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The Applied Inorganic Chemistry Award, established in 2008, is conferred biennially by the Dalton division of the Royal Society of Chemistry for "outstanding contributions to the development of any branch of inorganic chemistry which has an application in industry." The winner gives a lecture tour in the UK, and receiv... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some radionuclides, such as cobalt-60 and iridium-192, are made by the neutron irradiation of normal non-radioactive cobalt and iridium metal in a nuclear reactor, creating radioactive nuclides of these elements which contain extra neutrons, compared to the original stable nuclides.
In addition to their uses in radiogr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pets, especially dogs, can contribute to fecal contamination of surface waters. Runoff from roads, parking lots, and yards can carry animal wastes to streams through storm sewers. Birds can be a significant source of fecal coliform bacteria. Swans, geese, seagulls, and other waterfowl can all elevate bacterial counts... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Aside from ethylene oxide, most epoxides are generated by treating alkenes with peroxide-containing reagents, which donate a single oxygen atom. Safety considerations weigh on these reactions because organic peroxides are prone to spontaneous decomposition or even combustion.
Metal complexes are useful catalysts for ep... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
UV is an investigative tool at the crime scene helpful in locating and identifying bodily fluids such as semen, blood, and saliva. For example, ejaculated fluids or saliva can be detected by high-power UV sources, irrespective of the structure or colour of the surface the fluid is deposited upon. UV–vis microspectrosco... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In some literature articles, the terms "mechanism of action" and "mode of action" are used interchangeably, typically referring to the way in which the drug interacts and produces a medical effect. However, in actuality, a mode of action describes functional or anatomical changes, at the cellular level, resulting from ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nitrates do not affect infants and pregnant women. Blue baby syndrome is caused by a number of other factors such as gastric upset, such as diarrheal infection, protein intolerance, heavy metal toxicity etc., with nitrates playing a minor role. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The dipolar powder pattern (also Pake pattern) has a very characteristic shape that arises when two nuclear spins are coupled together within a crystallite. The splitting between the maxima (the "horns") of the pattern is equal to the dipolar coupling constant .:
where γ and γ are the gyromagnetic ratios of the dipolar... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
was a Japanese medical doctor working as a medical scientist who discovered tranexamic acid in the 1950s in her quest to find a drug that would treat bleeding after childbirth (post-partum haemorrhage). After publishing results in 1962 she became a chair at Kobe Gakuin University, where she worked from 1966 until her r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pyrometallurgy involves high temperature processes where chemical reactions take place among gases, solids, and molten materials. Solids containing valuable metals are treated to form intermediate compounds for further processing or converted into their elemental or metallic state. Pyrometallurgical processes that in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An open reading frame (ORF) is a reading frame that has the potential to be transcribed into RNA and translated into protein. It requires a continuous sequence of DNA which may include a start codon, through a subsequent region which has a length that is a multiple of 3 nucleotides, to a stop codon in the same reading ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
TLRs are a type of pattern recognition receptor (PRR) and recognize molecules that are broadly shared by pathogens but distinguishable from host molecules, collectively referred to as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). In addition to the recognition of exogenous PAMPs, TLRs can also bind to endogenous dama... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Increased blood CRP levels were higher in people with avian flu H7N9 compared to those with H1N1 (more common) influenza, with a review reporting that severe H1N1 influenza had elevated CRP. In 2020, people infected with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China, had elevated CRP. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
SREBPs have been found to play a role with the nutritional or hormonal effects on the lipogenic gene expression.
Overexpression of SREBP-1a or SREBP-1c in mouse liver cells results in the build-up of hepatic triglycerides and higher expression levels of lipogenic genes.
Lipogenic gene expression in the liver via glucos... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
DNA sequences distal to a protein binding site may be brought into physical proximity through looping of chromosomes. For example, such interactions mediate enhancer and promoter function. These interactions can be detected through the action of Dam methylation. If Dam is targeted to a specific known DNA locus, distal ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some chiral three-dimensional objects, such as the helix, can be assigned a right or left handedness, according to the right-hand rule.
