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Many of the usual methods are useful for determining physical and structural properties of Zintl phases. Some Zintl phases can be decomposed into a Zintl ion—the polyanion that composes the anionic substructure of the phase—and counter ion, which can be studied as described below. The heat of formation of these phases ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Wigner–Seitz cell around a lattice point is defined as the locus of points in space that are closer to that lattice point than to any of the other lattice points.
It can be shown mathematically that a Wigner–Seitz cell is a primitive cell. This implies that the cell spans the entire direct space without leaving any... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many metal alkoxide compounds also feature oxo-ligands. Oxo-ligands typically arise via the hydrolysis, often accidentally, and via ether elimination:
Additionally, low valent metal alkoxides are susceptible to oxidation by air.
Characteristically, transition metal alkoxides are polynuclear, that is they contain more t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The electron affinity (E) of an atom or molecule is defined as the amount of energy released when an electron attaches to a neutral atom or molecule in the gaseous state to form an anion.
::X(g) + e → X(g) + energy
This differs by sign from the energy change of electron capture ionization. The electron affinity is pos... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
All transcriptomic methods require RNA to first be isolated from the experimental organism before transcripts can be recorded. Although biological systems are incredibly diverse, RNA extraction techniques are broadly similar and involve mechanical disruption of cells or tissues, disruption of RNase with chaotropic salt... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lavoisier, together with Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau, Claude-Louis Berthollet, and Antoine François de Fourcroy, submitted a new program for the reforms of chemical nomenclature to the Academy in 1787, for there was virtually no rational system of chemical nomenclature at this time. This work, titled Méthode de nom... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Floral scent, or flower scent, is composed of all the volatile organic compounds (VOCs), or aroma compounds, emitted by floral tissue (e.g. flower petals). Other names for floral scent include, aroma, fragrance, floral odour or perfume. Flower scent of most flowering plant species encompasses a diversity of VOCs, somet... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For many years the photocathode was the only practical method for converting light to an electron current. As such it tends to function as a form of electric film and shared many characteristics of photography. It was therefore the key element in opto-electronic devices, such as TV camera tubes like the orthicon and vi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
All skimmers have key features in common: water flows through a chamber and is brought into contact with a column of fine bubbles. The bubbles collect proteins and other substances and carry them to the top of the device where the foam, but not the water, collects in a cup. Here the foam condenses to a liquid, which ca... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
While tribocorrosion phenomena may affect many materials, they are most critical for metals, especially the normally corrosion resistant so-called passive metals. The vast majority of corrosion resistant metals and alloys used in engineering (stainless steels, titanium, aluminium etc.) fall into this category. These me... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
While phases of matter are traditionally defined for systems in thermal equilibrium, work on quantum many-body localized (MBL) systems has provided a framework for defining phases out of equilibrium. MBL phases never reach thermal equilibrium, and can allow for new forms of order disallowed in equilibrium via a phenome... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Scaffold proteins act in at least four ways: tethering signaling components, localizing these components to specific areas of the cell, regulating signal transduction by coordinating positive and negative feedback signals, and insulating correct signaling proteins from competing proteins. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Isocyanates are electrophiles, and as such they are reactive toward a variety of nucleophiles including alcohols, amines, and even water having a higher reactivity compared to structurally analogous isothiocyanates.
Upon treatment with an alcohol, an isocyanate forms a urethane linkage:
where R and R' are alkyl or aryl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Oil of guaiac is a fragrance ingredient used in soap and perfumery. Despite its name it does not come from the Guaiacum tree, but from the palo santo tree (Bulnesia sarmientoi).
Oil of guaiac is produced through steam distillation of a mixture of wood and sawdust from palo santo. It is sometimes incorrectly called gua... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ceiling temperature () is a measure of the tendency of a polymer to revert to its constituent monomers. When a polymer is at its ceiling temperature, the rate of polymerization and depolymerization of the polymer are equal. Generally, the ceiling temperature of a given polymer is correlated to the steric hindrance of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lute was commonly used in distillation, which required airtight vessels and connectors to ensure that no vapours were lost; thus it was employed by chemists and alchemists, the latter being known to refer to it as "lutum sapientiae" or the "lute of Wisdom".
