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Much of the work done by the BNF during the 1939–45 period was of vital use for the defence industry. This especially included solving many of the corrosion problems of seawater cooled condenser tubes and tube plates that had resulted in many ships being unserviceable and significant improvements in corrosion resistan... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In HTS, experimenters often compare a large number (hundreds of thousands to tens of millions) of single measurements of unknown samples to positive and negative control samples. The particular choice of experimental conditions and measurements is called an assay. Large screens are expensive in time and resources. The... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The rates at which ligands exchange between the first and the second coordination sphere is the first step in ligand substitution reactions. In associative ligand substitution, the entering nucleophile resides in the second coordination sphere. These effects are relevant to practical applications such as contrast agent... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This time step limitation is less restricted than the explicit method. The Crank–Nicolson method is based on the central differencing and hence it is second-order accurate in time. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lauterbur earned his bachelor of science in industrial chemistry from the Case Institute of Technology in 1951, now part of Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio where he became a Brother of the Alpha Delta chapter of Phi Kappa Tau fraternity. He then went to work at the Mellon Institute laboratories of th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Steady-state free precession imaging (SSFP) or balanced SSFP is an MRI technique which uses short repetition times (TR) and low flip angles (about 10 degrees) to achieve steady state of longitudinal magnetizations as the magnetizations does not decay completely nor achieving full T1 relaxation. While spoiled gradient-e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For economic and other reasons, bitumen is sometimes sold combined with other materials, often without being labeled as anything other than simply "bitumen".
Of particular note is the use of re-refined engine oil bottoms – "REOB" or "REOBs"the residue of recycled automotive engine oil collected from the bottoms of re-r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Body composition can also be expressed in terms of various types of material, such as:
*Muscle
*Fat
*Bone and teeth
*Nervous tissue (brain and nerves)
*Hormones
*Connective tissue
*Body fluids (blood, lymph, urine)
*Contents of digestive tract, including intestinal gas
*Air in lungs
*Epithelium | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
HTK (branded as Custodiol® by Essential Pharmaceuticals LLC), has been presented by industry to surgeons as an alternative solution that exceeds other cardioplegias in myocardial protection during cardiac surgery. This claim relies on the single-dose administration of HTK compared with other multidose cardioplegias (MD... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The body is able to substantially reduce the amount of iron it absorbs across the mucosa. It does not seem to be able to entirely shut down the iron transport process. Also, in situations where excess iron damages the intestinal lining itself (for instance, when children eat a large quantity of iron tablets produced fo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In contrast to animals, fungi and non-vascular plants, the cells of flowering plants lack dynein motors. However, they contain a larger number of different kinesins. Many of these plant-specific kinesin groups are specialized for functions during plant cell mitosis. Plant cells differ from animal cells in that they hav... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Essential fatty acids (EFAs) are fatty acids that humans and other animals must ingest because the body requires them for good health but cannot synthesize them. Only two fatty acids are known to be essential for humans: alpha-linolenic acid (an omega-3 fatty acid) and linoleic acid (an omega-6 fatty acid). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Starting with a linear potential of the form the corresponding Smoluchowski equation becomes,
Where the diffusion constant, , is constant over space and time. The boundary conditions are such that the probability vanishes at with an initial condition of the ensemble of particles starting in the same place, .
