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In the case of internal exposure, the dose is not received at the moment of exposure, as happens with external exposure, since the incorporated radionuclide irradiates the various organs and tissues during the time it is present in the body. By definition, the committed dose equivalent corresponds to the received dose ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Outside of the industrial sector, cracking of C-C and C-H bonds are rare chemical reactions. In principle, ethane can undergo homolysis:
:CHCH → 2 CH•
Because C-C bond energy is so high (377 kJ/mol), this reaction is not observed under laboratory conditions. More common examples of cracking reactions involve retro-Di... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The energy loss of a backscattered ion is dependent on two processes: the energy lost in scattering events with sample nuclei, and the energy lost to small-angle scattering from the sample electrons. The first process is dependent on the scattering cross-section of the nucleus and thus on its mass and atomic number. ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pol I is a 590 kDa enzyme that consists of 14 protein subunits (polypeptides), and its crystal structure in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was solved at 2.8Å resolution in 2013. Twelve of its subunits have identical or related counterparts in RNA polymerase II (Pol II) and RNA polymerase III (Pol III). The other t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
SCI America also works with the ACS and the AIChE to support scholars in chemistry and chemical engineering. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The target DNA undergoes the first run of polymerase chain reaction with the first set of primers, shown in green. The selection of alternative and similar primer binding sites gives a selection of products, only one containing the intended sequence.
The product from the first reaction undergoes a second run with the s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Sweden is the leader in Europe to put ecosan into practice at a larger scale. For example, Tanum Municipality in Sweden has introduced urine separation toilets due to their very rocky and challenging terrain initially, and later also to recover phosphorus.
* Sweden has also made it possible in 2013 to certify safe an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An ISASMELT furnace is an upright-cylindrical shaped steel vessel that is lined with refractory bricks. There is a molten bath of slag, matte or metal (depending on the application) at the bottom of the furnace. A steel lance is lowered into the bath through a hole in the roof of the furnace, and air or oxygen-enriched... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A miniature animal PET has been constructed that is small enough for a fully conscious rat to be scanned. This RatCAP (Rat Conscious Animal PET) allows animals to be scanned without the confounding effects of anesthesia. PET scanners designed specifically for imaging rodents, often referred to as microPET, as well as s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
TEOS-10 includes the Gibbs Seawater (GSW) Oceanographic Toolbox which is available as open source software in MATLAB, Fortran, Python, C, C++, R, Julia and PHP. While TEOS-10 is generally expressed in basic SI-units, the GSW package uses input and output data in commonly used oceanographic units (such as g/kg for Absol... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2012, a team of scientists used NMR spectroscopy to measure all of the position-specific carbon isotope abundances of glucose and other sugars. It was shown that the isotope abundances are heterogeneous. Different portions of the sugar molecules are used for biosynthesis based on the metabolic pathway an organism us... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Pedersen Process was invented by Harald Pedersen in the 1920s and used in Norway for over 40 years before shutting down due to the Pedersen Process being less economically competitive than the Bayer Process. However, it is believed a modern Pedersen process could be economically viable with "low-quality" bauxite, a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Hartmann number (Ha) is the ratio of electromagnetic force to the viscous force, first introduced by Julius Hartmann (18811951) of Denmark. It is frequently encountered in fluid flows through magnetic fields. It is defined by:
where
* B is the magnetic field intensity
* L is the characteristic length scale
* &sigm... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tempered glass pipes are used for specialized applications, such as corrosive liquids, medical or laboratory wastes, or pharmaceutical manufacturing. Connections are generally made using specialized gasket or O-ring fittings. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Consider a sample consisting of observations (for example, objects of unknown volume). Both assays (for example, different methods of volume measurement) are performed on each sample, resulting in data points. Each of the samples is then represented on the graph by assigning the mean of the two measurements as the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Kelvin–Helmholtz instability (after Lord Kelvin and Hermann von Helmholtz) is a fluid instability that occurs when there is velocity shear in a single continuous fluid or a velocity difference across the interface between two fluids. Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities are visible in the atmospheres of planets and moons... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
After securing the fellowship of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Rahman had been affiliated with the Pakistan government regarding education and science affairs. From 1996 until 2012, Rahman served in the board of directors of the Committee on Scientific and Technological Cooperation, representing Pakistans delegatio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In physics, natural abundance (NA) refers to the abundance of isotopes of a chemical element as naturally found on a planet. The relative atomic mass (a weighted average, weighted by mole-fraction abundance figures) of these isotopes is the atomic weight listed for the element in the periodic table. The abundance of an... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Sonogashira coupling
*Glaser coupling
*Cadiot–Chodkiewicz coupling
*Castro–Stephens coupling
*A3 coupling reaction | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
ISO 20815 defines "downstream" in its definition section as:<br>
3.1.8 downstream<br>
business process, most commonly in petroleum industry, associated with post-production activities.
