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* In boronic ester homologization an alkyl group shifts from boron in a boronate to carbon:
In this reaction dichloromethyllithium converts the boronic ester into a boronate. A Lewis acid then induces a rearrangement of the alkyl group with displacement of the chlorine group. Finally an organometallic reagent such as a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If the process of converting one type of energy into another takes place inside a thermodynamic system, for example, in chemical reactions, in electric or pneumatic motors, when one solid body rubs against another, then the processes of energy release or absorption will occur, and the thermodynamic system will always t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1964, William Zisman published an article in the ACS publications on the "Relation of the Equilibrium Contact Angle to Liquid and Solid Constitution". It was in this article where he used what we call today as the Zisman plot. The Zisman plot is used to very quickly give a quantitative measurement of wettability, al... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Different average values can be defined, depending on the statistical method applied. In practice, four averages are used, representing the weighted mean taken with the mole fraction, the weight fraction, and two other functions which can be related to measured quantities:
*Number average molar mass (), also loosely re... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pressure drops seen for fully developed flow of fluids through pipes can be predicted using the Moody diagram which plots the Darcy–Weisbach friction factor against Reynolds number and relative roughness . The diagram clearly shows the laminar, transition, and turbulent flow regimes as Reynolds number increases. The ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Copper was the first metal in common use for tools and containers since it is one of the few metals available in non-oxidized form, not requiring the smelting of an ore. Copper is easily softened by heating and then cooling (it does not harden by quenching, e.g., quenching in cool water). In this annealed state it may ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
To first order, δCu values in organisms are driven by the δCu values of source materials. The δCu values of various soils from different regions have been found to vary from -0.34 to +0.33‰ depending on the biogeochemical processes taking place in the soil and the ligands with which Cu complexes. Organic-rich soils gen... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The standard heat of formation (ΔH°) of a compound is described as the enthalpy change when the compound is formed from its separated elements. When the heat of formation for a compound is different from either a prediction or a reference compound, this difference can often be attributed to strain. For example, ΔH° f... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The terminus of the double bond in enols is nucleophilic. Its reactions with electrophilic organic compounds is important in biochemistry as well as synthetic organic chemistry. In the former area, the fixation of carbon dioxide involves addition of CO to an enol. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The birth of the theory of chaotic advection is usually traced back to a 1984 paper
by Hassan Aref. In this work, Aref studied the mixing induced by two vortices switched alternately on and off inside an inviscid fluid. This seminal work had been made possible by earlier developments in the fields of dynamical Systems ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
RNAi intersects with a number of other pathways; as of 2010 it was not surprising that on occasion, nonspecific effects are triggered by the experimental introduction of an siRNA. When a mammalian cell encounters a double-stranded RNA such as an siRNA, it may mistake it as a viral by-product and mount an immune respons... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The word "transcriptome" was first used in the 1990s. In 1995, one of the earliest sequencing-based transcriptomic methods was developed, serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), which worked by Sanger sequencing of concatenated random transcript fragments. Transcripts were quantified by matching the fragments to kno... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For single cation systems like SiO and TiO, hydrolysis and condensation processes naturally give rise to homogenous compositions. For systems involving multiple cations, such as strontium titanate, SrTiO and other perovskite systems, the concept of steric immobilisation becomes relevant. To avoid the formation of multi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Heat can be provided for the endothermic calcination step either directly or indirectly.
Direct provision of heat involves the combustion of fuel in the calciner itself (fluidised bed combustion). This is generally assumed to be done under oxy-fuel conditions; i.e. oxygen rather than air is used to burn the fuel to pre... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The existence of frigorific mixtures can be viewed as a consequence of the Gibbs phase rule, which describes the relationship at equilibrium between the number of components, the number of coexisting phases, and the number of degrees of freedom permitted by the conditions of heterogeneous equilibrium. Specifically, at... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For fission of uranium-235, the predominant radioactive fission products include isotopes of iodine, caesium, strontium, xenon and barium. The threat becomes smaller with the passage of time. Locations where radiation fields once posed immediate mortal threats, such as much of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant on day o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In physics, the terms order and disorder designate the presence or absence of some symmetry or correlation in a many-particle system.
In condensed matter physics, systems typically are ordered at low temperatures; upon heating, they undergo one or several phase transitions into less ordered states.
Examples for such an... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Choren Industries has built a plant in Germany that converts biomass to syngas and fuels using the Shell FT process structure. The company went bankrupt in 2011 due to impracticalities in the process.
