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Uterine leiomyomas are the most common tumors found in the female genital tract. Leiomyomas have been reported to grow under the influence of ovarian steroids (estrogen and progesterone). Aberrations of wnt signaling, as well as SFRPs, can contribute to the neoplastic process. This led Fukuhara et al. to investigate... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Neurons in the olfactory system are unmyelinated and densely packed and thus the often small effects of ephaptic coupling are more easily seen. A number of studies have shown how inhibition among neurons in the olfactory system work to fine-tune integration of signals in response to odor. This inhibition has been shown... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Most metal ores contain metals of interest (e.g. gold, copper, nickel) in some oxidized states and thus the goal of most metallurgical operations is to chemically reduce them to their pure metallic form. The question is how to convert highly impure metal ores into purified bulk metals. A vast array of operations have b... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The liberated catalytic subunits can then catalyze the transfer of ATP terminal phosphates to protein substrates at serine, or threonine residues. This phosphorylation usually results in a change in activity of the substrate. Since PKAs are present in a variety of cells and act on different substrates, PKA regulation a... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Electrode potential and other environmental factors such as temperature, pH and degree of aeration can greatly impact the results off this accelerated stress corrosion cracking test, as can the specimen surface finish and metallurgical condition. | 0 | Metallurgy |
A nanocrystalline (NC) material is a polycrystalline material with a crystallite size of only a few nanometers. These materials fill the gap between amorphous materials without any long range order and conventional coarse-grained materials. Definitions vary, but nanocrystalline material is commonly defined as a crystal... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Materials with yield strength anomalies are used in nuclear reactors due to their high temperature mechanical properties and good corrosion resistance. | 0 | Metallurgy |
In the 1960s it was headquartered at 17 Belgrave Square in the City of Westminster. In the 1970s it moved to Northway House on the A1000 (High Road) in north London. | 0 | Metallurgy |
Given n genes and k replicates, let the rank of gene g in the i-th replicate.
Compute the rank product via the geometric mean: | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
The Castner process is a process for manufacturing sodium metal by electrolysis of molten sodium hydroxide at approximately 330 °C. Below that temperature, the melt would solidify; above that temperature, the molten sodium would start to dissolve in the melt. | 0 | Metallurgy |
Ca ion flow regulates several secondary messenger systems in neural adaptation for visual, auditory, and the olfactory system. It may often be bound to calmodulin such as in the olfactory system to either enhance or repress cation channels. Other times the calcium level change can actually release guanylyl cyclase from... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Iron plantations were rural localities emergent in the late-18th century and predominant in the early-19th century that specialized in the production of pig iron and bar iron from crude iron ore.
Such plantations derive their name from two sources. First, because they were nearly self-sufficient communities despite ... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Variants of the genes can cause several relatively rare forms of MODY, an inherited, early onset form of diabetes. Mutations in the HNF4α, HNF1α, or HNF1β genes are linked to MODY 1, MODY 3, and MODY 5 respectively. Mutations in HNF genes are also associated with a number of others diseases including hepatic adenoma... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Organic fluxes typically consist of four major components:
* Activators – chemicals disrupting/dissolving the metal oxides. Their role is to expose unoxidized, easily wettable metal surface and aid soldering by other means, e.g. by exchange reactions with the base metals.
** Highly active fluxes contain chemicals that ... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The Imd pathway is a broadly-conserved NF-κB immune signalling pathway of insects and some arthropods that regulates a potent antibacterial defence response. The pathway is named after the discovery of a mutation causing severe immune deficiency (the gene was named "Imd" for "immune deficiency"). The Imd pathway was fi... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
The chemical reaction for the dissolution of gold, the "Elsner equation", follows:
: 4Au + 8NaCN + O + 2HO → 4Na[Au(CN)] + 4NaOH
Potassium cyanide and calcium cyanide are sometimes used in place of sodium cyanide.