Many other familiar objects exhibit the same chiral symmetry of the human body, such as gloves and shoes. Right shoes differ from left shoes only by being mirror images of each other. ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Structurally, the lac repressor protein is a homotetramer. More precisely, the tetramer contains two DNA-binding subunits composed of two monomers each (a dimer of dimers). Each monomer consists of four distinct regions:
*An N-terminal DNA-binding domain (in which two LacI proteins bind a single operator site)
*A regul... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Apart from the very bulky substituents, a η-coordination of diphosphene to a metal is also possible to stabilize the P-P double bond. In 1982, K. R. Dixon et al. synthesized platinum and palladium complexes (with M=Pt or Pd and L=(PPh3) or ), which contained side-on coordination. Different from η coordination complex,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Kanu was the first member of his family to attend university. He attended University of Sierra Leone, where he studied chemistry in Fourah Bay College. He was involved with track and field as an undergraduate student. Kanu was awarded a Commonwealth Scholarship, and moved from Sierra Leone to Manchester for his graduat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The figure illustrates a two-component medium. Consider the cross-hatched volume of conductivity , take it as a sphere of volume and assume it is embedded in a uniform medium with an effective conductivity . If the electric field far from the inclusion is then elementary considerations lead to a dipole moment associa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Firefly luciferase bioluminescence color can vary between yellow-green (λ = 550 nm) to red (λ = 620). There are currently several different mechanisms describing how the structure of luciferase affects the emission spectrum of the photon and effectively the color of light emitted.
One mechanism proposes that the color ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A Type V-K system was originally characterized from a cyanobacteria, Scytonema hofmanni, and contains a single Cas effector, Cas12k, that functions with a tracrRNA. This system functions similarly to Tn7 but does not have a TnsA protein which can result in off-targeting and chimera formation during over-expression. The... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Kidd Process development team modified its cathode plates to cope with high-corrosion environments, such as the liberator cells used to remove contaminants in refineries and some high-corrosion environments in electrowinning plants.
The design of the plate features a stainless-steel jacket that surrounds a solid-co... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Health Canada published recommended dietary intakes (DRIs) and tolerable upper intake levels (ULs) for vitamin D based on the jointly commissioned and funded Institute of Medicine 2010 report. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are several possible potential benefits to chiral switching or chiral specific drugs. These include:
#An improved (less complex, more selective) pharmacodynamic profile
#A higher therapeutic index (improved safety margin)
#Less complex pharmacokinetic profile, less complex drug interactions
#Less complex relation... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The capnellane group became a focal point for synthesis in the 1970s and 80’s. Scientists believed that these compounds had antimicrobial properties, based on an earlier discovery of antimicrobial activity in gorgonian soft corals and a later study of antimicrobial terpenoid compounds in alcyonarians. It was also postu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are significant advantages to using MAS NMR in structural biology. Magic angle spinning can be used to characterize large insoluble systems, including biological assemblies and intact viruses, that cannot be studied with other methods. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fluorine is estimated to be the 13th-most abundant element in Earth's crust and is widely dispersed in nature, entirely in the form of fluorides. The vast majority is held in mineral deposits, the most commercially important of which is fluorite (CaF). Natural weathering of some kinds of rocks, as well as human activit... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
All nucleons, that is neutrons and protons, composing any atomic nucleus, have the intrinsic quantum property of spin, an intrinsic angular momentum analogous to the classical angular momentum of a spinning sphere. The overall spin of the nucleus is determined by the spin quantum number S. If the numbers of both the pr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In any solid at any temperature, the primary particles (e.g. atoms or molecules) are not stationary, but rather vibrate about mean positions. In insulators the capacity of the solid to store thermal energy is due almost entirely to these vibrations. Many physical properties of the solid (e.g. modulus of elasticity) can... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
John Walshe first described the use of penicillamine in Wilsons disease in 1956. He had discovered the compound in the urine of patients (including himself) who had taken penicillin, and experimentally confirmed that it increased urinary copper excretion by chelation. He had initial difficulty convincing several world ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
SUPERFAMILY is a database and search platform of structural and functional annotation for all proteins and genomes. It classifies amino acid sequences into known structural domains, especially into SCOP superfamilies. Domains are functional, structural, and evolutionary units that form proteins. Domains of common Ances... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In December 2008, a number of Irish news sources reported testing had revealed "extremely high" levels of dioxins, by toxic equivalent, in pork products, ranging from 80 to 200 times the EU's upper safe limit of 1.5 pg WHO-TEQ/μg i.e. 0.12 to 0.3 parts per billion.