Defining... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The effective neutron multiplication factor can be described using the product of six probability factors that describe a nuclear system. These factors, traditionally arranged chronologically with regards to the life of a neutron in a thermal reactor, include the probability of fast non-leakage , the fast fission fact... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2004, Germany recycled 2.116 million tons of glass. Reusable glass or plastic (PET) bottles are available for many drinks, especially beer and carbonated water as well as soft drinks (Mehrwegflaschen). The deposit per bottle (Pfand) is €0.08-€0.15, compared to €0.25 for recyclable but not reusable plastic bottles. T... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The search for organic molecules at the surface of Mars is a top priority of Mars exploration space missions. Therefore, a key step in interpretation of future data collected by these missions is to understand the preservation of organic matter in the Martian environment. A 1.5-year exposure to Mars-like surface UV rad... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Immunological effects resulting from the cryoablation of tumors was first observed in the 1960s. Since the 1960s, Tanaka treated metastatic breast cancer patients with cryotherapy and reported cryoimmunological reaction resulting from cryotherapy. In the 1970s, systemic immunological response from local cryoablation o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Laser cooling includes several techniques where atoms, molecules, and small mechanical systems are cooled with laser light. The directed energy of lasers is often associated with heating materials, e.g. laser cutting, so it can be counterintuitive that laser cooling often results in sample temperatures approaching ab... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In general, on the typical laboratory scale, the direct reaction of a haloalkane with sodium hydrosulfide is inefficient owing to the competing formation of sulfides. Instead, alkyl halides are converted to thiols via an S-alkylation of thiourea. This multistep, one-pot process proceeds via the intermediacy of the isot... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
: This type of reactor contains several tubes with small diameters. These tubes contain catalysts and are surrounded by cooling water which removes the heat of the reaction. A fixed-bed reactor is suitable for operation at low temperatures and has an upper-temperature limit of 257 °C (530 K). Excess temperature leads t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The main advantages are High Sensitivity >93 %, Early detection of active TB. This method does not require a specimen taken from the site of disease, it also may be useful in diagnosis of paucibacillary childhood TB. Secreted antibody may be preserved for long time for further analysis. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In many late model automobiles, a Mass Airflow (MAF) sensor is used to accurately determine the mass flow rate of intake air used in the internal combustion engine. Many such mass flow sensors use a heated element and a downstream temperature sensor to indicate the air flowrate. Other sensors use a spring-loaded vane. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An iron founder (also iron-founder or ironfounder) in its more general sense is a worker in molten ferrous metal, generally working within an iron foundry. However, the term iron founder is usually reserved for the owner or manager of an iron foundry, a person also known in Victorian England as a master. Workers in a f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A Wahrhaftig diagram (named after Austin L. Wahrhaftig) illustrates the relative contributions in unimolecular ion decomposition of direct fragmentation and fragmentation following rearrangement. The x-axis of the diagram represents the internal energy of the ion. The lower part of the diagram shows the logarithm of th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Three conservation laws are used to solve fluid dynamics problems, and may be written in integral or differential form. The conservation laws may be applied to a region of the flow called a control volume. A control volume is a discrete volume in space through which fluid is assumed to flow. The integral formulations o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The most popular explanation given for the shower-curtain effect is Bernoullis principle. Bernoullis principle states that an increase in velocity results in a decrease in pressure. This theory presumes that the water flowing out of a shower head causes the air through which the water moves to start flowing in the sa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Theoretically, any biomass can be converted into bio-oil using hydrothermal liquefaction regardless of water content, and various different biomasses have been tested, from forestry and agriculture residues, sewage sludges, food process wastes, to emerging non-food biomass such as algae. The composition of cellulose, h... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Enol esters are formed from ketenes with enolisable carbonyl compounds. The following example shows the reaction of ethenone with acetone to form a propen-2-yl acetate: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the stratosphere, the atmospheres second layer that is generally between 10 and 50 km above Earths surface, sulfuric acid is formed by the oxidation of volcanic sulfur dioxide by the hydroxyl radical:
Because sulfuric acid reaches supersaturation in the stratosphere, it can nucleate aerosol particles and provide a s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The ideal IR source should be monochromatic and tunable within a wide range of wavelength. According to T ∝d/λ, where T is the transmission coefficient, d the aperture diameter and λ is wavelength, the aperture-based NSOM/FTIR transmission is even more limited due to the long infrared wavelength; therefore, an intense ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