Gold is one of the few metals that dissolves in the presence of cyanide ions and oxygen. The soluble gold ... | 0 | Metallurgy |
After-rust is a form of rust which sometimes develops on a non-ferrous metal surface when that surface has been finished, deburred, or cleaned with a carbon steel brush or steel wool. It is caused by microscopic deposits of the steel which become embedded in the metal surface and which over time begin to oxidize. Thi... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The waste product was allowed to cool in the hearth and removed as a "mosser". In the Furness district they were often left as the capstone of a wall, particularly near Spark Bridge and Nibthwaite forges. | 0 | Metallurgy |
The working of memorial brasses is generally considered to have originated in north-western Germany, at least one centre being Cologne, where were manufactured the latten or Cullen plates for local use and for exportation. But it is certain that from medieval times there was an equal production in the towns of Belgium,... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Although gas handling and processing are far more economical than converting coal into coke (not to mention the associated constraints, such as bulk handling, high sensitivity of coking plants to production fluctuations, environmental impact, etc.), replacing coke with natural gas only makes direct reduction attractive... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Active mTORC1 is positioned on lysosomes. mTOR is inhibited when lysosomal membrane is damaged by various exogenous or endogenous agents, such as invading bacteria, membrane-permeant chemicals yielding osmotically active products (this type of injury can be modeled using membrane-permeant dipeptide precursors that poly... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
The Hall-Héroult electrolysis process is the major production route for primary aluminium. An electrolytic cell is made of a steel shell with a series of insulating linings of refractory materials. The cell consists of a brick-lined outer steel shell as a container and support. Inside the shell, cathode blocks are ceme... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The Reactor Materials Laboratory was established at Culcheth in 1950. The UKAEA's Safety and Reliability Directorate (SRD) stayed at Culcheth until 1995. | 0 | Metallurgy |
DNA methylation involves the addition of a methyl group to the carbon-5 position of the cytosine ring in the CpG dinucleotide and converting it to methylcytosine. This process is catalyzed by DNA methyltransferase. In numerous cancers, the CpG islands of selected genes are aberrantly methylated (hypermethylated) whic... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Calcination is thermal decomposition of a material. Examples include decomposition of hydrates such as ferric hydroxide to ferric oxide and water vapor, the decomposition of calcium carbonate to calcium oxide and carbon dioxide as well as iron carbonate to iron oxide:
:CaCO → CaO + CO
Calcination processes are ca... | 0 | Metallurgy |
While most genes of E. coli can be recognized by an RNAP with one and only one type of sigma factor (e.g. sigma 70), a few genes (~ 5%) have what is called a “dual sigma factor preference”, that is, they can respond to two different sigma factors, as reported in RegulonDB. The most common ones are those promoters that ... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Mustafa Babanlı (; born February 21, 1968), is an Azerbaijani scientist, Rector of the Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University.
On September 3, 2015, Mustafa Babanli was appointed Rector of the Azerbaijan State University of Oil and Industry. He is a member of the International Association of University Presidents... | 0 | Metallurgy |
There are several PREN formulas. They commonly range from:
: PREN = %Cr + 3.3 × %Mo + 16 × %N
to:
: PREN = %Cr + 3.3 × %Mo + 30 × %N.