The earthen and glass vessels commonly employed in these proce... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A room within a room (RWAR) is one method of isolating sound and preventing it from transmitting to the outside world where it may be undesirable.
Most sound transfer from a room to the outside occurs through mechanical means. The vibration passes directly through the brick, woodwork and other solid structural elements... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
These compounds form during the catabolism of carbohydrates and lipids in condensation reactions, and in some other metabolic reactions of the amino acids. Oxygen is produced by plants and some bacteria in photosynthesis, while CO is a waste product of all animals and plants. Nitrogen gases are produced by denitrifyi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Two main processes can explain the transfer of energy from the short wind waves to the long infragravity waves, and both are important in shallow water and for steep wind waves. The most common process is the subharmonic interaction of trains of wind waves which was first observed by Munk and Tucker and explained by Lo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
All of the following papers were published by
Scheele within a span of fifteen years.
Scheeles papers appeared first in the Transactions of the Swedish Academy of Sciences, and in various periodicals such as Lorenz Florenz Friedrich von Crells Chemische Annalen. Scheeles work was collected and published in four langu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The insulin transduction pathway is a biochemical pathway by which insulin increases the uptake of glucose into fat and muscle cells and reduces the synthesis of glucose in the liver and hence is involved in maintaining glucose homeostasis. This pathway is also influenced by fed versus fasting states, stress levels, an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Atmospheric concentration continued to fall after about 60 million years ago. About 34 million years ago, the time of the Eocene–Oligocene extinction event and when the Antarctic ice sheet started to take its current form, was about 760 ppm, and there is geochemical evidence that concentrations were less than 300 ppm... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1993, Schreiber and his co-workers reported the first total synthesis of the unnatural antipode (-)-discodermolide and determined the absolute stereochemistry of the natural product. The Schreiber team recognized three fragments of roughly equal complexity that are separated by olefinic units in discodermolide. The... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If the incoming stream is perpendicular to the stagnation line, but approaches obliquely, the outer flow is not potential, but has a constant vorticity . The appropriate stream function for oblique stagnation point flow is given by
Viscous effects due to the presence of a solid wall was studied by Stuart (1959), Tama... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Schoenflies (or Schönflies) notation, named after the German mathematician Arthur Moritz Schoenflies, is a notation primarily used to specify point groups in three dimensions. Because a point group alone is completely adequate to describe the symmetry of a molecule, the notation is often sufficient and commonly use... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chemical materials developed to assist in the production of food, feed, and fiber include herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, and other pesticides. Pesticides are chemicals that play an important role in increasing crop yield and mitigating crop losses. These work to keep insects and other animals away from crops to ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A single nucleotide switch (polymorphism) in FRAS1 promoter region is associated with metastatic Prostate cancer. The promoter region is directly related to the NFkB pathway and has been shown to be associated with lethal prostate cancer.
Fras1 related extracellular matrix (FREM1) directly relates to congenital diaphr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In eastern Washington and northern Idaho, meadow voles are found in relative abundance in sedge (Carex sp.) fens, but not in adjacent cedar (Thuja sp.)-hemlock (Tsuga sp.), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), or ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests. Meadow voles are also absent from fescue (Festuca sp.)-snowberry ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bioadhesives are of commercial interest because they tend to be biocompatible, i.e. useful for biomedical applications involving skin or other body tissue. Some work in wet environments and under water, while others can stick to low surface energy – non-polar surfaces like plastic. In recent years, the synthetic adhesi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Another use for FRET is in the study of metabolic or signaling pathways. For example, FRET and BRET have been used in various experiments to characterize G-protein coupled receptor activation and consequent signaling mechanisms. Other examples include the use of FRET to analyze such diverse processes as bacterial chemo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Alpha-substitution reactions occur at the position next to the carbonyl group,
the α-position, and involve the substitution of an α hydrogen atom
by an electrophile, E, through either an enol or enolate ion intermediate. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In sporadic cancers, a DNA repair deficiency is occasionally found to be due to a mutation in a DNA repair gene. However, much more frequently, reduced or absent expression of a DNA repair gene in cancer is due to methylation of its promoter. For example, of 113 colorectal cancers examined, only four had a missense m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The structure of tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene (TDAE) is highly distorted. The dihedral angle for the two NC ends is 28º although the C=C distance is normal 135 pm. The nearly isostructural tetraisopropylethylene also has a C=C distance of 135 pm, but its C core is planar. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Sommelet reaction is an organic reaction in which a benzyl halide is converted to an aldehyde by action of hexamine and water. It is named after the French chemist Marcel Sommelet, who first reported the reaction in 1913.