Biomass gasification (BG) and Fischer–Tropsch (FT) synthesis can in principle be combined to produce renewable transpor... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lakes and oceans appear cyan for several reasons. One is that the surface of the water reflects the color of the sky, which ranges from cyan to light azure. It is a common misconception that this reflection is the sole reason bodies of water appear cyan, though it can contribute. This contribution usually makes the bod... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Polyester resin offers the following advantages:
# Adequate resistance to water and variety of chemicals.
# Adequate resistance to weathering and ageing.
# Low cost.
# Polyesters can withstand a temperature up to 80 °C.
# Polyesters have good wetting to glass fibres.
# Relatively low shrinkage at between 4–8% during ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fish scales are calcium phosphate composites coated with a mucus layer. Fish scale properties have been mimicked by polyacrylamide hydrogels, which are both hydrophilic and mimic the mucus’ retention of water. Additionally, fish scales have been used as a template for a casting technique, and as a model for a lithograp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
(AD 900–1500)
Objects of personal adornment and ceremonial objects
#Cerro Montoso, Veracruz
#Chachalacas, Veracruz
#El Tajin, Veracruz
#Isla de Sacrificios, Veracruz
#Pánuco, Veracruz
#Tampico, Veracruz | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Turkevich moved to the Department of Physics at the University of Chicago as a research assistant with Robert Mulliken where he studied molecular spectroscopy and nuclear fission products.
In 1942, during World War II, he joined the Manhattan Project, working initially at Columbia University. The Columbia laboratory gr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Because of their sequence similarity and operon structure, many two-component systems – particularly histidine kinases – are relatively easy to identify through bioinformatics analysis. (By contrast, eukaryotic kinases are typically easily identified, but they are not easily paired with their substrates.) A database of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The transesterification reaction is base catalyzed. Any strong base capable of deprotonating the alcohol will work (e.g. NaOH, KOH, sodium methoxide, etc.), but the sodium and potassium hydroxides are often chosen for their cost. The presence of water causes undesirable base hydrolysis, so the reaction must be kept dry... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Enolase next converts 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate. This reaction is an elimination reaction involving an E1cB mechanism.
Cofactors: 2 Mg: one "conformational" ion to coordinate with the carboxylate group of the substrate, and one "catalytic" ion that participates in the dehydration | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Myzocytosis (from Greek: myzein, () meaning "to suck" and kytos () meaning "container", hence referring to "cell") is a method of feeding found in some heterotrophic organisms. It is also called "cellular vampirism" as the predatory cell pierces the cell wall and/or cell membrane of the prey cell with a feeding tube, t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Knowledge of charge carrier mobility in semiconductors is important for understanding the electronic and materials properties of a system. It is also valuable in device design and optimization. This is particularly true for thin film solar cells and thin film transistors, where charge extraction and amplification, resp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Much gold jewelry is produced by casting, with little or no cold working; which, depending on the alloy grade, may leave the metal relatively soft and bendable. However, a jeweler may intentionally use work hardening to strengthen wearable objects that are exposed to stress, such as rings. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
pSK1 is a plasmid from Staphylococcus aureus. This plasmid has a partition system determined by a single gene, par, previously known as orf245. This gene does not effect the plasmid copy number nor the grow rate (excluding its implication in a post-segregational killing system). A centromere-like binding sequence is pr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Consider a hydrogel made of polyelectrolytes decorated with weak acid groups that can ionize according to the reaction
is immersed in a salt solution of physiological concentration. The degree of ionization of the polyelectrolytes is then controlled by the and due to the charged nature of and , electrostatic interact... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Source:
n-Butyllithium (14.0 mL of a 2.5 M solution in hexane, 35 mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of 2,6-dimethylanisole (4.95 mL, 35 mmol) in 60 mL of tetrahydrofuran at 0°, and the resulting solution was stirred at 0° for 1 hour and then at ambient temperature for 4 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Most metal carbonyl complexes contain a mixture of ligands. Examples include the historically important IrCl(CO)(P(CH)) and the antiknock agent (CHCH)Mn(CO). The parent compounds for many of these mixed ligand complexes are the binary carbonyls, those species of the formula [M(CO)], many of which are commercially avail... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
While the presence of any symmetry element within a ligand intended for asymmetric induction might appear counterintuitive, asymmetric induction only requires that the ligand be chiral (i.e. have no improper rotation axis). Asymmetry (i.e. absence of any symmetry elements) is not required. C symmetry improves the enant... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Modern-day boilers, such as those in coal-fired power stations, are still fitted with economizers which are descendants of Green's original design. In this context they are often referred to as feedwater heaters and heat the condensate from turbines before it is pumped to the boilers.