There are a few stainless steels which add tungsten (W), for those the following formula is used:
: PREN = %Cr + 3.3 × (%Mo + 0.5 × %W ) + 16 × %N
All % values of elements must be e... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Window shutter hardware, usually made of iron, are hinges and latches that attach to the shutter and a window frame (and in some cases directly attached to stone or brick). The hinges hold the shutter to the structure and allow the shutter to open and close over the window. The latches secure the shutter in the closed ... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The allosteric model suggests that termination occurs due to the structural change of the RNA polymerase unit after binding to or losing some of its associated proteins, making it detach from the DNA strand after the signal. This would occur after the RNA pol II unit has transcribed the poly-A signal sequence, which ac... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Corrosion inhibitors, such as gas-phase or volatile inhibitors, can be used to prevent corrosion inside sealed systems. They are not effective when air circulation disperses them, and brings in fresh oxygen and moisture. | 0 | Metallurgy |
In northern Europe, France, Germany, England and the Netherlands, bellfounding has been an enormous industry since the early part of the Middle Ages. Unfortunately a large number of medieval bells have been melted down and recast, and in times of warfare many were seized to be cast into guns. Early bells are of gracefu... | 0 | Metallurgy |
There are several options to address biogenic sulfide corrosion problems: impairing HS formation, venting out the HS or using materials resistant to biogenic corrosion. For example, sewage flows more rapidly through steeper gradient sewers reducing time available for hydrogen sulfide generation. Likewise, removing slud... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The Downs cell uses a carbon anode and an iron cathode. The electrolyte is sodium chloride that has been heated to the liquid state. Although solid sodium chloride is a poor conductor of electricity, when molten the sodium and chloride ions are mobilized, which become charge carriers and allow conduction of electric cu... | 0 | Metallurgy |
K-Mold is a fracture test method. Liquid metal is cast into a mold containing notches. Once solidified, the resulting bar is bent to expose a fracture surface. The visual observation of inclusions on the fracture is used to determine a K-value for the melt and compared to a preset standard. This method is rather imprec... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Recently, a well-studied quorum quenching bacterial strain (KM1S) was isolated and its AHL degradation kinetics were studied using rapid resolution liquid chromatography (RRLC). RRLC efficiently separates components of a mixture to a high degree of sensitivity, based on their affinities for different liquid phases. It ... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
The TET enzymes are a family of ten-eleven translocation (TET) methylcytosine dioxygenases. They are instrumental in DNA demethylation. 5-Methylcytosine (see first Figure) is a methylated form of the DNA base cytosine (C) that often regulates gene transcription and has several other functions in the genome.
Demethyl... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
The purpose of heat treating carbon steel is to change the mechanical properties of steel, usually ductility, hardness, yield strength, or impact resistance. Note that the electrical and thermal conductivity are only slightly altered. As with most strengthening techniques for steel, Young's modulus (elasticity) is unaf... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Molten salts (fluoride, chloride, and nitrate) can be used as heat transfer fluids as well as for thermal storage. This thermal storage is used in concentrated solar power plants.
Molten-salt reactors are a type of nuclear reactor that uses molten salt(s) as a coolant or as a solvent in which the fissile material is di... | 0 | Metallurgy |
While most mining companies have shifted from a previously accepted sprinkler method to the percolation of slowly dripping choice chemicals including cyanide or sulfuric acid closer to the actual ore bed, heap leach pads have not changed too much throughout the years. There are still four main categories of pads: conve... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Bronze statuettes were also made in every period of antiquity for votive use, and at least in Hellenistic and Roman times for domestic ornaments and furniture of household shrines. But the art of bronze statuary hardly existed before the introduction of hollow casting, about the middle of the 6th century BC. The most p... | 0 | Metallurgy |
During high-energy milling the powder particles are repeatedly flattened, cold welded, fractured and rewelded. Whenever two steel balls collide, some powder is trapped between them. Typically, around 1000 particles with an aggregate weight of about 0.2 mg are trapped during each collision. The force of the impact plast... | 0 | Metallurgy |
If water is left to stand in a tube for an extended period, the chemical characteristics of the water change as the mixed scale and corrosion products are deposited. In addition any loose scale that is not well adhered to the wall will not be flushed away and air dissolved in the water will form bubbles, producing air ... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Converting is a type of metallurgical smelting that includes several processes; the most commercially important form is the treatment of molten metal sulfides to produce crude metal and slag, as in the case of copper and nickel converting. A now-uncommon form is batch treatment of pig iron to produce steel by the Bess... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The amorphous material produced by melt spinning is considered a soft magnet. That is to say that their natural coercivity is less than 1000 Am-1, which means that the metal's magnetism is more responsive to outside influences and as a result can be easily switched on and off. This makes amorphous metals particularly u... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Recent experimental results
