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Currently, receptor modulators are categorized in the Agonist, Partial Agonist, Selective Tissue Modulators, Antagonist, and Inverse Agonist categories in terms of the effect they cause. They are further divided into Orthosteric or Allosteric Modulators according to how they effect said result. Typically, a chemical ac... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Phosphonates are also used as concrete retarder. They delay the cement setting time, allowing a longer time to place the concrete or to spread the cement hydration heat on a longer period of time to avoid too high temperature and resulting cracks. They also have favourable dispersing properties and so are investigated ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
While the superposition approximation is actually exact at larger distances, it is no longer accurate at smaller separations. Solutions of the DH or PB equations in between the plates provide a more accurate picture at these conditions. Let us only discuss the symmetric situation within the DH model here. This discussi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A selenenic acid is an organoselenium compound and an oxoacid with the general formula RSeOH, where R ≠ H. It is the first member of the family of organoselenium oxoacids, which also include seleninic acids and selenonic acids, which are RSeOH and RSeOH, respectively. Selenenic acids derived from selenoenzymes are tho... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
PAC is one of the artificial chromosome vectors. Some other artificial chromosomes include: bacterial artificial chromosome, yeast artificial chromosome and the human artificial chromosome. Compared to other artificial chromosomes, it can carry relatively large DNA fragments, however less so than the yeast artificial c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fluid particle is the smallest unit (atoms or molecules) in the fluid phase (gas, liquid or plasma) without breaking any chemical bond. Energy of fluid particle is divided into potential, electronic, translational, vibrational, and rotational energies. The heat (thermal) energy storage in fluid particle is through the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1999 the laboratory of Prof. Dr. Ben L. Feringa at the University of Groningen, The Netherlands, reported the creation of a unidirectional molecular rotor. Their 360° molecular motor system consists of a bis-helicene connected by an alkene double bond displaying axial chirality and having two stereocenters.
One cycl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Anammox stands for anaerobic ammonia oxidation and the organisms responsible were relatively recently discovered, in the late 1990s. This form of metabolism occurs in members of the Planctomycetota (e.g. "Candidatus Brocadia anammoxidans") and involves the coupling of ammonia oxidation to nitrite reduction. As oxygen... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
B. Jill Venton is a professor of chemistry at University of Virginia, where she serves as the department chair since 2019. Venton's research focuses on developing analytical chemistry methods to enable detection of molecules in the brain. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Measuring the composition of a cow's rumen can also indicate the quality of its feed, a process called a forage analysis.
Once the cannula is surgically placed, the cow is then allowed to graze for a certain period of time—for example, 30 to 45 minutes, in a 1960 study at the University of Nevada, Reno. Researchers wil... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The dynamic behavior of compressible flows is governed by the dimensionless thermodynamic quantity , which is known as the fundamental derivative of gasdynamics and is defined as
where
* is the speed of sound [m/s];
* is the specific entropy per unit mass [J/(kg K)].
From a mathematical point of view, the fundamental... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the thermodynamic stream of thinking, the specified mechanisms of heat transfer are conduction and radiation. These mechanisms presuppose recognition of temperature; empirical temperature is enough for this purpose, though absolute temperature can also serve. In this stream of thinking, quantity of heat is defined p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Another potential solid-state refrigeration technique and a relatively new area of study comes from a special property of super elastic materials. These materials undergo a temperature change when experiencing an applied mechanical stress (called the elastocaloric effect). Since super elastic materials deform reversibl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Julius Tafel discovered that hydroxylamine hydrochloride or sulfate salts can be produced by electrolytic reduction of nitric acid with HCl or Sulfuric acid| respectively:
Hydroxylamine can also be produced by the reduction of nitrous acid or potassium nitrite with bisulfite:
: (100 °C, 1 h)
Hydrochloric acid dispropor... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nuclear fusion is normally understood to occur at temperatures in the tens of millions of degrees. This is called "thermonuclear fusion". Since the 1920s, there has been speculation that nuclear fusion might be possible at much lower temperatures by catalytically fusing hydrogen absorbed in a metal catalyst. In 1989, a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Conduction is the process by which heat is transferred from the hotter end to the colder end of an object. The ability of the object to conduct heat is known as its thermal conductivity, and is denoted .