::Example: refining, transportation and marketing of petroleum products. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The axisymmetric inviscid equation is governed by the Hicks equation, that reduces when no swirl is present (i.e., zero circulation) to
where is the stream function, is the radial distance from the axis, and is the axial distance measured from the closed end of the cylinder. The function is found to predict the cor... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Global sales of proprietary drugs are estimated $735 billion in 2010, or almost 90% of the total pharma market. Global sales of generics are about $100 billion, or just over 10% of the total pharma market. Due to the much lower unit price, their market share will be close to 30% on an API volume/volume basis. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Marine chemistry, also known as ocean chemistry or chemical oceanography, is the study of chemical content in marine environments as influenced by plate tectonics and seafloor spreading, turbidity, currents, sediments, pH levels, atmospheric constituents, metamorphic activity, and ecology. Marine life has adapted to th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dissolved load is the portion of a streams total sediment load that is carried in solution, especially ions from chemical weathering. It is a major contributor to the total amount of material removed from a rivers drainage basin, along with suspended load and bed load. The amount of material carried as dissolved load i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
DVS measurement has applications over a wide range of industries. Both equilibrium vapor sorption isotherms and vapor sorption kinetic results can yield vital information for materials ranging from pharmaceuticals to fuel cells. Although water sorption experiments are most common, the use of organic vapor in DVS expe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibodies (bNAbs) are neutralizing antibodies which neutralize multiple HIV-1 viral strains. bNAbs are unique in that they target conserved epitopes of the virus, meaning the virus may mutate, but the targeted epitopes will still exist. In contrast, non-bNAbs are specific for individual vira... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In veterinary medicine, ampicillin is used in cats, dogs, and farm animals to treat:
* Anal gland infections
* Cutaneous infections, such as abscesses, cellulitis, and pustular dermatitis
* E. coli and Salmonella infections in cattle, sheep, and goats (oral form). Ampicillin use for this purpose had declined as bacteri... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chitosan is a polysaccharide composed of randomly distributed β-(1-4)-linked D-glucosamine (deacetylated unit) and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (acetylated unit). It is derived from the N-deacetylation of chitin and has been used for several applications such as drug delivery, space-filling implants and in wound dressings. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lovastatin, sold under the brand name Mevacor among others, is a statin medication, to treat high blood cholesterol and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Its use is recommended together with lifestyle changes. It is taken by mouth.
Common side effects include diarrhea, constipation, headache, muscles pains, ra... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Reduction is often expressed as a percentage. The closer it is to 100%, the better.
Letting and be as before, a reduction by % is achieved, where
;Example:
Let, as in the earlier example, the concentration of some contaminant be 580 ppm before and 0.725 ppm after treatment. Then
So this is (better than) a 99% reduct... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some researchers suggest that the exclusion zone is due to a change in the geometrical structure of water, induced by the surface of the hydrophilic (or metal) solid water's structure.
In this model, the water in the exclusion zone has a structure of hexagonal sheets, where the hydrogen atoms are positioned between ox... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Transport Phenomena contains many instances of hidden messages and other word play.