Brendan Smith, the Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Zirconium tungstate () is the zirconium salt of tungstic acid and has unusual properties. The phase formed at ambient pressure by reaction of ZrO and WO is a metastable cubic phase, which has negative thermal expansion characteristics, namely it shrinks over a wide range of temperatures when heated. In contrast to most... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A number of microbial metabolisms fractionate sulfur isotopes in distinctive ways, and the sulfur isotopic fingerprints of these metabolisms can be preserved in minerals and ancient organic matter. By measuring the sulfur isotopic composition of these preserved materials, scientists can reconstruct ancient biological p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Charles William Shoppee FAA FRS (1904–1994) was a British-born organic chemist who performed major research into steroids. He was Professor of Chemistry at the University College of Swansea (1946–1956) and Professor of Organic Chemistry at the University of Sydney (1956–1969).
The short citation on hi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Schikorr reaction formally describes the conversion of the iron(II) hydroxide (Fe(OH)) into iron(II,III) oxide (FeO). This transformation reaction was first studied by Gerhard Schikorr. The global reaction follows:
It is of special interest in the context of the serpentinization, the formation of hydrogen by the ac... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Advertising is common in healthcare journals as well as through more mainstream media routes. In some countries, notably the US, they are allowed to advertise directly to the general public. Pharmaceutical companies generally employ salespeople (often called drug reps or, an older term, detail men) to market directly a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pollution from metals is very common, as they are used in many industrial processes such as electroplating, textiles, paint and leather. The wastewater from these industries is often used for agricultural purposes, so besides the immediate damage to the ecosystem it is spilled into, the metals can enter creatures and h... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Systems that admit a treatment with the system size expansion may be described by a probability distribution , giving the probability of observing the system in state at time . may be, for example, a vector with elements corresponding to the number of molecules of different chemical species in a system. In a system o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The inherent properties and the incorporation of wood fiber and particles in this composite, has made it possible to produce GWC building materials that are light weight and has a variety of uses due to its heat storage capacity, for example in areas of thermal insulation, fire and noise protection.
The wood-geopolymer... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Most of the calculations above are exact at zero temperature, yet remain as good approximations for temperatures lower than the Fermi temperature. For other thermodynamics variables it is necessary to write a thermodynamic potential. For an ensemble of identical fermions, the best way to derive a potential is from the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Another role for these receptors is at the junction of the innervated tissues and the postganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. Here acetylcholine is again used as a neurotransmitter, and muscarinic receptors form the principal receptors on the innervated tissue. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, hydrocyanation is a process for conversion of alkenes to nitriles. The reaction involves the addition of hydrogen cyanide and requires a catalyst. This conversion is conducted on an industrial scale for the production of precursors to nylon. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thylakoids can be purified from plant cells using a combination of differential and gradient centrifugation. Disruption of isolated thylakoids, for example by mechanical shearing, releases the lumenal fraction. Peripheral and integral membrane fractions can be extracted from the remaining membrane fraction. Treatment w... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cryptands and crown ethers typically do not form inclusion complexes since the guest is bound by forces stronger than van der Waals bonding. If the guest is enclosed on all sides so that it is trapped, the compound is known as a clathrate, not an inclusion complex. In molecular encapsulation, a guest molecule is trap... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
ortho-Carborane undergoes 2e- reduction when treated with a solution of lithium in ammonia. The result is the nido cluster 7,9-[CBH]. In the dianion, the carbon vertices are not adjacent. The same cluster is produced by reduction of meta-carborane. Oxidation of the resulting 7,9-[CBH] gives ortho-carborane. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Milling is the complex shaping of metal or other materials by removing material to form the final shape. It is generally done on a milling machine, a power-driven machine that in its basic form consists of a milling cutter that rotates about the spindle axis (like a drill), and a worktable that can move in multiple dir... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Methods of nuclear spectroscopy use properties of a nucleus to probe a materials properties, especially the materials local structure. Common methods include nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), Mössbauer spectroscopy (MBS), and perturbed angular correlation (PAC). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The aims of Statistical hydrology is to provide appropriate statistical methods for analyzing and modeling various parts of the hydrological cycle. By analyzing the statistical properties of hydrologic records, such as rainfall or river flow, hydrologists can estimate future hydrologic phenomena. When making assessment... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Autoclave reactors are used for reactions at higher temperatures, which can enhance the rate of the reaction. Similarly, autoclaves enable the use of gaseous reagents in the system. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In high-temperature metal joining processes (welding, brazing and soldering), fluxes are nearly inert at room temperature, but become strongly reducing at elevated temperatures, preventing oxidation of the base and filler materials. The role of flux is typically dual: dissolving the oxides already present on the metal ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Under normal physiological conditions, inflammatory cells protect the body from foreign objects, and the body undergoes a foreign body reaction based on the adsorption of blood and proteins on the biomaterial surface. In the first two to four weeks post implant, there is an association between biomaterial adherent macr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
UV degradation is one form of polymer degradation that affects plastics exposed to sunlight. The problem appears as discoloration or fading, cracking, loss of strength or disintegration. The effects of attack increase with exposure time and sunlight intensity. The addition of UV absorbers inhibits the effect.