Heat spontaneously flows along a temperature gradient (i.e. from a hotter body to a colder body). For example, heat ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Silyl enol ethers are neutral, mild nucleophiles (milder than enamines) that react with good electrophiles such as aldehydes (with Lewis acid catalysis) and carbocations. Silyl enol ethers are stable enough to be isolated, but are usually used immediately after synthesis. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The idea behind transition engineering originated from many different roots, both technical and non-technical. The concept of sustainable development has been around since 1987 and the problem of sustainability was a driving force in the development of transition engineering. The Transition Town movement provided furth... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are several laboratory experiments that demonstrate how a small amount of one enantiomer at the start of a reaction can lead to a large excess of a single enantiomer as the product. For example, the Soai reaction is autocatalytic. If the reaction is started with some of one of the product enantiomers already pres... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There exist several variants of the stable carbenes above where one of the nitrogen atoms adjacent to the carbene center (the α nitrogens) has been replaced by an alternative heteroatom, such as oxygen, sulfur, or phosphorus.
In particular, the formal substitution of sulfur for one of the nitrogens in imidazole would y... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The concept of plotting the free energies of reaction of various elements with a given gas-phase reactant may be extended beyond oxidation reactions. The original paper by Ellingham explicitly to the reduction of both oxygen and sulfur by metallurgical processes, and anticipated the use of such diagrams for other compo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Huntingtin protein co-localizes with ATM repair protein at sites of DNA damage. Huntingtin is a scaffolding protein in the ATM oxidative DNA damage response complex. Huntingtons disease patients with aberrant huntingtin protein are deficient in repair of oxidative DNA damage. Oxidative DNA damage appears to underlie... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first step in Gateway cloning is the preparation of a Gateway Entry clone. There are a few different ways to make entry clone.
# Gateway attB1 and attB2 sequences are added to the 5 and 3 end of a gene fragment, respectively, using gene-specific PCR primers and PCR amplification. The PCR amplification products are... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chinese Chemistry Olympiad () is an annual academic competition held by Chinese Chemical Society. CAS changed its official Chinese name in February 2014, though its English translation remains the same.
The first CChO was held in 1984, 16 years after IChO. The event has been held every year since then. China has select... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
If we place two detectors at the same angle from the target, one on the right and one on the left, they will generally measure a different number of electrons and . Consequently it is possible to define the asymmetry , as
The Sherman function is a measure of the probability of a spin-up electron to be scattered, at a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Photothermal therapy (PTT) refers to efforts to use electromagnetic radiation (most often in infrared wavelengths) for the treatment of various medical conditions, including cancer. This approach is an extension of photodynamic therapy, in which a photosensitizer is excited with specific band light. This activation bri... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Alpha particle, beta particle, and gamma ray radioactive emissions are industrially useful. Most sources of these are synthetic radioisotopes. Areas of use include the petroleum industry, industrial radiography, homeland security, process control, food irradiation and underground detection. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chemically, phosphatidylethanols are phospholipids carrying two fatty acid chains, which are variable in structure, and one phosphate ethyl ester. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemistry, a Zintl phase is a product of a reaction between a group 1 (alkali metal) or group 2 (alkaline earth metal) and main group metal or metalloid (from groups 13, 14, 15, or 16). It is characterized by intermediate metallic/ionic bonding. Zintl phases are a subgroup of brittle, high-melting intermetallic comp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* 2011 National Science Foundation CAREER Award
* 2016 American Chemical Society Early-Career Award in Experimental Physical Chemistry
* 2019 Rice Institute of Biosciences and Bioengineering Hamill Innovation Award
* 2019 National Academy of Sciences Kavli Fellow
* 2020 National Science Foundation Award for Special Cre... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For example, a commonly used reaction to profile hydrogen with an energetic N ion beam is
:N + H → C + α + γ (4.43 MeV)
with a sharp resonance in the reaction cross section at 6.385 MeV of only 1.8 keV. Since the incident N ion loses energy along its trajectory in the material it must have an energy higher than the r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Rayleigh flow model has many analytical uses, most notably involving aircraft engines. For instance, the combustion chambers inside turbojet engines usually have a constant area and the fuel mass addition is negligible. These properties make the Rayleigh flow model applicable for heat addition to the flow through... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The origins of colloidal crystals go back to the mechanical properties of bentonite sols, and the optical properties of Schiller layers in iron oxide sols. The properties are supposed to be due to the ordering of monodisperse inorganic particles. Monodisperse colloids, capable of forming long-range ordered arrays, exis... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Charles Hatchett FRS FRSE (2 January 1765 – 10 March 1847) was an English mineralogist and analytical chemist who discovered the element niobium, for which he proposed the name "columbium".