One example, thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde is prepared by the reaction of hexamine with 2-chlorom... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The mathematical formula can be derived from first principles. It reads:where the population density is a function of age and time , and is the death function. When , we have:
It relates that a population ages, and that fact is the only one that influences change in population density; the negative sign shows that t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The development of rapamycin as an anticancer agent began again in the 1990s with the discovery of temsirolimus (CCI-779). This novel soluble rapamycin derivative had a favorable toxicological profile in animals. More rapamycin derivatives with improved pharmacokinetics and reduced immunosuppressive effects have since ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) is a gravimetric technique that measures how quickly and how much of a solvent is absorbed by a sample such as a dry powder absorbing water. It does this by varying the vapor concentration surrounding the sample and measuring the change in mass which this produces. The technique is mostly u... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Wohl model may refer to:
* Wohl equation of state: an empirical model for a real gas proposed by A. Wohl
* an empirical model for the excess Gibbs free energy of mixing which has been formulated for ternary solutions by K. Wohl (1946, 1953) | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In geology, a deformation mechanism is a process occurring at a microscopic scale that is responsible for changes in a material's internal structure, shape and volume. The process involves planar discontinuity and/or displacement of atoms from their original position within a crystal lattice structure. These small chan... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cold fusion is a hypothesized type of nuclear reaction that would occur at, or near, room temperature. It would contrast starkly with the "hot" fusion that is known to take place naturally within stars and artificially in hydrogen bombs and prototype fusion reactors under immense pressure and at temperatures of million... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Refer to the figure on the bottom right plotting the heat capacity as a function of temperature. In this context, T is the temperature corresponding to point A on the curve.
Different operational definitions of the glass transition temperature T are in use, and several of them are endorsed as accepted scientific standa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The pedosphere () is the outermost layer of the Earth that is composed of soil and subject to soil formation processes. It exists at the interface of the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere. The pedosphere is the skin of the Earth and only develops when there is a dynamic interaction between the atmosphe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Frogs acquire the toxins needed for chemical defense by either producing them through glands on their skin or through their diet. The source of toxins in their diet are primarily arthropods, ranging from beetles to millipedes. When the required dietary components are absent, such as in captivity, the frog is no longer ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Metabolic imprinting refers to the long-term physiological and metabolic effects that an offsprings prenatal and postnatal environments have on them. Perinatal nutrition has been identified as a significant factor in determining an offsprings likelihood of it being predisposed to developing cardiovascular disease, obes... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thermoplastic polymers like polyolefins can be remelted and reformed into new items. This approach is referred to as mechanical recycling and is usually the simplest and most economical form of recovery. Post-consumer plastic will usually already bare a degree of degradation. Another round of melt-processing will exac... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Self-assembly is the most common term in use in the modern scientific community to describe the spontaneous aggregation of particles (atoms, molecules, colloids, micelles, etc.) without the influence of any external forces. Large groups of such particles are known to assemble themselves into thermodynamically stable, s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Progesterone also has a role in skin elasticity and bone strength, in respiration, in nerve tissue and in female sexuality, and the presence of progesterone receptors in certain muscle and fat tissue may hint at a role in sexually dimorphic proportions of those.
* During pregnancy, progesterone is said to decrease ut... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gas lasers, laser diodes, and solid-state lasers can be manufactured to emit ultraviolet rays, and lasers are available that cover the entire UV range. The nitrogen gas laser uses electronic excitation of nitrogen molecules to emit a beam that is mostly UV. The strongest ultraviolet lines are at 337.1 nm and 357.6 nm i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sildenafil has been shown to be at least as effective as calcium channel blockers in treating severe Raynauds phenomenon (RP) associated with systemic sclerosis and digital ulceration. When given sildenafil for 4 weeks subjects had reduced mean frequency and duration of Raynaud attacks and a significantly lowered mean ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are multiple conventions for naming polymer substances. Many commonly used polymers, such as those found in consumer products, are referred to by a common or trivial name. The trivial name is assigned based on historical precedent or popular usage rather than a standardized naming convention. Both the American Ch... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A facultative anaerobic organism is an organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but is capable of switching to fermentation if oxygen is absent.