To design a transition state analogue, the pivotal step is the determination of transition state structure of substrate on the specific enzyme of interest with experimental method, for example, kinetic isotope effect. In addition, the transition state structure can also be predicted with computational approaches as a c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Agosterol A is a bio-active sterol which may have applications in removing multi-drug resistance in various cancers. It was first isolated from marine sponge but has also been produced synthetically. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics, Prandtl–Batchelor theorem states that if in a two-dimensional laminar flow at high Reynolds number closed streamlines occur, then the vorticity in the closed streamline region must be a constant. A similar statement holds true for axisymmetric flows. The theorem is named after Ludwig Prandtl and Geor... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemical kinetics, an Arrhenius plot displays the logarithm of a reaction rate constant, ordinate axis) plotted against reciprocal of the temperature abscissa). Arrhenius plots are often used to analyze the effect of temperature on the rates of chemical reactions. For a single rate-limited thermally activated proc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In protic solution exchangeable protons such as those in hydroxyl or amine group exchange protons with the solvent. If DO is solvent, deuterons will be incorporated at these positions. The exchange reaction can be followed using a variety of methods (see Detection). Since this exchange is an equilibrium reaction, the m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As a simple example, we investigate the properties of the one-dimensional Riemann problem
in gas dynamics
(Toro, Eleuterio F. (1999). Riemann Solvers and Numerical Methods for Fluid Dynamics, Pg 44, Example 2.5)
The initial conditions are given by
where x = 0 separates two different states, together with the linearis... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
If a gamma spectrometer is used for identifying samples of unknown composition, its energy scale must be calibrated first. Calibration is performed by using the peaks of a known source, such as caesium-137 or cobalt-60. Because the channel number is proportional to energy, the channel scale can then be converted to an ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
During the COVID-19 pandemic, some studies attempted to establish a correlation between selenium plasma level and severity of COVID-19 cases. One study done on 33 patients concluded that low plasma selenium levels were correlated with a high mortality rate among COVID-19 patients. However, the median age of deaths in t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This gene product is a component of a nucleolar small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) particle thought to participate in the first step in processing pre-ribosomal (r)RNA. It is associated with the U3, U8, and U13 small nucleolar RNAs and is located in the dense fibrillar component (DFC) of the nucleolus. The encoded... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Liquid chromatography as we know it today really got its start in 1969, when the first modern HPLC was designed and marketed as a nucleic acid analyzer. Columns throughout the 1970s were unreliable, pump flow rates were inconsistent, and many biologically active compounds escaped detection by UV and fluorescence detec... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Amasa Stone Bishop (1921 – May 21, 1997) was an American nuclear physicist specializing in fusion physics. He received his B.S. in physics from the California Institute of Technology in 1943. From 1943 to 1946 he was a member of the staff of Radiation Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he wa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics, the enstrophy can be interpreted as another type of potential density; or, more concretely, the quantity directly related to the kinetic energy in the flow model that corresponds to dissipation effects in the fluid. It is particularly useful in the study of turbulent flows, and is often identified i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The sodium-potassium pump works with the sodium and potassium leak channels to maintain the membrane potential between the cell and the extracellular space. Sodium moves down the concentration gradient from the cytosol into the extracellular matrix. Potassium moves down its concentration gradient from the extracellular... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are three molecules that serve as chelator agents that bond to arsenic. These three are British Anti-Lewisite (BAL, Dimercaprol), succimer (DMSA) and Unithiol (DMPS).
When these agents chelate inorganic arsenic, it is converted into an organic form of arsenic because it is bound to the organic chelating agent. Th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The possible tautomerism of favipiravir has been investigated computationally and experimentally. It was found that the enol-like form was substantially more stable in organic solvents than the keto-like form, meaning that Favipiravir likely exists almost exclusively in the enol-like form. In aqueous solution the keto-... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Marine dinoflagellates at night can emit blue light by bioluminescence, a process also called "the phosphorescence of the seas". Light production in these single celled organisms is produced by small structures in the cytoplasm called scintillons. Among bioluminescent organisms, only dinoflagellates have scintillons. I... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pyrometers are suited especially to the measurement of moving objects or any surfaces that cannot be reached or cannot be touched. Contemporary multispectral pyrometers are suitable for measuring high temperatures inside combustion chambers of gas turbine engines with high accuracy.
Temperature is a fundamental paramet... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are two equivalent ways to define the meaning of the Miller indices: via a point in the reciprocal lattice, or as the inverse intercepts along the lattice vectors. Both definitions are given below. In either case, one needs to choose the three lattice vectors a, a, and a that define the unit cell (note that the c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The energetic deuteron fuses with another deuteron, yielding either a helium nucleus and a neutron or a hydrogen nucleus and a proton. These fusion products may fuse with other deuterons, creating an alpha particle, or with another helium or hydrogen nucleus. Each releases energy, continuing the process. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Approximately 64% of the maize genome is made up of TEs, as is 44% of the human genome, and almost half of murine genomes.