Economizers are commonly used as ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When an alien pathway is installed in a host (chassis) organism, and even when a native pathway is massively upregulated, reactive intermediates may accumulate to levels that negatively impact viability, growth, and flux through the pathway because a matching damage-control system is absent or has been overwhelmed. Eng... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The properties molar internal energy, , and entropy, , defined by the first and second laws of thermodynamics, hence all thermodynamic properties of a simple compressible substance, can be specified, up to a constant of integration, by two measurable functions, a mechanical equation of state, , and a constant volume sp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mixtures are another common issue faced by forensic scientists when they are analyzing unknown or questionable DNA samples. A mixture is defined as a DNA sample that contains two or more individual contributors. That can often occur when a DNA sample is swabbed from an item that is handled by more than one person or wh... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Single photons in the infrared spectral range usually are not energetic enough for direct photodissociation of molecules. However, after absorption of multiple infrared photons a molecule may gain internal energy to overcome its barrier for dissociation. Multiple-photon dissociation (MPD; IRMPD with infrared radiation)... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Weber number may be written as:
where
* is the drag coefficient of the body cross-section.
* is the density of the fluid (kg/m).
* is its velocity (m/s).
* is its characteristic length, typically the droplet diameter (m).
* is the surface tension (N/m).
The modified Weber number,
equals the ratio of the kineti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A foam water fire sprinkler system is a special application system, discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate, resulting in a foam spray from the sprinkler. These systems are usually used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires, such as flammable liquids, such as in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
After a period of post-doctoral research with George Sheldrick at the University of Göttingen, Brooker returned to New Zealand to take up a lectureship in chemistry at the University of Otago in 1991. She rose to become a full professor in 2006.
Brooker's research is in the fields of transition-metal and macrocyclic ch... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
While it is important to note that the process of remineralization is a series of complex biochemical pathways [within microbes], it can often be simplified as a series of one-step processes for ecosystem-level models and calculations. A generic form of these reactions is shown by:
The above generic equation starts wit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Purple bacteria contain a single photosystem that is structurally related to PSII in cyanobacteria and chloroplasts:
: P870 → P870 → ubiquinone → cyt bc → cyt c → P870
This is a cyclic process in which electrons are removed from an excited chlorophyll molecule (bacteriochlorophyll; P870), passed through an electron tra... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chlorprothixene is an antagonist of the following receptors:
* 5-HT, 5-HT, 5-HT: antipsychotic effects, sedation/anxiolysis, antidepressant effect, weight gain
* D, D, D, D, D: antipsychotic effects, sedation, extrapyramidal side effects, prolactin increase, depression, apathy/anhedonia, weight gain
* H: sedation, weig... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Subpolar gyres form at high latitudes (around 60°). Circulation of surface wind and ocean water is cyclonic, counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern hemisphere, around a low-pressure area, such as the persistent Aleutian Low and the Icelandic Low. The wind stress curl in this region dr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The charge modulation spectroscopy signal can be defined as the differential transmission divided by the total transmission . By modulating the mobile carriers, an increase transmission and decrease transmission features could be both observed. The former relates to the bleaching and the latter to the charge absorpt... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Since all TOC analyzers only actually measure total carbon, TOC analysis always requires some accounting for the inorganic carbon that is always present. One analysis technique involves a two-stage process commonly referred to as TOC differential method. It measures the amount of inorganic carbon (IC) evolved from an ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Acidic nucleic acid denaturants include:
* Acetic acid
* HCl
* Nitric acid
Basic nucleic acid denaturants include:
* NaOH
Other nucleic acid denaturants include:
* DMSO
* Formamide
* Guanidine
* Sodium salicylate
* Propylene glycol
* Urea | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sink flow is the opposite of source flow. The streamlines are radial, directed inwards to the line source. As we get closer to the sink, area of flow decreases. In order to satisfy the continuity equation, the streamlines get bunched closer and the velocity increases as we get closer to the source. As with source flow,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A 1996 study by McPhee et al. suggested that stercobilin and other related pyrrolic pigments — including urobilin, biliverdin, and xanthobilirubic acid — has potential to function as a new class of HIV-1 protease inhibitors when delivered at low micromolar concentrations. These pigments were selected due to a similarit... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The thermospray (TSP) interface was developed in 1980 by Marvin Vestal and co-workers at the University of Houston. It was commercialized by Vestec and several of the major mass spectrometer manufacturers. The interface resulted from a long-term research project intended to find a LC–MS interface capable of handling hi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Enhancements for improving the effectiveness of SVE can include directional drilling, pneumatic and hydraulic fracturing, and thermal enhancement (e.g., hot air or steam injection). Directional drilling and fracturing enhancements are generally intended to improve the gas flow through the subsurface, especially in low... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
eIF2 is the main protein complex responsible for delivering the initiator tRNA to the P-site of the preinitiation complex, as a ternary complex containing Met-tRNA and GTP (the eIF2-TC). eIF2 has specificity for the methionine-charged initiator tRNA, which is distinct from other methionine-charged tRNAs used for elong... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Regioselective and stereoselective formation of carbon-carbon bonds adjacent to carbonyl group is an important procedure in organic chemistry. Alkylation reaction of enolates has been the main focus of the field. Both A. G. Myers and D. A. Evans developed asymmetric alkylation reactions for enolates.