Some examples of facultatively anaerobic bacteria are Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Listeria spp., Shewanella oneidensis and Y... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A metallic microlattice is composed of a network of interconnecting hollow struts. In the least-dense microlattice sample reported, each strut is about 100 micrometres in diameter, with a wall 100 nanometres thick. The completed structure is about 99.99% air by volume, and by convention, the mass of air is excluded whe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Under the auspices of the Manhattan Project, Rafferty directed Union Carbide's efforts to enrich uranium (some of which was mined by another Union Carbide subsidiary: the United States Vanadium Corporation) for use in an atomic bomb. This effort culminated in Union Carbide designing (along with the Kellex Corporation),... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A Ramachandran plot can be used in two somewhat different ways. One is to show in theory which values, or conformations, of the ψ and φ angles are possible for an amino-acid residue in a protein (as at top right). A second is to show the empirical distribution of datapoints observed in a single structure (as at right, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Römpp Encyclopedia Natural Products is an encyclopedia of natural products written by German chemists who specialize in this area of science. It is published by Thieme Medical Publishers. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The electrical field of terahertz pulses is measured in a detector simultaneously illuminated with an ultrashort laser pulse. Two common detection schemes are used in THz-TDS: photoconductive sampling and electro-optical sampling. The power of THz pulses can be detected by bolometers (heat detectors cooled to liquid-he... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Antiquarian interest in the gold artefacts of prehistory emerged in the British Isles during the Early Modern period. In 1696, the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, southern England obtained the Ballyshannon Disk, the first such artefact of its type in their collection, although in ensuing centuries they would gain a number ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Amylolytic process or amylolysis is the conversion of starch into sugar by the action of acids or enzymes such as amylase.
Starch begins to pile up inside the leaves of plants during times of light when starch is able to be produced by photosynthetic processes. This ability to make starch disappears in the dark due to ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1977 J.M Whatley proposed a plastid development cycle which said that plastid development is not always unidirectional but is instead a complicated cyclic process. Proplastids are the precursor of the more differentiated forms of plastids, as shown in the diagram to the right. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
By using the first law of thermodynamics, this internal energy can be expressed as a pressure, that is
where this expression remains valid for temperatures much smaller than the Fermi temperature. This pressure is known as the degeneracy pressure. In this sense, systems composed of fermions are also referred as degener... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Referring to conduction, Partington writes: "If a hot body is brought in conducting contact with a cold body, the temperature of the hot body falls and that of the cold body rises, and it is said that a quantity of heat has passed from the hot body to the cold body."
Referring to radiation, Maxwell writes: "In Radiatio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The structure–correlation principle states that structural changes that occur along the reaction coordinate can reveal themselves in the ground state as deviations of bond distances and angles from normal values along the reaction coordinate. According to this theory if one particular bond length on reaching the transi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
NaK containing 40% to 90% potassium by mass is liquid at room temperature. The eutectic mixture consists of 77% potassium and 23% sodium by mass (NaK-77), and it is a liquid from , and has a density of 0.866 g/cm at and 0.855 g/cm at , making it less dense than water. It is highly reactive with water and is stored usu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The second major application of pharmacometabolomics is the analysis of a patient's metabolic profile following the administration of a specific therapy. This process is often secondary to a pre-treatment metabolic analysis, allowing for the comparison of pre- and post-treatment metabolite concentrations. This allows ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The other function of retromer is the recycling of protein cargo directly back to the plasma membrane. Dysfunction of this branch of the retromer recycling pathway causes endosomal protein traffic jams that are linked to Alzheimer’s disease. It has been suggested that recycling dysfunction is the “fire” that drives ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The ability to inhibit or modify enzyme function absent a catalytic pocket binding site target greatly expands the potentially druggable portion of the proteome. Furthermore, most classes of chimeric small molecules can act on many targets over their life cycle, lowering the effective dose compared to traditional inhib... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A decrease in pH (increase in ion concentration) shifts the standard curve to the right, while an increase shifts it to the left. This occurs because at greater ion concentration, various amino acid residues, such as Histidine 146 exist predominantly in their protonated form allowing them to form ion pairs that stabi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As polymers get longer and their molecular weight increases, their viscosity tend to increase. Thus, the measured viscosity of polymers can provide valuable information about the average length of the polymer, the progress of reactions, and in what ways the polymer branches. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This page discusses each of the main elements in the mixture of fission products produced by nuclear fission of the common nuclear fuels uranium and plutonium. The isotopes are listed by element, in order by atomic number.