For example, the first letters of each sentence of the Preface spell out "This book is dedicated to O. A. Hougen." while in the revised second edition, the first letters of each paragraph spell out "Welcome". The first letters of each p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Management Committee is responsible for the general management of the IIR in between Executive Committee meetings. It includes:
* the President of the Executive Committee
* three members elected every four years by the Executive Committee
* three members elected every four years by the Science and Technology Counci... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Aside from chemical requirements several key factors influence extraction efficiency:
* Retention time - refers to the time spent in the leaching system by the solids. This is calculated as the total volumetric capacity of the leach tank/s divided by the volumetric throughput of the solid/liquid slurry. Retention time ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The process of spliceosome formation involves the U4 and U6 snRNPs associating and forming a di-snRNP in the cell nucleus. This di-snRNP then recruits another member (U5) to become a tri-snRNP. U6 must then dissociate from U4 to bond with U2 and become catalytically active. Once splicing has been done, U6 must dissocia... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Brass was used in Lothal and Atranjikhera in the 3rd and 2nd millennium BCE. Brass and probably zinc was also found at Taxila in 4th to 3rd century BCE contexts. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
BioModels is a free and open-source repository for storing, exchanging and retrieving quantitative models of biological interest created in 2006. All the models in the curated section of BioModels Database have been described in peer-reviewed scientific literature.
The models stored in BioModels' curated branch are com... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Due to the relatively small sample size achievable with dealloying, the mechanical properties of these materials are often probed using the following techniques:
* Nanoindentation
* Micropillar compression
* Deflection testing of bridges
* Thin-film wrinkling | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first reported synthesis and characterisation of phosphaethynolate came from Becker et al. in 1992. They were able to isolate the anion as a lithium salt (in 87% yield) by reacting lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)phosphide with dimethyl carbonate . The x-ray crystallographic analysis of the anion determined the bond le... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Neutral counting assumes each bond is equally split between two atoms.
* This method begins with locating the central atom on the periodic table and determining the number of its valence electrons. One counts valence electrons for main group elements differently from transition metals, which use d electron count.
:E.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1831, the East India Company officer William Elliott made a facsimile of the inscription. Based on this facsimile, in 1834, James Prinsep published a lithograph in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. However, this lithograph did not represent every single word of the inscription co... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cis-action or cis-acting is a vague term that, in general, means "an action on the same" in contrast to trans-action "an action on a different". In other words, the initiator of the action is affected by it. Cis-actions occur wherever circular dependencies are present. Most notably in:
* biology, where it refers to lif... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Inorganic ions in animals and plants are ions necessary for vital cellular activity. In body tissues, ions are also known as electrolytes, essential for the electrical activity needed to support muscle contractions and neuron activation. They contribute to osmotic pressure of body fluids as well as performing a number ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The following are examples of sulfotransferases:
* carbohydrate sulfotransferase: CHST1, CHST2, CHST3, CHST4, CHST5, CHST6, CHST7, CHST8, CHST9, CHST10, CHST11, CHST12, CHST13, CHST14
* galactose-3-O-sulfotransferase: GAL3ST1, GAL3ST2, GAL3ST3, GAL3ST4
* heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase: HS2ST1
* heparan sulfate 3-... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Rofecoxib was the second selective COX-2 inhibitor to be marketed, and the first one to be taken off the market. When the pharmacokinetics were studied in healthy human subjects, the peak concentration was achieved in 9 hours with effective half-life of approximately 17 hours. A secondary peak has been observed, which ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In zero field NMR all magnetic fields are shielded such that magnetic fields below 1 nT (nanotesla) are achieved and the nuclear precession frequencies of all nuclei are close to zero and indistinguishable. Under those circumstances the observed spectra are no-longer dictated by chemical shifts but primarily by J-coupl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* 1977–1983 Assistant Professor: Department of Chemistry, SUNY at Albany, Albany, NY
* 1983–1987 Associate Professor: Department of Chemistry, SUNY at Albany, Albany, NY
* 1987–1990 Professor: Department of Chemistry, SUNY at Albany, Albany, NY
* 1990–present Professor: Department of Che... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) lists the following criteria for an organism to be an ideal indicator of fecal contamination:
# The organism should be present whenever enteric pathogens are present
# The organism should be useful for all types of water
# The organism should have a longer survival time than... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thure E. Cerling received his Bachelor of Science degree in geology and chemistry from Iowa State University, in Ames, Iowa, in 1972, and, in 1973, his Master of Science in geology from Iowa State. In 1977 he was awarded a Ph.D. in geology from the University of California at Berkeley. From 1977 to 1979 he worked as a ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
After receiving his Ph.D., he became a group leader at the Fermi Institute for Nuclear Studies at the University of Chicago and also took up a position at the Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratory in Bedford, Massachusetts. He managed radiation-effects projects studying a series of nuclear weapons tests in Nevada and... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Continuing his work studying the prebiotic synthesis of RNA, Orgel explored mechanisms by which inorganic phosphate and nucleotide phosphoryl groups could be chemically activated for condensation into nucleic acid polymers. Starting in the 1960s, Orgel explored a variety of cyanide-based activating agents which could h... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A xerogel is a solid formed from a gel by drying with unhindered shrinkage. Xerogels usually retain high porosity (15–50%) and enormous surface area (150–900 m/g), along with very small pore size (1–10 nm). When solvent removal occurs under supercritical conditions, the network does not shrink and a highly porous, low... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A practical example used very widely in areas drawing drinking water from chalk or limestone aquifers is the addition of sodium carbonate to the raw water to reduce the hardness of the water. In the water treatment process, highly soluble sodium carbonate salt is added to precipitate out sparingly soluble calcium carbo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The following equation illustrates the relation between shear rate and shear stress for a fluid with laminar flow only in the direction x:
where:
* is the shear stress in the components x and y, i.e. the force component on the direction x per unit surface that is normal to the direction y (so it is parallel to the dir... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nitrification is the process by which ammonia () is converted to nitrate (). Nitrification is actually the net result of two distinct processes: oxidation of ammonia to nitrite () by nitrosifying bacteria (e.g. Nitrosomonas) and oxidation of nitrite to nitrate by the nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (e.g. Nitrobacter). Bot... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tetrabutylammonium tribromide, abbreviated to TBATB, is a pale orange solid with the formula [N(CH)]Br. It is a salt of the lipophilic tetrabutylammonium cation and the linear tribromide anion. The salt is sometimes used as a reagent used in organic synthesis as a conveniently weighable, solid source of bromine. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemical thermodynamics, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) is a physical technique used to determine the thermodynamic parameters of interactions in solution. It is most often used to study the binding of small molecules (such as medicinal compounds) to larger macromolecules (proteins, DNA etc.) in a label-free... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most influential names in the history of alchemy include:
*Hermes Trismegistus – by tradition, the founder of Western alchemy; many alchemical works were attributed to him.
*Wei Boyang – authored the earliest known book on theoretical alchemy in China.
*Pseudo-Democritus – anonymous author of the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fluids are substances that do not permanently change under an enormous amount of stress. A solid tends to deform in order to remain at equilibrium under a great deal of stress. Fluids are defined as both liquids and gases because the molecules inside the fluid are much weaker than those molecules contained in a solid. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Density functional theory states that when any fluid is exposed to an external potential, , then all equilibrium quantities become functions of number density profile, . As a result, the total free energy is minimized. The Grand canonical potential, , is then written
where is the chemical potential, is the temperatur... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemistry, the equivalent concentration or normality () of a solution is defined as the molar concentration divided by an equivalence factor or -factor : | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Common synthetic polymers have main chains composed of carbon, i.e. C-C-C-C.... Examples include polyolefins such as polyethylene ((CHCH)) and many substituted derivative ((CHCH(R))) such as polystyrene (R = CH), polypropylene (R = CH), and acrylates (R = COR').
Other major classes of organic polymers are polyesters a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Iodine-123 (I-123) is a gamma emitter. It is used only diagnostically, as its radiation is penetrating and short-lived. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Despo C. Fatta-Kassinos is a chemical and environmental engineer, academic and author. She is a professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and the first director of Nireas-International Water Research Center (Nireas-IWRC) at the University of Cyprus (2010–2022). She has been named a Highly Cited... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Iodine-131 (I, I-131) is an important radioisotope of iodine discovered by Glenn Seaborg and John Livingood in 1938 at the University of California, Berkeley. It has a radioactive decay half-life of about eight days. It is associated with nuclear energy, medical diagnostic and treatment procedures, and natural gas prod... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Most fundamental reactivity of bicarbonate/carbonato complexes is their interconversion. This acid-base reaction has been examined mainly for unimolecular complexes. Such reactions are molecular versions of the familiar reaction of acids with carbonate minerals.