Sensitive... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sodium hydroxide reacts with protic acids to produce water and the corresponding salts. For example, when sodium hydroxide reacts with hydrochloric acid, sodium chloride is formed:
In general, such neutralization reactions are represented by one simple net ionic equation:
This type of reaction with a strong acid releas... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Polymers, which are not fully saturated, are vulnerable to attack by ozone. This gas exists naturally in the atmosphere but is also formed by nitrogen oxides released in vehicle exhaust pollution. Many common elastomers (rubbers) are affected, with natural rubber, polybutadiene, styrene-butadiene rubber and NBR being m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sewer network structures are prone to biodeterioration of materials due to the action of some microorganisms associated to the sulfur cycle. It can be a severely damaging phenomenon which was firstly described by Olmstead and Hamlin in 1900 for a brick sewer located in Los Angeles. Jointed mortar between the bricks dis... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hyperspectral surveillance is the implementation of hyperspectral scanning technology for surveillance purposes. Hyperspectral imaging is particularly useful in military surveillance because of countermeasures that military entities now take to avoid airborne surveillance. The idea that drives hyperspectral surveillanc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Catalysts also have a role in the unblocking of blocked isocyanates. As with regular isocyanates organometallic compounds and tertiary amines may lower the unblocking temperature. Tin compounds, such as dibutyltin dilaurate, dibutyltin diacetate and other metal compounds are effective deblocking catalysts. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Through the process of saponification, fats (like tallow, pig, and bone fats) or vegetable oils react with sodium hydroxide to form the sodium salts of fatty acids and glycerin. The resulting mixture is known as soft soap, which serves as a precursor for hard soap production. After adding sodium chloride (a process kno... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A Bjerrum defect is a crystallographic defect which is specific to ice, and which is partly responsible for the electrical properties of ice. It was first proposed by Niels Bjerrum in 1952 in order to explain the electrical polarization of ice in an electric field. A hydrogen bond normally has one proton, but a hydrog... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Small, electronegative molecules such as nitrogen and oxygen, which are the primary gases in air, significantly impact the ability of surrounding molecules to participate in hydrogen bonding. These molecules compete with surrounding hydrogen bond acceptors for hydrogen bond donors, therefore acting as "hydrogen bond br... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Illicit diversion of pseudoephedrine in Australia has caused significant changes to the way the products are regulated. , all products containing pseudoephedrine have been rescheduled as either "Pharmacist Only Medicines" (Schedule 3) or "Prescription Only Medicines" (Schedule 4), depending on the amount of pseudoephed... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Caking mechanisms depend on the nature of the material. Caking is a consequence of chemical reactions of grain surfaces. Often these reactions involve adsorption of water vapor or other gases. Crystalline solids often cake by formation of liquid bridge between microcrystals and subsequent fusion of a solid bridge. Am... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Randle cycle, also known as the glucose fatty-acid cycle, is a metabolic process involving the competition of glucose and fatty acids for substrates. It is theorized to play a role in explaining type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance.