Hatchett was elected a Fellow of the Linnaean Society in 1795,
and of the Royal Society in 1797. Hatchett was elected to the Liter... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The word metabolome appears to be a blending of the words "metabolite" and "chromosome". It was constructed to imply that metabolites are indirectly encoded by genes or act on genes and gene products. The term "metabolome" was first used in 1998 and was likely coined to match with existing biological terms referring ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Particles crossing a nanopore are detected one at a time as a transient change in the ionic current flow, which is denoted as a blockade event with its amplitude denoted as the blockade magnitude. As blockade magnitude is proportional to particle size, accurate particle sizing can be achieved after calibration with a k... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In multichannel scaling (MCS) mode, the MCA records a pulse count-rate over time. Unlike PHA, MCS does not differentiate pulses of different amplitudes. Instead, the MCA records all measured counts in one channel for a set time interval (called the "dwell time"), then switches to the next channel to record the subseque... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
TGGE and DGGE are broadly useful in biomedical and ecological research; selected applications are described below. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The role of glutathione(GSH) is to remove accumulated reactive oxygen species which may damage cells. During this process, its thiol side chain is oxidised and two glutathione molecules are connected by a disulphide bond to form a dimer(GSSG). In order to regenerate glutathione the disulphide bond has to be broken, In ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Manganese deficiency in humans, which is rare, results in a number of medical problems. Many common vitamin and mineral supplement products fail to include manganese in their compositions. Relatively high dietary intake of other minerals such as iron, magnesium, and calcium may inhibit the proper intake of manganese. A... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Archaerhodopsins are active transporters, using the energy from sunlight to pump H ions out of the cell to generate a proton motive force that is used for ATP synthesis. Removal of the retinal cofactor (e.g. by treatment with hydroxylamine) abolishes the transporter function and dramatically alters the absorption spect... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Similarly to Rosetta@home, Foldit is a means to discover native protein structures faster through distributed computing. However, Foldit has a greater emphasis on community collaboration through its forums, where users can collaborate on certain folds. Furthermore, Foldits crowdsourced approach places a greater emphasi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Due to macromolecular crowding, enzyme assays and biophysical measurements performed in dilute solution may fail to reflect the actual process and its kinetics taking place in the cytosol. One approach to produce more accurate measurements would be to use highly concentrated extracts of cells, to try to maintain the ce... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The correct name of the method is guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction. The use of TRIzol can result in DNA yields comparable to other extraction methods, and it leads to >50% bigger RNA yield. An alternative method for RNA extraction is phenol extraction and TCA/acetone precipitation. Chloroform should... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Born in Baltimore, Maryland, he was the only son of Jacob Hackerman and Anna Raffel, immigrants from the Baltic regions of the Russian Empire that later became Estonia and Latvia, respectively.