The apparent short... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For the preservation of shorter fragment reads, barcode removal and adapter trimming need to be done. After read preprocessing, the alignment of reads to the human genome reference should be performed. Original EPIC-seq used hg19 but for better results, an updated version of human genome reference can be used. One shou... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It was found that pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme found in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells closely resembles an enzyme from Geobacillus stearothermophilus, which is a species of gram-positive bacteria. Despite similarities of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex with gram-positive bacteria, there is little resemblance... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When arriving at a site of a surface, an adatom has three options. There is a probability that it will adsorb to the surface (), a probability that it will migrate to another site on the surface (), and a probability that it will desorb from the surface and return to the bulk gas (). For an empty site (θ=0) the s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
ChiRP-Seq (Chromatin Isolation by RNA purification) is a high-throughput sequencing method to discover regions of the genome which are bound by a specific RNA (or by a ribonucleoprotein containing the RNA of interest).
Recent studies have shown that a significant proportion of some genomes (including mouse and human g... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sulfuryl fluoride (also spelled sulphuryl fluoride) is an inorganic compound with the formula SOF. It is an easily condensed gas and has properties more similar to sulfur hexafluoride than sulfuryl chloride, being resistant to hydrolysis even up to 150 °C. It is neurotoxic and a potent greenhouse gas, but is widely use... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, functionality is often used as a synonym for functional group. For example, a hydroxyl group can also be called a HO-function.
Functionalisation means the introduction of functional groups, for example
* the functionalisation of a surface (e.g. silanization for the specific modification of the adh... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carbon sequestration is the process of storing carbon in a carbon pool. It plays a crucial role in mitigating climate change by reducing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. There are two main types of carbon sequestration: biologic (also called biosequestration) and geologic. Biologic carbon sequestration i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In early 2004, Schadler, Garde, and Siegel were awarded a U.S. National Science Foundation grant to make a new Molecularium show exclusively for an immersive dome based video display environment, also known as a fulldome medium. They recruited filmmaker, and experience designer, V. Owen Bush to bring the idea to life. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In E. coli, the biosynthesis begins with phosphorylation of 5-phosphoribosyl-pyrophosphate (PRPP), catalyzed by ATP-phosphoribosyl transferase. Phosphoribosyl-ATP converts to phosphoribosyl-AMP (PRAMP). His4 then catalyzes the formation of phosphoribosylformiminoAICAR-phosphate, which is then converted to phosphoribulo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Deborah number is the ratio of fundamentally different characteristic times. The Deborah number is defined as the ratio of the time it takes for a material to adjust to applied stresses or deformations, and the characteristic time scale of an experiment (or a computer simulation) probing the response of the materia... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Photoinhibition occurs continuously when plants or cyanobacteria are exposed to light, and the photosynthesizing organism must, therefore, continuously repair the damage. The PSII repair cycle, occurring in chloroplasts and in cyanobacteria, consists of degradation and synthesis of the D1 protein of the PSII reaction c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The vapor of cesium metaborate has neutral monomers and dimers as well as ionized versions thereof. The same situation holds for thallium metaborate . | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ming Wu, a UC Berkeley Professor of electrical engineering and computer sciences invented the new optoelectronic tweezers.