Neutron capture by the nuclear fuel in nuclear reactors and atomic bombs also produces actinides ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ferrier was born in Edinburgh on 7 August 1932. Following the family's idiosyncratic naming tradition, although he was named Robert John, he was always known as Robin. Likewise his father Edward was known as William and his mother Sophia was known as Rita. William was a policeman and became head of Edinburgh CID, while... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
First, ion-specific microelectrodes can be used to measure the internal free ion concentration of cells and organelles. The major advantages are that readings can be made from cells over relatively long periods of time, and that unlike dyes very little extra ion buffering capacity is added to the cells.
Second, the tec... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A more complex, specific example of crosstalk between two major signaling pathways can be observed with the interaction of the cAMP and MAPK signaling pathways in the activation of lymphocytes. In this case, components of the cAMP pathway directly and indirectly affect MAPK signaling pathway meant to activate genes inv... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Generally, and except for specific continuous-filtering or continuous-cultivating versions, algae scrubbers require the algae to be removed ("harvested") periodically from the scrubber. This removal of algae has the effect of removing undesired nutrients from the water because the algae used the nutrients in order to g... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The lower limit of the hot working temperature is determined by its recrystallization temperature. As a guideline, the lower limit of the hot working temperature of a material is 60% its melting temperature (on an absolute temperature scale). The upper limit for hot working is determined by various factors, such as: ex... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Reststrahlen effect (German: “residual rays”) is a reflectance phenomenon in which electromagnetic radiation within a narrow energy band cannot propagate within a given medium due to a change in refractive index concurrent with the specific absorbance band of the medium in question; this narrow energy band is terme... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A nuclear chain reaction was proposed by Leo Szilard in 1933, shortly after the neutron was discovered, yet more than five years before nuclear fission was first discovered. Szilárd knew of chemical chain reactions, and he had been reading about an energy-producing nuclear reaction involving high-energy protons bombard... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The main advantage of FbFPs over GFP is their independence of molecular oxygen. Since all GFP derivatives and homologues require molecular oxygen for the maturation of their chromophore, these fluorescent proteins are of limited use under anaerobic or hypoxic conditions.
Since FbFPs bind FMN as chromophore, which is s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Monomeric metal carbyne complexes exhibit fairly linear M–C–R linkages according to X-ray crystallography. The M–C distances are typically shorter than the M–C bonds found in metal carbenes. The bond angle is generally between 170° and 180° Analogous to Fischer and Schrock carbenes; Fischer and Schrock carbynes are als... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ultraviolet radiation is helpful in the treatment of skin conditions such as psoriasis and vitiligo. Exposure to UVA, while the skin is hyper-photosensitive, by taking psoralens is an effective treatment for psoriasis. Due to the potential of psoralens to cause damage to the liver, PUVA therapy may be used only a limit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In order to have a practical microscope or diffractometer, just having an electron beam was not enough, it needed to be controlled. Many developments laid the groundwork of electron optics; see the paper by Chester J. Calbick for an overview of the early work. One significant step was the work of Heinrich Hertz in 1883... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Experiments in atomic physics are often done with a laser of a specific frequency (meaning the photons have a specific energy), so they only couple one set of states with a particular energy to another set of states with an energy . However, the atom can still decay spontaneously into a third state by emitting a phot... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERV) comprise a significant part of the human genome, with approximately 98,000 ERV elements and fragments making up 5–8%. According to a study published in 2005, no HERVs capable of replication had been identified; all appeared to be defective, containing major deletions or nonsense mut... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Calorimetry may be used to monitor the course of a reaction, since the instantaneous heat flux of the reaction, which is directly related to the enthalpy change for the reaction, is monitored. Reaction calorimetry may be classified as a differential technique since the primary data collected are proportional to rate vs... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Penicillamine is a trifunctional organic compound, consisting of a thiol, an amine, and a carboxylic acid. It is an amino acid structurally similar to cysteine, but with geminal dimethyl substituents α to the thiol. Like most amino acids, it is a colorless solid that exists in the zwitterionic form at physiological pH.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A photochemical logic gate is based on the photochemical intersystem crossing and molecular electronic transition between photochemically active molecules, leading to logic gates that can be produced. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Despite having a lower than optimum drug penetration into bone ratio of 10–20%, flucloxacillin appears effective in treating osteomyelitis.