Protonation of carbonato complexes gives the correspondi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
EBSD is used in a wide range of applications, including materials science and engineering, geology, and biological research. In materials science and engineering, EBSD is used to study the microstructure of metals, ceramics, and polymers, and to develop models of material behaviour. In geology, EBSD is used to study th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In this method, the glycosyl donor is protected at C-2 by a para-methoxybenzyl (PMB) group. The glycosyl acceptor is then tethered at the benzylic position of the PMB protecting group in the presence of 2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ). The anomeric leaving group (Y) is then activated, and the developing... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Importantly, the rate of change in ocean acidification is much higher than in the geological past. This faster change prevents organisms from gradually adapting, and prevents climate cycle feedbacks from kicking in to mitigate ocean acidification. Ocean acidification is now on a path to reach lower pH levels than at an... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One fractionation schedule that is increasingly being used and continues to be studied is hypofractionation. This is a radiation treatment in which the total dose of radiation is divided into large doses. Typical doses vary significantly by cancer type, from 2.2 Gy/fraction to 20 Gy/fraction, the latter being typical o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The prime editing tool offers advantages over traditional gene editing technologies. CRISPR/Cas9 edits rely on non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or homology-directed repair (HDR) to fix DNA breaks, while the prime editing system employs DNA mismatch repair. This is an important feature of this technology given that DNA... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) maintains test methods, which are approved procedures for measuring the presence and concentration of physical, chemical and biological contaminants; evaluating properties, such as toxic properties, of chemical substances; or measuring the effects of substances un... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Calmodulin's ability to recognize a tremendous range of target proteins is due in large part to its structural flexibility. In addition to the flexibility of the central linker domain, the N- and C-domains undergo open-closed conformational cycling in the Ca-bound state. Calmodulin also exhibits great structural vari... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Microfluidic fuel cells can use laminar flow to separate the fuel and its oxidant to control the interaction of the two fluids without the physical barrier that conventional fuel cells require. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Lyon, France lies where the Saône flows into the Rhone. A major new museum of science and anthropology, the Musée des Confluences, opened on the site in 2014.
* Near Toulouse, France lies where the Ariège (river) flows into the Garonne. Both take their source in the Pyrenees.
* The Lusatian Neisse flows into the Oder... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bubbles can be effectively used to teach and explore a wide variety of concepts to even young children. Flexibility, colour formation, reflective or mirrored surfaces, concave and convex surfaces, transparency, a variety of shapes (circle, square, triangle, sphere, cube, tetrahedron, hexagon), elastic properties, and ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Frémy's salt was discovered in 1845 by Edmond Frémy (1814–1894). Its use in organic synthesis was popularized by Hans Teuber, such that an oxidation using this salt is called the Teuber reaction. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
PKA is directed to specific sub-cellular locations after tethering to AKAPs. Ryanodine receptor (RyR) co-localizes with the muscle AKAP and RyR phosphorylation and efflux of Ca is increased by localization of PKA at RyR by AKAPs. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mutation studies in prokaryotes and eukaryotes show that ractopamine is not mutagenic. However, the results of several in vitro studies, including chromosome aberration tests in human lymphocytes, are positive. The positive genotoxic results are explained with limited evidence to be due to a secondary auto-oxidative me... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The maximum residue limit (also maximum residue level, MRL) is the maximum amount of pesticide residue that is expected to remain on food products when a pesticide is used according to label directions, that will not be a concern to human health. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Hepatitis C infection
* Antisocial personality disorder
* Borderline personality traits
* Schizoid/avoidant behavior
Given that the A1+ allele is associated with antisocial personality disorder, one may infer that the allele is also associated with narcissistic personality disorder and histrionic personality disorder... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cyclobutenone was originally synthesized from the 3-bromocyclobutanone and 3-chlorocyclobutanone precursors which were prepared from an allene and a ketene via two independent routes. Scheme 7 shows the preparation from cyclobutenone from an allene.
