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DTIs that fit in the active binding site have to fit in the hydrophobic pocket (S1) that contains aspartic acid residue at the bottom which recognizes the basic side chain. The S2 site has a loop around tryptophan which occludes a hydrophobic pocket that can recognize larger aliphatic residues. The S3 site is flat and ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Androsterone glucuronide (ADT-G) is a major circulating and urinary metabolite of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). It accounts for 93% of total androgen glucuronides in women. ADT-G is formed from androsterone by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases, with the major enzymes being UGT2B15 and UGT2B17. It is a marker o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Iodine-125 is commonly used for labeling proteins, usually at tyrosine residues. Unbound iodine is volatile and must be handled in a fume hood. Its maximum specific activity is .
A good example of the difference in energy of the various radionuclei is the detection window ranges used to detect them, which are generall... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The kinetic process of destabilization can be rather long – up to several months, or even years for some products. Often the formulator must accelerate this process in order to test products in a reasonable time during product design. Thermal methods are the most commonly used – these consist of increasing the emulsion... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Another form of plant communication occurs through their root networks. Through roots, plants can share many different resources including carbon, nitrogen, and other nutrients. This transfer of below ground carbon is examined in Philip et al. 2011. The goals of this paper were to test if carbon transfer was bi-directi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fumagillin has been used in the treatment of microsporidiosis. It is also an amebicide.
Fumagillin can block blood vessel formation by binding to an enzyme methionine aminopeptidase 2 and for this reason, the compound, together with semisynthetic derivatives, are investigated as an angiogenesis inhibitor in the treatme... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tritium is also produced in heavy water-moderated reactors whenever a deuterium nucleus captures a neutron. This reaction has a quite small absorption cross section, making heavy water a good neutron moderator, and relatively little tritium is produced. Even so, cleaning tritium from the moderator may be desirable afte... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Best management practices (BMPs) is a term used in the United States and Canada to describe a type of water pollution control. Historically the term has referred to auxiliary pollution controls in the fields of industrial wastewater control and municipal sewage control, while in stormwater management (both urban and r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
DEHPA is prepared through the reaction of phosphorus pentoxide and 2-ethylhexanol:
:4 CHOH + PO → 2 [(CHO)PO(OH)]O
:[(CHO)PO(OH)]O + CHOH → (CHO)PO(OH) + (CHO)PO(OH)
These reaction produce a mixture of mono-, di-, and trisubstituted phosphates, from which DEHPA can be isolated based on solubility. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Venerable Bede discusses the tides in The Reckoning of Time and shows that the twice-daily timing of tides is related to the Moon and that the lunar monthly cycle of spring and neap tides is also related to the Moon's position. He goes on to note that the times of tides vary along the same coast and that the water ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One aspect of RNA silencing to consider is its possible off-target affects, toxicity, and delivery methods. If RNA silencing is to become a conventional drug, it must first pass the typical ethical issues of biomedicine. Using risk-benefit analysis, researchers can determine whether RNA silencing conforms to ethical id... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Phosphines accept electron density from metal p or d orbitals into combinations of P–C σ* antibonding orbitals that have π symmetry. When phosphines bond to electron-rich metal atoms, backbonding would be expected to lengthen P–C bonds as P–C σ* orbitals become populated by electrons. The expected lengthening of the P–... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The use of photoredox catalysis to generate reactive heteroatom-centered radicals was first explored in the 1990s. [Ru(bipy)] was found to catalyze the fragmentation of tosylphenylselenide to phenylselenolate anion and tosyl radical and that a radical chain propagation mechanism allowed the addition of tosyl radical an... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* 2011 "Distinguished Service to Humanism Award" from the International Humanist and Ethical Union
* 2015 "Lawrence Pinto Human Rights Award" from the Friends of Lawry
* 2017 "Academy Honorary Award" Karnataka Balavikas Academy, Directorate of Women and Child Development Department, Government of Karnataka | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dozens of congenital metabolic diseases also known as inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are now detectable by newborn screening tests, especially the testing using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. GC–MS can determine compounds in urine even in minor concentration. These compounds are normally not present but appe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Plasmonic nanoparticles are particles whose electron density can couple with electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths that are far larger than the particle due to the nature of the dielectric-metal interface between the medium and the particles: unlike in a pure metal where there is a maximum limit on what size wavelen... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The aluminothermic reaction is used for the production of several ferroalloys, for example ferroniobium from niobium pentoxide and ferrovanadium from iron, vanadium(V) oxide, and aluminium. The process begins with the reduction of the oxide by the aluminium:
:3 VO + 10 Al → 5 AlO + 6 V
Other metals can be produc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A core suite of environmental variables was selected at the start of the program that is expected to display detectable change on time scales of several days to one decade. Since 1988, the interdisciplinary station work has included physical, chemical, biological and sedimentological observations and rate measurements.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A lipopeptide is a molecule consisting of a lipid connected to a peptide. They are able to self-assemble into different structures. Many bacteria produce these molecules as a part of their metabolism, especially those of the genus Bacillus, Pseudomonas and Streptomyces. Certain lipopeptides are used as antibiotics. Due... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ethane-1,2-dithiol, also known as EDT, is a colorless liquid with the formula CH(SH). It has a very characteristic odor which is compared by many people to rotten cabbage. It is a common building block in organic synthesis and an excellent ligand for metal ions. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Membrane bioreactors (MBR) are activated sludge systems using a membrane liquid-solid phase separation process. The membrane component uses low pressure microfiltration or ultrafiltration membranes and eliminates the need for a secondary clarifier or filtration. The membranes are typically immersed in the aeration tank... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Worldwide production of R-22 in 2008 was about 800Gg per year, up from about 450Gg per year in 1998, with most production in developing countries. R-22 use is being phased out in developing countries, where it is largely used for air conditioning applications. Air conditioning sales are growing 20% annually in India a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
On March 27, 1965, Beatles members John Lennon and George Harrison (and their wives) were dosed with LSD without their permission by their dentist, John Riley. Lennon mentioned the incident in his famous 1970 Rolling Stone interview, but the name of the dentist was revealed only in 2006. On August 24, 1965, Lennon, Ha... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Spinthariscopes were quickly replaced with more accurate and quantitative devices for measuring radiation in scientific experiments, but enjoyed a modest revival in the mid 20th century as children's educational toys. In 1947, Kix cereal offered a Lone Ranger atomic bomb ring that contained a small one, in exchange fo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gadolin was fluent in Latin, Finnish, Russian, German, English and French in addition to his native Swedish. He was a candidate for the chair of chemistry at Uppsala in 1784, but Johann Afzelius was selected instead. Gadolin became an extraordinary professor at Åbo in 1785 (an unpaid position). Beginning in 1786, he ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In general, the chemical structure of a given polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon admits more than one resonance structure: these are sometimes referred to as Kekulé resonance structures. Some of such structures may contain aromatic π-sextets, namely groups of six π-electrons localized in a benzene-like moiety and separat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Other functions of coatings include:
* Anti-fouling coatings
* Anti-microbial coatings.
* Anti-reflective coatings for example on spectacles.
* Coatings that alter or have magnetic, electrical or electronic properties.
* Flame retardant coatings. Flame-retardant materials and coatings are being developed that are phos... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Two syringes are filled with solutions that do not undergo a chemical reaction until mixed together. These have pistons that are driven by a single drive piston or by independent stepping motors, so that they are coupled together and their contents are forced out simultaneously into a mixing device. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are several biological surfaces that have superhydrophobic properties far superior to any synthetic materials: lotus leaves, rice leaves, cicadia wings, and butterfly wings. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pipe drift is a measure of the roundness or eccentricity of the inside wall of a pipe. "API drift" refers to primary specifications set forth in API Specification 5CT (ISO 11960), "Specification for Casing and Tubing". "Alternate drift" refers to alternate drift specifications listed in API 5CT. "Special drift" refe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mass spectrometry (MS) is helpful for the determination of the molecular weight of the polymer, structure of the polymer, etc. Although chemists utilize many kinds of MS, the two that are used most typically are matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time of flight (MALDI-TOF) and electrospray ionization-mass sp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first examples of nontrigonal pnictogen compound were synthesized by Arduengo and co-workers in 1984, through condensation of a diketoamine with a phosphorus trihalide in the presence of base. This group reported also on the first systematic investigations into its chemical behavior. Later, on similar routes, the c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The silicon cycle has gained increasingly in scientific attention the past decade for several reasons:
Firstly, the modern marine silica cycle is widely believed to be dominated by diatoms for the fixation and export of particulate matter (including organic carbon), from the euphotic zone to the deep ocean, via a proce... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
FMRFamide, a neuropeptide involved in cardiac activity regulation, is found in Biomphalaria glabrata, a species of a freshwater snail best known for its role as the intermediate host for the human-infecting trematode parasite Schistosoma mansoni.