New discoveries of transposable elements have shown the exact distribution of TEs with respect to their transcription start sites (TSSs) and enhancers. A recent study found that a promoter contains... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Florida Everglades system is a prime example of a complex ecological system that underwent an ESEM analysis. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The muons are implanted into the sample of interest where they lose energy very quickly. Fortunately, this deceleration process occurs in such a way that it does not jeopardize a μSR measurement. On one side it is very fast (much faster than 100 ps), which is much shorter than a typical μSR time window (up to 20 μs), a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Different related definitions of an ideal solution have been proposed. The simplest definition is that an ideal solution is a solution for which each component obeys Raoult's law for all compositions. Here is the vapor pressure of component above the solution, is its mole fraction and is the vapor pressure of the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tidal constituents combine to give an endlessly varying aggregate because of their different and incommensurable frequencies: the effect is visualized in an [http://www.ams.org/featurecolumn/archive/tidesIII3.html animation of the American Mathematical Society] illustrating the way in which the components used to be me... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lactacystin is an organic compound naturally synthesized by bacteria of the genus Streptomyces first identified as an inducer of neuritogenesis in neuroblastoma cells in 1991. The target of lactacystin was subsequently found to be the proteasome on the basis of its affinity for certain catalytic subunits of the proteas... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A subgrain is a part of the grain that is only slightly disoriented from other parts of the grain. Current research is being done to see the effect of subgrain strengthening in materials. Depending on the processing of the material, subgrains can form within the grains of the material. For example, when Fe-based materi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
MIR elements have been first described in human genome 1989-1991
and were first referred as MB1 family repeats (mirror to sequences of mouse B1 repeat). Then this family repeats were found in other mammalian genomes. Then this family was renamed as "Mammalian interspersed repeats" in 1992 Later this family was show... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Another firm researching hair cloning was ARI (Aderans Research Institute), a Japanese company that operated in the US and was the greatest competitor of Intercytex in developing the therapy. The company worked on what they called the "Ji Gami" process, which involved the removal of a small strip of the scalp, which is... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Friedel's salt could be first tentatively represented as an AFm phase in which two chloride ions would have simply replaced one sulfate ion. This conceptual representation based on the intuition of a simple stoichiometric exchange is very convenient to remind but such a simple mechanism likely does not directly occur a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*This test is done to ascertain the nature of fluid in the vagina during pregnancy especially when premature rupture of membranes (PROM) is suspect. This test involves putting a drop of fluid obtained from the vagina onto paper strips containing nitrazine dye. The strips change color depending on the pH of the fluid. T... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
After the fifth century fall of the Western Roman Empire, medicinal knowledge in Europe suffered due to the loss of Greek medicinal texts and a strict adherence to tradition, although an area of Southern Italy near Salerno remained under Byzantine control and developed a hospital and medical school, which became famous... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Drug repositioning (also called drug repurposing) involves the investigation of existing drugs for new therapeutic purposes. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Starting as lecturer at Rivers State University in food chemistry/biochemistry, food process technology, safety and fermentation, toxicology and nutrition in 1975, he has remained there to-date. He is also a researcher in Rivers State University, Port Harcourt (formerly Rivers State University of Science and Technology... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A defoamer or an anti-foaming agent is a chemical additive that reduces and hinders the formation of foam in industrial process liquids. The terms anti-foam agent and defoamer are often used interchangeably. Strictly speaking, defoamers eliminate existing foam and anti-foamers prevent the formation of further foam. Com... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) is a buffer solution (pH ~ 7.4) commonly used in biological research. It is a water-based salt solution containing disodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride and, in some formulations, potassium chloride and potassium dihydrogen phosphate. The buffer helps to maintain a constant pH. Th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One goal of structural genomics is to identify novel protein folds. Experimental methods of protein structure determination require proteins that express and/or crystallize well, which may inherently bias the kinds of proteins folds that this experimental data elucidate. A genomic, modeling-based approach such as ab in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A resin impregnated felt tube made of polyester, fiberglass cloth, spread tow carbon fiber or another resin-impregnable substance, is inserted or pulled through a damaged pipe. It is usually done from the upstream access point (manhole or excavation). It is possible to insert the liner upstream (e.g. from the downstrea... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Application of this discharge are usually seen where production of filter cakes that blind the filter media thoroughly and processes that have low solid concentration slurry. Pre coat discharge is used if slurry with very low solid concentration slurry is used that resulted in difficult cake formation or if the slurry ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It is common to represent polymers backbones, notably proteins, in internal coordinates; that is, a list of consecutive dihedral angles and bond lengths. However, some types of computational chemistry instead use cartesian coordinates. In computational structure optimization, some programs need to flip back and forth b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The assumption of a Newtonian fluid is essential since Stokes equations will not remain linear and time-independent in an environment that possesses complex mechanical and rheological properties. It is also common knowledge that many living microorganisms live in complex non-Newtonian fluids, which are common in biolog... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In general, the stability of a metal complex correlates with the denticity of the ligands, which can be attributed to the chelate effect. Polydentate ligands such as hexa- or octadentate ligands tend to bind metal ions more strongly than ligands of lower denticity, primarily due to entropic factors. Stability constants... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*[http://www.simulia.com/products/multiphysics_coupling.html Abaqus Multiphysics Coupling]
*[http://www.altairhyperworks.com/Product,54,AcuSolve.aspx?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1 AcuSolve FSI applications]
*[http://www.adina.com/fluid-structure-interaction.shtml ADINA FSI homepage]
*[https://www.ansys.com/products/pl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The bulk electronic band structure of transition metal oxides consists of overlapping 2p orbitals from oxygen atoms, forming the lower energy, highly populated valence band, while the sparsely populated, higher energy conduction band consists of overlapping d orbitals of the transition metal cation. In contrast to meta... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The issue of using Ff phages for phage display is that they require the protein of interest to be translocated across the bacterial inner membrane before they are assembled into the phage. Some proteins cannot undergo this process and therefore cannot be displayed on the surface of Ff phages. In these cases, T7 phage d... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chitin-glucan complex (CGC) is a copolymer (polysaccharide) that makes up fungal cell walls, consisting of covalently-bonded chitin and branched 1,3/1,6-ß-D-glucan. CGCs are alkaline-insoluble. Different species of fungi have different structural compositions of chitin and β-glucan making up the CGCs in their cell wa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
is a Lewis acid as implicated by its tendency to hydrolyze. With the ether THF, reacts to give yellow crystals of . With chloride salts, reacts to form sequentially , (see figure above), and . The reaction of chloride ions with depends on the counterion. and gives the pentacoordinate complex , whereas smaller gi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Eukaryotic photoautotrophs include red algae, haptophytes, stramenopiles, cryptophytes, chlorophytes, and land plants. These organisms perform photosynthesis through organelles called chloroplasts and are believed to have originated about 2 billion years ago. Comparing the genes of chloroplast and cyanobacteria strongl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For any 3-dimensional lattice, the conventional unit cells are parallelepipeds, which in special cases may have orthogonal angles, or equal lengths, or both. Seven of the fourteen three-dimensional Bravais lattices are represented using conventional primitive cells, as shown below.
The other seven Bravais lattices (kn... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The reductive acetyl CoA pathway (CoA) pathway, also known as the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway uses CO as electron acceptor and carbon source, and H as an electron donor to form acetic acid. This metabolism is wide spread within the phylum Bacillota, especially in the Clostridia.
The pathway is also used by methanogens, whic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Vector selection requires one to ensure the library made is representative of the entire genome. Any insert of the genome derived from a restriction enzyme should have an equal chance of being in the library compared to any other insert. Furthermore, recombinant molecules should contain large enough inserts ensuring th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The molar concentration depends on the variation of the volume of the solution due mainly to thermal expansion. On small intervals of temperature, the dependence is
where is the molar concentration at a reference temperature, is the thermal expansion coefficient of the mixture. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This method of deoxidization involves adding specific metals into the steel. These metals will react with the unwanted oxygen, forming a strong oxide that, compared to pure oxygen, will reduce the steel's strength and qualities by a lesser amount.
