the magnitudes of the vectors, called a, b and c, and the angles between them, called α (between b and c),... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It is known that most materials are polycrystalline and contain grain boundaries and that grain boundaries can act as sinks and transport pathways for point defects. However experimentally and theoretically determining what effect point defects have on a system is difficult. Interesting examples of the complications of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Other photoinitiated free radical polymerization reactions can also be used for fiber production. In this case, the shealth fluid was only used to separate the core fluid from the tube wall. Also, to achieve the solidification rapid enough, a more concentrated monomer solution was usually used.
An example would be the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Müllerian strategy is usually contrasted with Batesian mimicry, in which one harmless species adopts the appearance of an unprofitable species to gain the advantage of predators avoidance; Batesian mimicry is thus in a sense parasitic on the models defences, whereas Müllerian is to mutual benefit. However, because ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
If Z is a state function then the balance of Z remains unchanged during a cyclic process:
Entropy is a state function and is defined in an absolute sense through the Third Law of Thermodynamics as
where a reversible path is chosen from absolute zero to the final state, so that for an isothermal reversible process
In ge... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Atmospheric nuclear weapons tests in isolated areas often resulted in doses of less than 1 mSv to any individual. All the thousands of atmospheric tests that occurred in the 20th century together now cause a 30,000 man-Sv collective dose each year from fallout. The annual dose reduces each year. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The seeding particles are an inherently critical component of the PIV system. Depending on the fluid under investigation, the particles must be able to match the fluid properties reasonably well. Otherwise they will not follow the flow satisfactorily enough for the PIV analysis to be considered accurate. Ideal parti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Kāla is a real entity according to Jainism and is said to be the cause of continuity and succession. Champat Rai Jain in his book "The Key of Knowledge wrote: Jaina philosophers call the substance of Time as Niścay Time to distinguish it from vyavhāra (practical) Time which is a measure of duration- hours, days and the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
RNA splicing is the process by which introns, regions of RNA that do not code for proteins, are removed from the pre-mRNA and the remaining exons connected to re-form a single continuous molecule. Exons are sections of mRNA which become "expressed" or translated into a protein. They are the coding portions of a mRNA mo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In most conventional activated sludge processes or aerobic granular reactor, the microorganisms grow in flocs. Flocs are defined as a mass of microorganisms that are held together by slime or fungal filaments, which help with aerobic decomposition and trapping particles (et al. Wilen). Activated sludges are built with ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In physics, transport phenomena are all irreversible processes of statistical nature stemming from the random continuous motion of molecules, mostly observed in fluids. Every aspect of transport phenomena is grounded in two primary concepts : the conservation laws, and the constitutive equations. The conservation laws,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 2003 English Nature concluded that in the UK policy makers have largely ignored green roofs. However, British examples can be found with increasing frequency. The Kensington Roof Gardens are a notable early roof garden which was built above the former Derry & Toms department store in Kensington, London in 1938. More... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Human health effects include excess nitrate in drinking water (blue baby syndrome); disinfection by-products in drinking water. Swimming in water affected by a harmful algal bloom can cause skin rashes and respiratory problems. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Imines are typically prepared by the condensation of primary amines and aldehydes. Ketones undergo similar reactions, but less commonly than aldehydes. In terms of mechanism, such reactions proceed via the nucleophilic addition giving a hemiaminal -C(OH)(NHR)- intermediate, followed by an elimination of water to yield ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The words care, therapy, treatment, and intervention overlap in a semantic field, and thus they can be synonymous depending on context. Moving rightward through that order, the connotative level of holism decreases and the level of specificity (to concrete instances) increases. Thus, in health-care contexts (where its... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The friction coefficient for ice, without a liquid film on the surface, is measured to be . A comparable friction coefficient is that of rubber or bitumen (roughly 0.8), which would be very difficult to ice skate on. The friction coefficients needs to be around or below 0.005 for ice skating to be possible. The reason ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Aside from their basicity, the dominant reactivity of amines is their nucleophilicity. Most primary amines are good ligands for metal ions to give coordination complexes. Amines are alkylated by alkyl halides. Acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides react with primary and secondary amines to form amides (the "Schotten–Bauma... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Moissan died suddenly in Paris in February 1907, shortly after his return from receiving the Nobel Prize in Stockholm. His death was attributed to an acute case of appendicitis, however, there is speculation that repeated exposure to fluorine and carbon monoxide also contributed to his death. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Early quantum models included a soliton pair creation model by Maki and a proposal by John Bardeen that condensed CDW electrons tunnel coherently through a tiny pinning gap, fixed at ±k unlike the Peierls gap. Makis theory lacked a sharp threshold field and Bardeen only gave a phenomenological interpretation of the thr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
NAD-dependent formate dehydrogenases are important in methylotrophic yeast and bacteria, being vital in the catabolism of C1 compounds such as methanol. The cytochrome-dependent enzymes are more important in anaerobic metabolism in prokaryotes. For example, in E. coli, the formate:ferricytochrome-b1 oxidoreductase is a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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