This freshwater snail species is used as a model organism, in other words... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dioxane is used in a variety of applications as a versatile aprotic solvent, e. g. for inks, adhesives, and cellulose esters. It is substituted for tetrahydrofuran (THF) in some processes, because of its lower toxicity and higher boiling point (101 °C, versus 66 °C for THF).
While diethyl ether is rather insoluble in w... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cadmium sulfide is toxic, especially dangerous when inhaled as dust, and cadmium compounds in general are classified as carcinogenic. Problems of biocompatibility have been reported when CdS is used as colors in tattoos. CdS has an LD of approximately 7,080 mg/kg in rats - which is higher than other cadmium compounds ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tramadol is marketed as a racemic mixture of both R- and S-stereoisomers, because the two isomers complement each other's analgesic activities. The (+)-isomer is predominantly active as an opiate with a higher affinity for the µ-opiate receptor (20 times higher affinity than the (-)-isomer). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The classical piston theory is a powerful aerodynamic tool. From the use of the momentum equation and the assumption of isentropic perturbations, one obtains the following basic piston theory formula for the surface pressure:
where is the downwash speed and is the sound speed.
The surface is defined as
The slip veloc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Redox zonation refers to how the processes that transfer terminal electrons as a result of organic matter degradation vary depending on time and space. Certain reactions will be favored over others due to their energy yield as detailed in the energy acceptor cascade detailed above. In oxic conditions, in which oxygen i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
; (2017 June) – Second (Revised) Edition;
This book is a tribute to Pereras father, who served Sri Lankas Navy in its formative years (1950–1975) and founded the Naval and Maritime Academy (NMA) at Dockyard Trincomalee on 18 July 1967, serving as its first commandant. See under External links and the first Director Na... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
With reference to the definitions, above, a magma chamber will tend to cool down and crystallize minerals according to the liquid line of descent. When this occurs, especially in conjunction with zonation and crystal accumulation, and the melt portion is removed, this can change the composition of a magma chamber. In f... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This detector is mostly used with alkali atoms, having a low ionization potential, with applications in mass spectrometry and atomic clocks. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There has been extensive research to discover treatment for DMD. The most common drug treated against DMD is known to be Deflazacort yielding the greatest benefits with the most acceptable side effects. Physical therapy consists of varying exercises that aim to increase muscle strength and durability so to facilitate n... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Racemic crystallography is a technique used in structural biology where crystals of a protein molecule are developed from an equimolar mixture of an L-protein molecule of natural chirality and its D-protein mirror image. L-protein molecules consist of left-handed L-amino acids and the achiral amino acid glycine, where... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In recent years, NAD has also been recognized as an extracellular signaling molecule involved in cell-to-cell communication. NAD is released from neurons in blood vessels, urinary bladder, large intestine, from neurosecretory cells, and from brain synaptosomes, and is proposed to be a novel neurotransmitter that transm... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
More recently, analytical closed-form solutions were found for the Rayleigh–Plesset equation for both an empty and gas-filled bubble and were generalized to the N-dimensional case. The case when the surface tension is present due to the effects of capillarity were also studied.
Also, for the special case where surf... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A miniemulsion (also known as nanoemulsion) is a particular type of emulsion. A miniemulsion is obtained by shearing a mixture comprising two immiscible liquid phases (for example, oil and water), one or more surfactants and, possibly, one or more co-surfactants (typical examples are hexadecane or cetyl alcohol). They ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*2020 David Anthony Worsley
*2019 J Bolton
*2018 I Samarasekera
*2017 J Speer
*2016 A W Cramb
*2015 John Beynon
*2014 H Tomono
*2013 Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
*2013 K Mills
*2012 G Honeyman
*2011 I Christmas
*2010 M Sellars
*2009 G Arvedi
*2008 T Mukherjee
*2007 L Mittal
*2006 H Bhadeshia
*2005 S I Pettifor
*20... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Carbonation of ammonia is one step in the industrial production of urea:In 2020, worldwide production capacity was approximately 180 million tonnes. As a fertilizer, it is a source of nitrogen for plants.
Urea production plants are almost always located adjacent to the site where the ammonia is manufactured.