Hackerman earned his bachelors degree in 1932 and his doctors degree in chemistry in 1935 from Johns Hopkins University. He ta... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The quinhydrone electrode may be used to measure the hydrogen ion concentration (pH) of a solution containing an acidic substance. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Often it is the colour of freshwater or how clear or hazy the water is that is the most obvious visual characteristic. Unfortunately neither colour nor turbidity are strong indicators of the overall chemical composition of water. However both colour and turbidity reduce the amount of light penetrating the water and can... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nucleic acid thermodynamics is the study of how temperature affects the nucleic acid structure of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). The melting temperature (T) is defined as the temperature at which half of the DNA strands are in the random coil or single-stranded (ssDNA) state. T depends on the length of the DNA molecule a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* [http://www.thebiogrid.org/ BioGRID] database
* [http://mentha.uniroma2.it mentha] the interactome browser
* [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/intact IntAct: The Molecular Interaction Database]
* [http://interactome.org Interactome.org] — a dedicated interactome web site. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The majority of proteins in a cell are the product of messenger RNA transcribed from nuclear genes, including most of the proteins of the organelles, which are produced in the cytoplasm like all nuclear gene products and then transported to the organelle. Genes in the nucleus are arranged in a linear fashion upon chrom... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many traditional solids exhibit different properties when they shrink to nanometer sizes. For example, nanoparticles of usually yellow gold and gray silicon are red in color; gold nanoparticles melt at much lower temperatures (~300 °C for 2.5 nm size) than the gold slabs (1064 °C); and metallic nanowires are much stron... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Both alkyl and aryl sulfonic acids are known, most large-scale applications are associated with the aromatic derivatives. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For vinylic fluorine substituents, the following formula allows for estimation of F chemical shfits:where Z is the statistical substituent chemical shift (SSCS) for the substituent in the listed position, and S is the interaction factor. Some representative values for use in this equation are provided in the table belo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Alkynes are named using the same system, with the suffix "-yne" indicating a triple bond: ethyne (acetylene), propyne (methylacetylene). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The protein encoded by this gene is a transcriptional regulatory protein. It contains paired amphipathic helix (PAH) domains, which are important for protein-protein interactions and may mediate repression by the Mad-Max complex. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In theoretical thermodynamics, respected authors vary in their approaches to the definition of quantity of heat transferred. There are two main streams of thinking. One is from a primarily empirical viewpoint (which will here be referred to as the thermodynamic stream), to define heat transfer as occurring only by spec... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Community participation in the planning of any sewer system is a fundamental requirement to achieve higher household connection rates and to increase the likelihood of proper maintenance of in-block sewers. In addition, it can motivate users to assume parts of the costs of the sewer system that they are able to assume,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Exxon process, also Kuhlmann- or PCUK – oxo process, is used for the hydroformylation of C6–C12 olefins. The process relies on cobalt catalysts. In order to recover the catalyst, an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution or sodium carbonate is added to the organic phase. By extraction with olefin and neutralization by ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Glass coloring and color marking may be obtained in several ways.
# by the addition of coloring ions,
# by precipitation of nanometer-sized colloids (so-called striking glasses such as "gold ruby" or red "selenium ruby"),
#by colored inclusions (as in milk glass and smoked glass)
#by light scattering (as in phase sep... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The early studies indicating anomalous increases in nanofluid thermal properties over those of the base fluid, particularly the heat transfer coefficient, have been largely discredited. One of the main conclusions taken from a study involving over thirty labs throughout the world was that "no anomalous enhancement of t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are biocompatible microalgae hybrid microrobots for active drug-delivery in the lungs and the gastrointestinal tract. The microrobots proved effective in tests with mice. In the two studies, "Fluorescent dye or cell membrane–coated nanoparticle functionalized algae motors were further embedded inside a pH-sensiti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A point symmetry operation is a symmetry operation f for which at least one point p has the property p = f(p).
Table 1. Point symmetry operations in three dimensions.
a R stands for a number ≥ 1.