It was named for Philip Randle, who described it in 1963. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Source:
* University of Fribourg (Switzerland, 1966)
* University of Chicago (US, 1966)
* University of Edinburgh (United Kingdom, 1979)
* University of Bologna (Italy, 1989)
* Goethe University Frankfurt (Germany, 1990)
* Louis Pasteur University (France, 1991)
* Harvard University (US, 1993)
* Scripps Research Instit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Examples of lyotropic liquid crystals can also be generated using 2D nanosheets. The most striking example of a true nematic phase has been demonstrated for many smectite clays. The issue of the existence of such a lyotropic phase was raised by Langmuir in 1938, but remained an open question for a very long time and wa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Expansion joints are often included in industrial piping systems to accommodate movement due to thermal and mechanical changes in the system. When the process requires large changes in temperature, metal components change size. Expansion joints with metal bellows are designed to accommodate certain movements while mini... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In normal usage, the rate-limiting step or rate-determining step is defined as the slowest step of a chemical reaction that determines the speed (rate) at which the overall reaction proceeds. The flux control coefficients do not measure this kind of rate-limitingness. For example, in a linear chain of reactions at stea... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Through the Partnership for Safe Water AWWA also works with the United States Environmental Protection Agency and other water organizations to help water providers optimize system performance beyond existing regulatory levels.
AWWA offers opportunities for people to meet, learn, and network at the international, nation... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A screw axis (helical axis or twist axis) is a line that is simultaneously the axis of rotation and the line along which translation of a body occurs. Chasles' theorem shows that each Euclidean displacement in three-dimensional space has a screw axis, and the displacement can be decomposed into a rotation about and a s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Before atomic orbitals were understood, spectroscopists discovered various distinctive series of spectral lines in atomic spectra, which they identified by letters. These letters were later associated with the azimuthal quantum number, ℓ. The letters, "s", "p", "d", and "f", for the first four values of ℓ were chosen t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Centrifugation and cyclonic separation, separates based on density differences
* Chelation
* Chromatography separates dissolved substances by different interaction with (i.e., travel through) a material.
** High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
** Thin-layer chromatography (TLC)
** Countercurrent chromatograp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
C-Path programs are focused on reducing the time, cost, and risk of drug development and regulatory review. Where appropriate, C-Path forms consortia to improve the drug development process.
* The Predictive Safety Testing Consortium (PSTC) works to find improved safety biomarkers to detect drug induced toxicity.
* The... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Proteins are translated by reading tri-nucleotides on the mRNA strand, also known as codons, from one end of the mRNA to the other (from the 5 to the 3 end) starting with the amino acid methionine as the start (initiation) codon AUG. Each codon is translated into a single amino acid. The code itself is considered dege... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Vildagliptin (Galvus)(Figure 6) was first synthesized in May 1998 and was named after Edwin B. Villhauer. It was discovered when researchers at Novartis examined adamantyl derivatives that had proven to be very potent. The adamantyl group worked as a steric bulk and slowed intramolecular cyclization while increasing ch... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Currently, appearance of drug resistant viruses is an inevitable consequence of prolonged exposure of HIV-1 to antiretroviral therapy. Drug resistance is a serious clinical concern in treatment of viral infection, and it is a particularly difficult problem in treatment of HIV. Resistance mutations are known for all app... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
From 1955 until 1977, the Sangamo Weston plant in Pickens, South Carolina, used PCBs to manufacture capacitors, and dumped 400,000 pounds of PCB contaminated wastewater into the Twelve Mile Creek. In 1990, the EPA declared the site of the capacitor plant, its landfills and the polluted watershed, which stretches nearl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Here, the aglycone is a simple phenolic structure. An example is arbutin found in the Common Bearberry Arctostaphylos uva-ursi. It has a urinary antiseptic effect. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There have been attempts to treat cancer using gene therapy. As of 2017, 65% of gene therapy trials were for cancer treatment.
Adenovirus vectors are useful for some cancer gene therapies because adenovirus can transiently insert genetic material into a cell without permanently altering the cell's nuclear genome. These... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Non-metallic inclusions arise because of many physical-chemical effects that occur in molten and consolidated metal during production.
Non-metallic inclusions that arise because of different reactions during metal production are called natural or indigenous. They include oxides, sulfides, nitrides and phosphides.