Activated alkyoxyacetylenes can be synthesized in a single-pot prepara... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Kavli Frontiers of Science Fellow, National Academy of Sciences (1998)
*Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science (2015)
*Cesare Emiliani Lecturer, American Geophysical Union (2018)
*Fellow, American Geophysical Union (2019) | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
More sophisticated variants of sublimation apparatus include those that apply a temperature gradient so as to allow for controlled recrystallization of different fractions along the cold surface. Thermodynamic processes follow a statistical distribution, and suitably designed apparatus exploit this principle with a gra... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
First write down the equilibrium expression
This shows that when the acid dissociates, equal amounts of hydrogen ion and anion are produced. The equilibrium concentrations of these three components can be calculated in an ICE table (ICE standing for "initial, change, equilibrium").
The first row, labelled I, lists the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some electronic components develop lower resistances or lower triggering voltages (for nonlinear resistances) as their internal temperature increases. If circuit conditions cause markedly increased current flow in these situations, increased power dissipation may raise the temperature further by Joule heating. A viciou... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Vapor phase osmometry (VPO), also known as vapor-pressure osmometry, is an experimental technique for the determination of a polymer's number average molecular weight, M. It works by taking advantage of the decrease in vapor pressure that occurs when solutes are added to pure solvent. This technique can be used for pol... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The gray is used to measure absorbed dose rates in non-tissue materials for processes such as radiation hardening, food irradiation and electron irradiation. Measuring and controlling the value of absorbed dose is vital to ensuring correct operation of these processes. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Small GTPases function as monomers and have a molecular weight of about 21 kilodaltons that consists primarily of the GTPase domain. They are also called small or monomeric guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins, small or monomeric GTP-binding proteins, or small or monomeric G-proteins, and because they have si... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One suitable definition of organic matter is biological material in the process of decaying or decomposing, such as humus. A closer look at the biological material in the process of decaying reveals so-called organic compounds (biological molecules) in the process of breaking up (disintegrating).
The main processes by ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The protein has a short cytoplasmic region, a transmembrane alpha-helix, a water-soluble beta-sandwich domain located in endoplasmic reticulum, and second TM helix. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ingesting large amounts of arsenic can cause symptoms similar to food poisoning, with abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea starting within hours. Bloody diarrhea can cause severe fluid loss, resulting in hypovolemic shock. The heart and nervous system can also be affected, causing disruption to heart rhythms ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Through the dissimilatory sulfate reduction pathway, sulfate can be reduced either bacterially (bacterial sulfate reduction) or inorganically (thermochemical sulfate reduction). This pathway involves the reduction of sulfate by organic compounds to produce hydrogen sulfide, which occurs in both processes.
The main prod... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The specificity constant (also known as the catalytic efficiency) is a measure of how efficiently an enzyme converts a substrate into product. Although it is the ratio of and it is a parameter in its own right, more fundamental than . Diffusion limited enzymes, such as fumarase, work at the theoretical upper limit o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Evans was born in Nottingham, England on 28 March 1928. His father George Frederick Evans was a master carpenter and his mother (née Gladys Martha Taylor) was a dressmaker. He was educated at Huntingdon Street Junior School and then won a scholarship to Nottingham High School. In 1946 he entered Oxford with a scholarsh... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sperm DNA fragmentation appears to be an important factor in the cause of male infertility, since men with high DNA fragmentation levels have significantly lower odds of conceiving. Oxidative stress is the major cause of DNA fragmentation in spermatozoa. A high level of the oxidative DNA damage 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In Orgel diagrams, the magnitude of the splitting energy exerted by the ligands on d orbitals, as a free ion approach a ligand field, is compared to the electron-repulsion energy, which are both sufficient at providing the placement of electrons. However, if the ligand field splitting energy, 10Dq, is greater than the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Collaborative Computing project for NMR spectroscopy was set up in with three main aims; to create a common standard for representing NMR spectroscopy related data, to create a suite of new open-source NMR software packages and to arrange meetings for the NMR community, including conferences, workshops and courses... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics, the Galilei number (Ga), sometimes also referred to as Galileo number (see discussion), is a dimensionless number named after Italian scientist Galileo Galilei (1564-1642).
It may be regarded as proportional to gravity forces divided by viscous forces. The Galilei number is used in viscous flow and ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Great Calcite Belt can be defined as an elevated particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) feature occurring alongside seasonally elevated chlorophyll a in austral spring and summer in the Southern Ocean. It plays an important role in climate fluctuations, accounting for over 60% of the Southern Ocean area (30–60° S). The... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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