b The Schoenflies system uses rotoreflections (given the symbol S) instead of rotoinversions. For each rotoinversion operat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the Eulerian specification of a field, the field is represented as a function of position x and time t. For example, the flow velocity is represented by a function
On the other hand, in the Lagrangian specification, individual fluid parcels are followed through time. The fluid parcels are labelled by some (time-ind... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chronic pain and neuropathic pain are indications for which there is high unmet need in the clinic. PEA has been tested in a variety of animal models for chronic and neuropathic pain, because cannabinoids, such as THC, have been proven to be effective in neuropathic pain states. The analgesic and antihyperalgesic effec... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Karl Ernst Claus, also known as Karl Klaus or Carl Claus (; 22 January 1796 – 24 March 1864), was a Russian chemist and naturalist of Baltic German origin. Claus was a professor at Kazan State University and a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He was primarily known as a chemist and discoverer of the chemical ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Prof Paul Sabatier FRS(For) HFRSE (; 5 November 1854 – 14 August 1941) was a French chemist, born in Carcassonne. In 1912, Sabatier was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry along with Victor Grignard. Sabatier was honoured for his work improving the hydrogenation of organic species in the presence of metals. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Birth control pills containing ethinylestradiol and a progestin are associated with an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE), including deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). The incidence is about 4-fold higher on average than in women not taking a birth control pill. The absolute risk of VTE... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* In emulsions a phase inversion is when the dispersed phase becomes the dispersion medium and the dispersion medium becomes the dispersed phase, for example when cream becomes butter. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many hydroperoxides are derived from fatty acids, steroids, and terpenes. The biosynthesis of these species is affected extensively by enzymes. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Testing and/or inspection are typically included in component manufacturing lines to verify the product meets some set of standards to ensure the desired performance in the field. Improper testing or inspection would circumvent these quality checks and could allow a part with a defect that would normally disqualify the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The number average molar mass is a way of determining the molecular mass of a polymer. Polymer molecules, even ones of the same type, come in different sizes (chain lengths, for linear polymers), so the average molecular mass will depend on the method of averaging. The number average molecular mass is the ordinary arit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Degradation depends on the sensitivity of the material to the wavelength of X-rays used, the total dose of the X-rays, the temperature of the surface and the level of the vacuum. Metals, alloys, ceramics and most glasses are not measurably degraded by either non-monochromatic or monochromatic X-rays. Some, but not all,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cyclophosphazenes such as hexachlorophosphazene are distinguished by notable stability and equal P–N bond lengths which, in many such cyclic molecules, would imply delocalization or even aromaticity. To account for these features, early bonding models starting from the mid-1950s invoked a delocalised π system arising f... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A beamsplitter is used to divide a single ultrashort optical pulse into two separate beams. A 50/50 beamsplitter is often used, supplying equal optical power to the terahertz generator and detector, though it is common to provide the terahertz generation path with more power given the inefficiency of the terahertz gene... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1934 Frédéric and Irène Joliot-Curie bombarded aluminium with alpha particles (emitted by polonium) to effect the nuclear reaction + → + , and observed that the product isotope emits a positron identical to those found in cosmic rays by Carl David Anderson in 1932. This was the first example of decay (positron ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Formiminoglutamic acid (FIGLU; conjugate base, formiminoglutamate) is an intermediate in the catabolism of L-histidine to L-glutamic acid. It thus is also a biomarker for intracellular levels of folate. The FIGLU test is used to identify vitamin B₁₂ deficiency, folate deficiency, and liver failure or liver disease. It ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A myc tag is a polypeptide protein tag derived from the c-myc gene product that can be added to a protein using recombinant DNA technology. It can be used for affinity chromatography, then used to separate recombinant, overexpressed protein from wild type protein expressed by the host organism. It can also be used in t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
While humans are highly dependent upon visual cues, when in close proximity smells also play a role in sociosexual behaviors. An inherent difficulty in studying human pheromones is the need for cleanliness and odorlessness in human participants. Though various researchers have investigated the possibility of their exis... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first decade of the 20th century brought the basics of quantum theory (Planck, Einstein) and interpretation of spectral series of hydrogen by Lyman in VUV and by Paschen in infrared. Ritz formulated the combination principle.