Wu transformed the optical energy from low powered light emitting diodes (LED) into electrical energy via a photoconductive surface. The idea is to allow the LED to switch on and off the photocondu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Spectroradiometers, which operate almost like the visible region spectrophotometers, are designed to measure the spectral density of illuminants. Applications may include evaluation and categorization of lighting for sales by the manufacturer, or for the customers to confirm the lamp they decided to purchase is within ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An ion () is an atom or molecule with a net electrical charge. The charge of an electron is considered to be negative by convention and this charge is equal and opposite to the charge of a proton, which is considered to be positive by convention. The net charge of an ion is not zero because its total number of electron... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
siRNAs act in the nucleus and the cytoplasm and are involved in RNAi as well as CDGS. siRNAs come from long dsRNA precursors derived from a variety of single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) precursors, such as sense and antisense RNAs. siRNAs also come from hairpin RNAs derived from transcription of inverted repeat regions. siRNA... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Since the forces of water on a dam are hydrostatic forces, they vary linearly with depth. The total force on the dam is then the integral of the pressure multiplied by the width of the dam as a function of the depth. The center of pressure is located at the centroid of the triangular shaped pressure field from the t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Zervas was born in 1902 in the rural town of Megalopolis in Arcadia, southern Greece. He was the first of 7 children of lawyer and parliamentarian Theodoros Zervas with Vasiliki Zerva (née Gyftaki). After finishing secondary education at the local Gymnasion of Kalamata in 1918, he went to study Chemistry at the Univers... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
__NOTOC__
In classical field theories, the Lagrangian specification of the flow field is a way of looking at fluid motion where the observer follows an individual fluid parcel as it moves through space and time. Plotting the position of an individual parcel through time gives the pathline of the parcel. This can be vis... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chaudhry Abdul Majeed (born:1937; Urdu: چودہری عبد لمجيد ) was a Pakistani nuclear chemist, nuclear weapon and reactor expert. He is known as one of the pioneers of Pakistans nuclear weapon programme, and has worked closely with former Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) Chairman Munir Ahmad Khans plutonium repro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Kutta condition allows an aerodynamicist to incorporate a significant effect of viscosity while neglecting viscous effects in the underlying conservation of momentum equation. It is important in the practical calculation of lift on a wing.
The equations of conservation of mass and conservation of momentum applied t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Zuclopenthixol antagonises both dopamine D and D receptors, α-adrenoceptors and 5-HT receptors with a high affinity, but has no affinity for muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. It weakly antagonises the histamine (H) receptor but has no α-adrenoceptor blocking activity .
Evidence from in vitro work and clinical sources... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A stabilized liquid membrane device or SLMD is a type of passive sampling device which allows for the in situ, integrative collection of waterborne, labile ionic metal contaminants. By capturing and sequestering metal ions onto its surface continuously over a period of days to weeks, an SLMD can provide an integrative ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Zeeman effect (; ) is the effect of splitting of a spectral line into several components in the presence of a static magnetic field. It is named after the Dutch physicist Pieter Zeeman, who discovered it in 1896 and received a Nobel prize for this discovery. It is analogous to the Stark effect, the splitting of a s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ali Akbar Moosavi-Movahedi was born in Shiraz, Iran, in 1953. He attended Alborz High School in 1968, graduated from the National University of Iran (now known as Shahid Beheshti University) with a BSc in chemistry in 1975, earned his MSc in Bioanalytical Chemistry at the Eastern Michigan University in 1979, and obtain... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Keith Fagnou (June 27, 1971 – November 11, 2009) was a Canadian organic chemist and studied education and was a professor of chemistry at University of Saskatchewan and associate professor of organic chemistry at the University of Ottawa. His research focused on developing new reactions that avoid unnecessary ac... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Canuel has a B.S. in Chemistry from Stonehill College (1981) and earned her Ph.D.in Marine Science (1992) from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Following her Ph.D. she was a postdoctoral researcher at the United States Geological Survey until 1994 when she joined the faculty at the College of William & ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cytochrome c was also discovered in 1996 by Xiaodong Wang to have an intermediate role in apoptosis, a controlled form of cell death used to kill cells in the process of development or in response to infection or DNA damage.