Depending on local guidance it may be used in the treatment of infection of joints while waiting for culture results. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Microbial superantigens are molecules expressed by bacteria and other microorganisms that have the power to stimulate a strong immune response by activation of T-cells. These molecules generally have regions that resemble self-antigens that promote a residual autoimmune response – this is the theory of molecular mimicr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The European Union (EU) was the first to issue regulations for biosolids land application; this aimed to put a limit to the pathogen and pollution risk. These risks come from the fact that some metabolites remain intact after waste water treatment processes. Debates over biosolid use vary in severity across the EU. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Submolecular resolution can be achieved in constant height mode. In this case it is crucial to operate the cantilever at small, even sub-Ångström oscillation amplitudes. The frequency shift is then independent of the amplitude and is most sensitive to short-range forces, possibly yielding atomic scale contrast within a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In natural optical activity, the difference between the LCP light and the RCP light is caused by the asymmetry of the molecules (i.e. chiral molecules). Because of the handedness of the molecule, the absorption of the LCP light would be different from the RCP light. However, in MCD in the presence of a magnetic field, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Asphalt modification through nanoparticles can be considered as an interesting low-cost technique in asphalt pavement engineering providing novel perspectives in making asphalt materials more durable. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The circumstances of Brands birth are unknown but he was born in 1630 and died or 1710. Some sources describe his origins as humble and indicate that he had been an apprentice glassmaker as a young man. However, correspondence by his second wife Margaretha states that he was of high social standing. In any case he hel... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When a shape-memory alloy is in its cold state (below M), the metal can be bent or stretched and will hold those shapes until heated above the transition temperature. Upon heating, the shape changes to its original. When the metal cools again, it will retain the shape, until deformed again.
With the one-way effect, coo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The European Congress on Molecular Spectroscopy (EUCMOS) is held every two years. The first Congress in this series was held in Basel (Switzerland) in 1951. It focuses on all aspects of spectroscopic methods and techniques (including applications), as well as computational and theoretical approaches for the investigati... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dibenzo-18-crown-6 is the organic compound with the formula [OCHOCHCHOCHCH]. It is a white solid that is soluble in organic solvents. As one of the most popular crown ethers, it facilitates the dissolution of many salts in organic solvents. It is related to the non-benzannulated 18-crown-6.
Dibenzo-18-crown-6 can be... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A typical action potential begins at the axon hillock with a sufficiently strong depolarization, e.g., a stimulus that increases V. This depolarization is often caused by the injection of extra sodium cations into the cell; these cations can come from a wide variety of sources, such as chemical synapses, sensory neuron... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
After recognizing an antigen, an antigen-presenting cell such as the macrophage or B lymphocyte engulfs it completely by a process called phagocytosis. The engulfed particle, along with some material surrounding it, forms the endocytic vesicle (the phagosome), which fuses with lysosomes. Within the lysosome, the antige... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The so-called "Heidelberg-Moscow collaboration" (HDM; 1990–2003) of the German Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik and the Russian science center Kurchatov Institute in Moscow famously claimed to have found "evidence for neutrinoless double beta decay" (Heidelberg-Moscow controversy). Initially, in 2001 the collaboratio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sulfation is a relatively slow reaction (several hours) compared with carbonation ( will come into contact with CaCO than CaO. However, both reactions are possible, and are shown below.
:Indirect sulfation: CaO + SO + 1/2 O → CaSO
:Direct sulfation: CaCO + + 1/2 O → CaSO + CO
Because calcium sulfate has a greater mola... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lightweighting is a concept in the auto industry about building cars and trucks that are less heavy as a way to achieve better fuel efficiency, battery range, acceleration, braking and handling. In addition, lighter vehicles can tow and haul larger loads because the engine is not carrying unnecessary weight. Excessive ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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