John William Nicholson had created an atomic model in 1912, a year before Niels Bohr, that... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This information can then be used to measure velocity or path length, or as a way to learn about the particle or medium's properties (such as composition or flow rate). The traveling object may be detected directly (direct time of flight, dToF, e.g., via an ion detector in mass spectrometry) or indirectly (indirect tim... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The region of space enclosed by open system boundaries is usually called a control volume. It may or may not correspond to physical walls. It is convenient to define the shape of the control volume so that all flow of matter, in or out, occurs perpendicular to its surface. One may consider a process in which the matte... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Heat denaturation of DNA, also called melting, causes the double helix structure to unwind to form single stranded DNA. When DNA in solution is heated above its melting temperature (usually more than 80 °C), the double-stranded DNA unwinds to form single-stranded DNA. The bases become unstacked and can thus absorb mor... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Albert Brahms (1692–1758)
* Antoine de Chézy (1718–1798)
* Claude-Louis Navier (1785–1836)
* Adhémar Jean Claude Barré de Saint-Venant (1797–1886)
* Gotthilf Heinrich Ludwig Hagen (1797–1884)
* Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille (1797–1869)
* Henri P. G. Darcy (1803–1858)
* Julius Ludwig Weisbach (1806–1871)
* Charles Sto... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Columnar structures appear in various research fields on a broad range of length scales from metres down to the nanoscale. On the largest scale, such structures can be found in botany where seeds of a plant assemble around the stem. On a smaller scale bubbles of equal size crystallise to columnar foam structures when c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The chemical inverse of a proton sponge would be a hydride sponge. This property is exhibited by CH(BMe), which reacts with potassium hydride to afford K[CH(BMe)H]. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Photoconductive atomic force microscopy (PC-AFM) is a variant of atomic force microscopy that measures photoconductivity in addition to surface forces. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The thylakoid membrane is the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis with the photosynthetic pigments embedded directly in the membrane. It is an alternating pattern of dark and light bands measuring each 1 nanometre. The thylakoid lipid bilayer shares characteristic features with prokaryotic membranes... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Janus-type material is used as a surfactant-like heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of adipic acid. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
John Krige () is a historian of science and technology and the Kranzberg Professor at the School of History, Technology and Society, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The term is used to describe a transient chemical species. As a general example, if a molecule exists in a particular conformation for a short lifetime, before adopting a lower energy conformation (structural arrangement), the former molecular structure is said to have high lability (such as C, a 25-carbon fullerene sp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
During high-energy milling the powder particles are repeatedly flattened, cold welded, fractured and rewelded. Whenever two steel balls collide, some powder is trapped between them. Typically, around 1000 particles with an aggregate weight of about 0.2 mg are trapped during each collision. The force of the impact plast... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Demulsifiers, or emulsion breakers, are a class of specialty chemicals used to separate emulsions, for example, water in oil. They are commonly used in the processing of crude oil, which is typically produced along with significant quantities of saline water. This water (and salt) must be removed from the crude oil pr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nanoparticles can be made from different materials such as metals, ceramics and polymers. The stability of the nanoparticles can be an issue as nanoparticles have a tendency to lower their very high surface energy, which originates from their high surface-to-bulk ratio. Bare nanoparticles tend to stabilize themselves e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Reductions with diimide are a chemical reactions that convert unsaturated organic compounds to reduced alkane products. In the process, diimide () is oxidized to dinitrogen. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Protons, neutrons, and many nuclei carry nuclear spin, which gives rise to a gyromagnetic ratio as above. The ratio is conventionally written in terms of the proton mass and charge, even for neutrons and for other nuclei, for the sake of simplicity and consistency. The formula is:
where is the nuclear magneton, and i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The snRNAs (U1, U2, U4, U5, and the less abundant U11, U12 and U4atac) quickly interact with the SMN (survival of motor neuron protein); encoded by SMN1 gene) and Gemins 2-8 (Gem-associated proteins: GEMIN2, GEMIN3, GEMIN4, GEMIN5, GEMIN6, GEMIN7, GEMIN8) forming the SMN complex. It is here that the snRNA binds to the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ultraviolet helps detect organic material deposits that remain on surfaces where periodic cleaning and sanitizing may have failed. It is used in the hotel industry, manufacturing, and other industries where levels of cleanliness or contamination are inspected.
Perennial news features for many television news organizati... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The ionotropic glutamate receptors bind the neurotransmitter glutamate. They form tetramers, with each subunit consisting of an extracellular amino terminal domain (ATD, which is involved tetramer assembly), an extracellular ligand binding domain (LBD, which binds glutamate), and a transmembrane domain (TMD, which form... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The europium anomaly is the phenomenon whereby the europium (Eu) concentration in a mineral is either enriched or depleted relative to some standard, commonly a chondrite or mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB). In geochemistry a europium anomaly is said to be "positive" if the Eu concentration in the mineral is enriched rel... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A dipole can align to stabilize or destabilize the formation or loss of a charge, thereby decreasing (if stabilized) or increasing (if destabilized) the activation barrier to a chemical event. Field effects can therefore tune the acidity or basicity of bonds within their fields by donating or withdrawing charge density... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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