Cytochrome c binds to cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane, thus anchoring its prese... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1960, Qureshi found employment with the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC), and was posted to the Atomic Energy Center in Lahore where his interest built in radiochemistry. Upon returning to Pakistan from Denmark in 1971, he joined the Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (the national lab) in Nilore, w... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The book was first published by Profile Books in 2015. The British edition was subtitled with the question of the title, "Why is Life the Way it is?", whereas the American edition was subtitled with the explanation "Energy, Evolution, and the Origins of Complex Life". A paperback edition came out in 2016. The book has ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Rayleigh number can also be used as a criterion to predict convectional instabilities, such as A-segregates, in the mushy zone of a solidifying alloy. The mushy zone Rayleigh number is defined as:
where:
* is the mean permeability (of the initial portion of the mush)
*L is the characteristic length scale
*α is the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The 2nd analytical group of cations consists of ions which form acid-insoluble sulfides. Cations in the 2nd group include: Cd, Bi, Cu, As, As, Sb, Sb, Sn, Sn and Hg. Pb is usually also included here in addition to the first group. Although these methods refer to solutions that contain sulfide (S), these solutions actua... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
:This type of reactor contains two banks of heat exchangers which remove heat; the remainder of which is removed by the products and recycled in the system. The formation of heavy waxes should be avoided, since they condense on the catalyst and form agglomerations. This leads to fluidization. Hence, risers are operated... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The SI definition given by the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) says:
"The quantity dose equivalent H is the product of the absorbed dose D of ionizing radiation and the dimensionless factor Q (quality factor) defined as a function of linear energy transfer by the ICRU"
:H = Q × D
The value of Q ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Iron or steel, when heated to above 460 °C (900 °F), glows with a red color. The color of heated iron changes predictably (due to black-body radiation) from dull red through orange and yellow to white, and can be a useful indicator of its temperature. Good quality iron or steel at and above this temperature becomes inc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) usually takes the form of calcium carbonate (CaCO), and plays a key part in the ocean carbon cycle. This biologically fixed carbon is used as a protective coating for many planktonic species (coccolithophores, foraminifera) as well as larger marine organisms (mollusk shells). Calcium ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bioprinting also has possible uses in the future in assisting in wastewater treatment and in corrosion control. When humans come in contact with environmental biofilms, it is possible for infections and long-term health hazards to occur. Antibiotic penetration and expansion within a biofilm is an area of research which... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Common biosurfactants include:
* Bile salts are mixtures of micelle-forming compounds that encapsulate food, enabling absorption through the small intestine.
* Lecithin, which can be obtained either from soybean or from egg yolk, is a common food ingredient.
* Rhamnolipids, which can be produced by some species of Pseu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Optimization involves both structural optimization of the flow sheet itself as well as optimization of parameters in a given flowsheet. In the former one may alter the equipment used and/or its connections with other equipment. In the latter one can change the values of parameters such as temperature and pressure. Para... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A radiogenic nuclide is a nuclide that is produced by a process of radioactive decay. It may itself be radioactive (a radionuclide) or stable (a stable nuclide).
Radiogenic nuclides (more commonly referred to as radiogenic isotopes) form some of the most important tools in geology. They are used in two principal ways:
... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As reagent testing has become more popular, vendors have begun to offer a greater range of tests. This increases the likelihood that a substance might have a unique profile of results, making the tests more useful.
Other reagents are discussed in scientific literature, but limited applications mean they may not be sol... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Numerous drugs can raise GGT levels, including barbiturates and phenytoin. GGT elevation has also been occasionally reported following nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (including aspirin), St. John's wort and kava. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering all aspects of medicinal chemistry. It is published by Bentham Science Publishers and the editors-in-chief are Atta-ur-Rahman (University of Cambridge), M. Iqbal Choudhary (University of Karachi), and George Perry (University of Tex... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Rewriting the above result for the pressure as , we may combine it with the ideal gas law
where is the Boltzmann constant and the absolute temperature defined by the ideal gas law, to obtain
which leads to a simplified expression of the average translational kinetic energy per molecule,
The translational kinetic ener... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Biochemistry of phenolic compounds, by J. B. Harborne, 1964, Academic Press ([https://books.google.com/books?id=_-lqAAAAMAAJ Google Books])
* Plant phenolics, by Pascal Ribéreau-Gayon, 1972, Oliver and Boyd Editions ([https://books.google.com/books?id=EHzwAAAAMAAJ Google Books], , )
* The Biochemistry of plant phenol... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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