The chemical equation for deoxidization is represented by:
where n and ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Metal halides are compounds between metals and halogens. Some, such as sodium chloride are ionic, while others are covalently bonded. A few metal halides are discrete molecules, such as uranium hexafluoride, but most adopt polymeric structures, such as palladium chloride. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As of 2018 NIST does not provide certificates for the common stable isotope reference materials. As seen at this [https://www-s.nist.gov/srmors/viewTableV.cfm?tableid=42 link] showing the light stable isotope references currently available from NIST, this category includes all of the isotopic references critical for is... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The tongue is skeletal muscle on the floor of the mouth of most vertebrates, that manipulates food for chewing (mastication) and swallowing (deglutition). It is sensitive and kept moist by saliva. The underside of the tongue is covered with a smooth mucous membrane. The tongue also has a touch sense for locating and po... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Low molecular weight polyols are widely used in polymer chemistry where they function as crosslinking agents and chain extenders. Alkyd resins for example, use polyols in their synthesis and are used in paints and in molds for casting. They are the dominant resin or "binder" in most commercial "oil-based" coatings. App... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Continuous-flow photochemistry offers multiple advantages over batch photochemistry. Photochemical reactions are driven by the number of photons that are able to activate molecules causing the desired reaction. The large surface-area-to-volume ratio of a microreactor maximizes the illumination, and at the same time all... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thermogalvanic cells are a kind of heat engine. Ultimately the driving force behind them is the transport of entropy from the high temperature source to the low temperature sink. Therefore, these cells work thanks to a thermal gradient established between different parts of the cell. Because the rate and enthalpy of ch... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* bicarbonate derived from carbonic anhydrase (CA)-dependent hydration.
* CO metabolism
* Enters through membrane-transporting proteins or cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulators.
* Calcium enters by voltage-dependent Ca channels or by release from the endoplasmic reticulum.
* Hydrogencarbonate and calcium... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Electric power can be sourced from a diversified grid and thus reduce the effects of oil and geopolitics. Petroleum and petroleum-based products were used as a weapon after the Yom Kippur War, quadrupling the price of oil after an OPEC embargo. In 2000, the fuel protests in the United Kingdom virtually crippled UK tran... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hattori defined the osmium isotope evolution of Earth's mantle, providing evidence for an accretion of chondritic meteorites after the core-mantle separation.
Prior to Hattori's research, the origin of large nuggets of platinum-group metals in streams was a subject of debate, with some proposing river water formation u... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Phosphorus compounds are usually found as relatively insoluble phosphates in river water and, except in some exceptional circumstances, their origin is agriculture or human sewage. Phosphorus can encourage excessive growths of plants and algae and contribute to eutrophication. If a river discharges into a lake or reser... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Two dimensional correlation analysis is a mathematical technique that is used to study changes in measured signals. As mostly spectroscopic signals are discussed, sometime also two dimensional correlation spectroscopy is used and refers to the same technique.
In 2D correlation analysis, a sample is subjected to an exte... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are several spot tests that are infrequently used due to their limited applicability, but may be useful in situations where particular lichen metabolites need to be detected, or to distinguish between certain species when other tests are negative.
* A 10% solution of barium hydroxide (Ba(OH)) gives a violet colou... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The reactivity ratio of a growing copolymer chain terminating in a given monomer is the ratio of the reaction rate constant for addition of the same monomer and the rate constant for addition of the other monomer. That is, and , where for example is the rate constant for propagation of a polymer chain ending in monom... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
William Gregor (25 December 1761 – 11 June 1817) was an English clergyman and mineralogist who discovered the elemental metal titanium. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The bilirubin level found in the body reflects the balance between production and excretion. Blood test results are advised to always be interpreted using the reference range provided by the laboratory that performed the test. The SI units are μmol/L. Typical ranges for adults are:
* 0–0.3 mg/dl – Direct (conjugated) b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The extremely low coefficient of thermal expansion, about (20–320 °C), accounts for its remarkable ability to undergo large, rapid temperature changes without cracking (see thermal shock).
Fused quartz is prone to phosphorescence and "solarisation" (purplish discoloration) under intense UV illumination, as is often se... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Common borate salts include sodium metaborate (NaBO) and borax. Borax is soluble in water, so mineral deposits only occur in places with very low rainfall. Extensive deposits were found in Death Valley and shipped with twenty-mule teams from 1883 to 1889. In 1925, deposits were found at Boron, California on the edge of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The best method of controlling hydrogen damage is to control contact between the metal and hydrogen. Many steps can be taken to reduce the entry of hydrogen into metals during critical operations like melting; casting; working (rolling, forging, etc.); welding; and surface preparation, like chemical cleaning, electropl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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