In the su... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
While the frequency of alterations of the RB gene is substantial for many human cancer types including as lung, esophageal, and liver, alterations in up-steam regulatory components of pRb such as CDK4 and CDK6 have been the main targets for potential therapeutics to treat cancers with dysregulation in the RB pathway. T... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Polymorphism in binary metal oxides has attracted much attention because these materials are of significant economic value. One set of famous examples have the composition SiO, which form many polymorphs. Important ones include: α-quartz, β-quartz, tridymite, cristobalite, moganite, coesite, and stishovite. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Schumann–Runge bands are a set of absorption bands of molecular oxygen that occur at wavelengths between 176 and 192.6 nanometres. The bands are named for Victor Schumann and Carl Runge. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT), where the nuclear DNA is transferred to another healthy egg cell leaving the defective mitochondrial DNA behind, is an IVF treatment procedure. Using a similar pronuclear transfer technique, researchers at Newcastle University led by Douglass Turnbull successfully transplanted h... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It is possible to build a basic optical spectrometer using an optical disc grating and a basic webcam, using a CFL lamp for calibrating the wavelengths. A calibration using a source of known spectrum can then turn the spectrometer into a spectroradiometer by interpreting the brightness of photo pixels. A DIY build is a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1951 Ivy Mike, part of Operation Ivy, became the first detonation of a thermonuclear weapon, yielding 10.4 megatons of TNT using liquid deuterium. Cousins and Ware built a toroidal pinch device in England and demonstrated that the plasma in pinch devices is inherently unstable. In 1953 The Soviet Union tested its RD... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In free-radical additions, a radical adds to a spin-paired substrate. When applied to organic compounds, the reaction usually entails addition to an alkene. This addition generates a new radical, which can add to yet another alkene, etc. This behavior underpins radical polymerization, technology that produces many plas... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Photolithographic methods are useful in patterning SAMs. SAMs are also useful in depositing nanostructures, because each adsorbate molecule can be tailored to attract two different materials. Current techniques utilize the head to attract to a surface, like a plate of gold. The terminal group is then modified to attra... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Stability of isotopes is affected by the ratio of protons to neutrons, and also by presence of certain magic numbers of neutrons or protons which represent closed and filled quantum shells. These quantum shells correspond to a set of energy levels within the shell model of the nucleus; filled shells, such as the filled... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Soils with pH values that are higher than 7.3 are usually defined as being alkaline. These soils can occur naturally, due to the presence of alkali salts. Although many plants do prefer slightly basic soil (including vegetables like cabbage and fodder like buffalo grass), most plants prefer a mildly acidic soil (with p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*The discovery of Camptothecin (1966) and Taxol (1971) at the Research Triangle Institute by Monroe E. Wall, Mansukh C. Wani, and colleagues
*Establishment of the Polymer Research Institute (now Polytechnic Institute of New York University) by Herman Mark in 1946, the first academic facility in the United States devote... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Solids such as stones, grit, and sand may be removed from wastewater by gravity when density differences are sufficient to overcome dispersion by turbulence. This is typically achieved using a grit channel designed to produce an optimum flow rate that allows grit to settle and other less-dense solids to be carried forw... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Enzymatic deficiency in alpha-oxidation (most frequently in phytanoyl-CoA dioxygenase) leads to Refsum's disease, in which the accumulation of phytanic acid and its derivatives leads to neurological damage. Other disorders of peroxisome biogenesis also prevent alpha-oxidation from occurring. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In transportation infrastructure, a bidirectional traffic system divides travellers into two streams of traffic that flow in opposite directions.
In the design and construction of tunnels, bidirectional traffic can markedly affect ventilation considerations.
Microscopic traffic flow models have been proposed for bidire... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1975, Draper's house, known as the Henry Draper Observatory, in Hastings was designated a National Historic Landmark.