Apart... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One of the important capabilities of using FTIR photoacoustic spectroscopy has been the ability to evaluate samples in their in situ state by infrared spectroscopy, which can be used to detect and quantify chemical functional groups and thus chemical substances. This is particularly useful for biological samples that c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cascade process is any process that takes place in a number of steps, usually because the single step is too inefficient to produce the desired result. For example, in some uranium-enrichment processes the separation of the desired isotope is only poorly achieved in a single stage; to achieve better separation the proc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The last decade has seen a proliferation of information technology use in the planning and conduct of clinical trials. Clinical trial management systems are often used by research sponsors or CROs to help plan and manage the operational aspects of a clinical trial, particularly with respect to investigational sites. Ad... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Because uranium minerals emit radon gas, and their harmful and highly radioactive decay products, uranium mining is considerably more dangerous than other (already dangerous) hard rock mining, requiring adequate ventilation systems if the mines are not open pit. In the 1950s, a significant number of American uranium mi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A natural neuroactive substance (NAS) is a chemical synthesized by neurons that affects the actions of other neurons or muscle cells. Natural neuroactive substances include neurotransmitters, neurohormones, and neuromodulators. Neurotransmitters work only between adjacent neurons through synapses. Neurohormones are ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In fresh water, sound travels at about at (see the External Links section below for online calculators). Applications of underwater sound can be found in sonar, acoustic communication and acoustical oceanography. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Herbicide volatilisation refers to evaporation or sublimation of a volatile herbicide. The effect of gaseous chemical is lost at its intended place of application and may move downwind and affect other plants not intended to be affected causing crop damage. Herbicides vary in their susceptibility to volatilisation. Pro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dry agglomeration is agglomeration performed without water or binding liquids, instead using compression only. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Directional freezing freezes from only one direction.
Directional freezing can freeze water, from only one direction or side of a container, into clear ice.
Directional freezing in a domestic freezer can be done by putting water in a insulated container so that the water freezes from the top down, and removing before f... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The same sensor film can also be used as an actuator. Changes in thickness can be induced by applying a voltage on the film; compression and expansion of the film depends on the polarity of the voltage, and it occurs when both the outer surfaces of the film either attract or repel from each other. The attractive force ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Heavy crude oils have lower API gravity figures, and a larger percentage of impurities. It is used in the making of heavier outputs - e.g., asphalt - and has a higher viscosity, making it more difficult to transport and extract. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This pathway does not produce any ATP, this pathway does not replace glycolysis, it runs simultaneously to glycolysis and is only initiated with an increased concentration of sugar phosphates. One believed purpose of the methylglyoxal pathway is to help release the stress of elevated sugar phosphate concentration. Al... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
[F]FDG was first synthesized via electrophilic fluorination with [F]F. Subsequently, a "nucleophilic synthesis" was devised with the same radioisotope.
As with all radioactive F-labeled radioligands, the fluorine-18 must be made initially as the fluoride anion in a cyclotron. Synthesis of complete [F]FDG radioactive tr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The sensing of bacterial signals is performed by peptidoglycan recognition protein LC (PGRP-LC), a transmembrane protein with an intracellular domain. Binding of bacterial peptidoglycan leads to dimerization of PGRP-LC which generates the conformation needed to bind and activate the Imd protein. However alternate isofo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An exergonic process is one which there is a positive flow of energy from the system to the surroundings. This is in contrast with an endergonic process. Constant pressure, constant temperature reactions are exergonic if and only if the Gibbs free energy change is negative (∆G < 0). "Exergonic" (from the prefix exo-,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For turbidity measurement, a formazine suspension is prepared by mixing solutions of 10 g/L hydrazine sulfate and 100 g/L hexamethylenetetramine with ultrapure water. The resulting solution is left for 24 hours, at 25 °C ±3 °C, for the suspension to develop. This produces a suspension with a turbidity value of 4000 NTU... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The nucleus was discovered in 1911, as a result of Ernest Rutherfords efforts to test Thomsons "plum pudding model" of the atom. The electron had already been discovered by J. J. Thomson. Knowing that atoms are electrically neutral, J. J. Thomson postulated that there must be a positive charge as well. In his plum pud... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In geometry, a sphere packing is an arrangement of non-overlapping spheres within a containing space. The spheres considered are usually all of identical size, and the space is usually three-dimensional Euclidean space. However, sphere packing problems can be generalised to consider unequal spheres, spaces of other dim... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although perhaps less efficient than desulfurization, SCR, and electrostatic precipitation, wet scrubbers can remove both gases and particulates. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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