In 1976, New York University founded the John W. Draper Interdisciplinary Master's Program in Humanities and Social Thought (Draper Program) in honor of his lifelong commitment to interdisciplinary s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Plant and fungal cells are also electrically excitable. The fundamental difference from animal action potentials is that the depolarization in plant cells is not accomplished by an uptake of positive sodium ions, but by release of negative chloride ions. In 1906, J. C. Bose published the first measurements of action po... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dispersants are used to prevent formation of biofouling or biofilms in industrial processes. It is also possible to disperse bacterial slime and increase the efficiency of biocides. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bismuth vanadate is a visible-light-driven photocatalyst with a bandgap of 2.4 eV. BV have demonstrated efficiencies of 5.2% for flat thin films and 8.2% for core-shell WO@BiVO nanorods with thin absorbers. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Successive stepwise formation constants K in a series such as ML (n = 1, 2, ...) usually decrease as n increases. Exceptions to this rule occur when the geometry of the ML complexes is not the same for all members of the series. The classic example is the formation of the diamminesilver(I) complex [Ag(NH)] in aqueous s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In cyclohexane, the two chair conformations have the same energy. The situation becomes more complex with substituted derivatives. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If the model is not acceptable, a variety of other models should be examined to find one that best fits the experimental data, within experimental error. The main difficulty is with the so-called minor species. These are species whose concentration is so low that the effect on the measured quantity is at or below the l... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Throughout this sub-section, as in the previous one, the two ends of the polymer are attached to a micro-manipulation device. This time, however, the device does not maintain the two ends of the ideal chain in a fixed position, but rather it maintains a constant pulling force on the ideal chain. In this case the two e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
N1-methyladenosine is a modified nucleoside in which a methyl group is added to N1 of the adenosine base. This modification introduces a positive charge on the nitrogen atom to which the methyl group is added, because the modified nitrogen donates its lone pair to the carbon atom of the methyl group in order to form a ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Hedgehog Signaling pathway is critical in proper tissue patterning and orientation during normal development of most animals. Hedgehog proteins induce cell proliferation in certain cells and differentiations in others. Aberrant activation of the Hedgehog pathway has been implicated in several types of cancers, Basa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pewter was first used around the beginning of the Bronze Age in the Near East. The earliest known piece of pewter was found in an Egyptian tomb, , but it is unlikely that this was the first use of the material. Pewter was used for decorative metal items and tableware in ancient times by the Egyptians and later the Roma... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
McTaggarts plasma research led to patents as assignor to the CSIRO, including US 3,533,777 Production of metals from their halides' filed 2 Nov. 1966 for an apparatus and process for producing metals from the halides of metals of Groups I, II, III of the Periodic table and rare earth metals. It consisted of means to ge... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
GCN2 (encoded in humans by the gene EIF2AK4) is activated as a result of amino acid deprivation. The mechanisms regarding this activation are still being researched; however, one mechanism has been studied in yeast. It was observed that GCN2 binds to uncharged/deacylated tRNA which causes a conformational change, resul... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In vivo gene electrotransfer was first described in 1991 and today there are many preclinical studies of gene electrotransfer. The method is used to deliver large variety of therapeutic genes for potential treatment of several diseases, such as: disorders in immune system, tumors, metabolic disorders, monogenetic disea... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mechanisms for C-H activations by metal centers can be classified into three general categories:
*(i) Oxidative addition, in which a low-valent metal center inserts into a carbon-hydrogen bond, which cleaves the bond and oxidizes the metal:
:LM + RH → LMR(H)
*(ii) Electrophilic activation in which an electrophilic ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Paytan is both an interdisciplinary scientist and an advocate for STEM education and public outreach. As a scientist, Paytan uses isotopic and chemical signatures to examine global biogeochemical cycling. This includes studies of groundwater discharge into coastal systems, nutrient cycling, ocean acidification, and pal... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
M2-PK, as measured in feces, is a potential tumor marker for colorectal cancer. When measured in feces with a cutoff value of 4 U/ml, its sensitivity has been estimated to be 85% (with a 95% confidence interval of 65 to 96%) for colon cancer and 56% (confidence interval 41–74%) for rectal cancer. Its specificity is 95%... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Aryl alkynes are typically made utilizing the Sonogashira reaction which is the palladium catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of terminal alkynes and aryl halides. Instead of the terminal alkynes, alkyne carboxylic acids has advantages, easy handling and storage. The first decarboxylative coupling of alkyne carboxylic ac... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thermally enclosed spaces, including automobiles and greenhouses, are particularly susceptible to harmful temperature increases, especially during extreme weather. This is because of the heavy presence of windows, which are act as "transparent" to incoming solar radiation yet "opaque" to outgoing long-wave thermal radi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The synthesized laminin–111 formed in an embryo contributes to the formation of Reichert’s membrane, a thick extra-embryonic basement membrane. When the laminin α1 chain is deficient in an organism, an embryo dies, likely as a result of a defective Reichert’s membrane due to a lack of laminin–111 being produced. Lamini... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Minimotif Miner is a program and database designed to identify minimotifs in any protein. Minimotifs are short, contiguous peptide sequences that are known to have a function in at least one protein. Minimotifs are also called sequence motifs or short linear motifs or SLiMs. These are generally restricted to one secon... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Excitatory amino acid receptor ligands are ligands of excitatory amino acid receptors (EAARs), also known as glutamate receptors. They include excitatory amino acid receptor agonists and excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Because it is biologically inert and chemically stable, perfluorohexane has attracted attention in medicine. Like other fluorocarbons, perfluorohexane dissolves gases, including oxygen from the air, to a higher concentration than ordinary organic solvents. This effect is attributed to the weak intermolecular forces bet... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There has been some inaccuracies of the SFT caused by the differences in the basicity of the nitrogen in different amino acids which were explained by S. L. Jodidi. For instances, proline(an amino acid), histidine, and lysine yields too low values compared to the theory. Unlike alpha, monobasic (containing one amino gr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When handled improperly, or if manufactured defectively, some rechargeable batteries can experience thermal runaway resulting in overheating. Sealed cells will sometimes explode violently if safety vents are overwhelmed or nonfunctional. Especially prone to thermal runaway are lithium-ion batteries, most markedly in t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Individuals with certain genetic variations of CYP2D6 enzymes, which convert tramadol into an inactive molecule, may not experience enough pain relief from tramadol. These genetic polymorphisms are not currently routinely tested for in clinical practice. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane is mainly used as a solvent and foam blowing agent under the names R-141b and HCFC-141b. It is a class 2 ozone depleting substance undergoing a global phaseout from production and use under the Montreal Protocol since the late 1990s. It is being replaced by HFCs within some applications. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Typical indicators for the evaluation of the ecological quality are the abundances of fish, macrozoobenthos, macrophytes and phytobenthos, and the number of type-specific taxa. Criteria to further classify the ecological status of river sections can be found in the European Directive or in country-specific guidelines. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Omar M. Yaghi and William A. Goddard III also reported COFs as exceptional methane storage materials. The best COF in terms of total volume of CH per unit volume COF adsorbent is COF-1, which can store 195 v/v at 298 K and 30 bar, exceeding the U.S. Department of Energy target for CH storage of 180 v/v at 298 K and 35 ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
By the end of the war in 1944, post war recovery started: Alain Bertons work on the application of absorption and emission spectroscopy in the ultraviolet and infrared, and within the frame of concerns about labor force protection, the specific dosage of atmospheric pollutants became of vital interest in factories to e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Human domination of the biosphere has threatened global biodiversity, with uncertain consequences for ecosystems that provide food, clean air and water, and other valuable ecosystem services. Understanding the impacts of biodiversity loss on ecosystem function requires knowledge of the interactions between organisms wi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
LAP proteins are expressed in a variety of marine organisms as a method of coping with the osmotic threat high salinity poses to the cell. During bouts of high salinity, LAP begins the catalysis of proteins in order to release amino acids into the cell in an attempt to balance the high ion concentrations in the externa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
During induced fission, a compound system is formed after an incident particle fuses with a target. The resultant excitation energy may be sufficient to emit neutrons, or gamma-rays, and nuclear scission. Fission into two fragments, binary fission, is the most common nuclear reaction. Occurring least frequently is tern... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A colloidal crystal is a highly ordered array of particles that forms over a long range (from a few millimeters to one centimeter in length); colloidal crystals have appearance and properties roughly analogous to their atomic or molecular counterparts. It has been known for many years that, due to repulsive Coulombic i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sodium hydroxide is also widely used in pulping of wood for making paper or regenerated fibers. Along with sodium sulfide, sodium hydroxide is a key component of the white liquor solution used to separate lignin from cellulose fibers in the kraft process. It also plays a key role in several later stages of the process ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Superfluid vacuum theory (SVT) is an approach in theoretical physics and quantum mechanics where the physical vacuum is viewed as superfluid.
The ultimate goal of the approach is to develop scientific models that unify quantum mechanics (describing three of the four known fundamental interactions) with gravity. This ma... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Actively expressed genes have open chromatin at their TSS region, they are less shielded by nucleosomes and, therefore, more susceptible to endonuclease cleavage. Consequently, the depth of cfDNA originating from the TSS of active genes tends to be shallower compared to that of inactive genes. NDR quantifies the norma... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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