have demonstrated that gene expression is a stochastic process. Thus, many authors are now using the stochastic formalism, after the work by Arkin et al. Works on single gene expression and small synthetic genetic networks, such as the genetic toggle switch of Tim Gardner and Jim Collins, p... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Adhesion GPCRs appear capable to follow standard GPCR signaling modes and signal through Gαs, Gαq, Gαi, and Gα12/13. As of today, many of the adhesion GPCRs are still orphan receptors and their signalling pathways have not been identified. Research groups are working to elucidate the downstream signaling molecules util... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Autoinducer-2 (AI-2), a furanosyl borate diester or tetrahydroxy furan (species dependent), is a member of a family of signaling molecules used in quorum sensing. AI-2 is one of only a few known biomolecules incorporating boron. First identified in the marine bacterium Vibrio harveyi, AI-2 is produced and recognized by... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Fulmer benefited from the immediate post-war climate which was favourable to Research and Development. The UK Government and its agencies continued to spend heavily on R&D. This was despite the fact that Britain was essentially bankrupt and hugely indebted to the United States and Canada. The technological advances wh... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The recrystallization temperature is temperature at which recrystallization can occur for a given material and processing conditions. This is not a set temperature and is dependent upon factors including the following:
* Increasing annealing time decreases recrystallization temperature
* Alloys have higher recrystalliz... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The following process models are commonly applied to geometallurgy:
* The Bond equation
* The SPI calibration equation, CEET
* FLEET*
* SMC model
* Aminpro-Grind, Aminpro-Flot models | 0 | Metallurgy |
GLD-2, as a poly(A) polymerase (PAP) acts incorporating ATP at the 3' end of mRNAs in a template-independent manner. | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
While FeAl is a B2 alloy, the observed yield strength anomaly in FeAl is due to another mechanism. If cross-slip were the mechanism, then the yield strength anomaly would be rate dependent, as expected for a thermally activated process. Instead, yield strength anomaly is state dependent, which is a property that is dep... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The École Nationale Supérieure dÉlectrochimie et dÉlectrométallurgie de Grenoble, or ENSEEG, was one of the French Grandes écoles of engineering (engineering schools). It has been created in 1921 under the name Institut d’électrochimie et d’électrométallurgie (IEE) (Institute of Electrochemistry and Electrometallurgy)... | 0 | Metallurgy |
In those cases where operational complexities negate the use of a cored mains frequency approach, the standard RF or MF induction heater can be used. This type of unit uses turns of copper tube wound into an electromagnetic coil. There are no cores required, the coil needs to simply surround or be inserted into the par... | 0 | Metallurgy |
In colloid chemistry, flocculation refers to the process by which fine particulates are caused to clump together into a floc. The floc may then float to the top of the liquid (creaming), settle to the bottom of the liquid (sedimentation), or be readily filtered from the liquid. Flocculation behavior of soil colloids is... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The most common example is selective leaching of zinc from brass alloys containing more than 15% zinc (dezincification) in the presence of oxygen and moisture, e.g. from brass taps in chlorine-containing water. Dezincification has been studied since the Civil War era, and the mechanism by which it occurs was under ext... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The process of pit nucleation is initiated by the depassivation of the protective oxide layer isolating the metal substrate from the aggressive solution. The depassivation of the protective oxide layer is the less properly understood step in pitting corrosion and its very local and random appearance probably its most e... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The term intermetallic is used to describe compounds involving two or more metals such as the cyclopentadienyl complex CpNiZn. | 0 | Metallurgy |
Corrosion engineering groups have formed around the world to educate, prevent, slow, and manage corrosion. These include the National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE), the European Federation of Corrosion (EFC), The Institute of Corrosion in the UK and the Australasian Corrosion Association. The corrosion eng... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Agricola addresses the book to prominent German aristocrats, the most important of whom were Maurice, Elector of Saxony and his brother Augustus, who were his main patrons. He then describes the works of ancient and contemporary writers on mining and metallurgy, the chief ancient source being Pliny the Elder. Agricola ... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Transforming growth factor (, or TGF) is used to describe two classes of polypeptide growth factors, TGFα and TGFβ.
The name "Transforming Growth Factor" is somewhat arbitrary, since the two classes of TGFs are not structurally or genetically related to one another, and they act through different receptor mechanisms. F... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
When a ligand activates the G protein-coupled receptor, it induces a conformational change in the receptor that allows the receptor to function as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that exchanges GDP for GTP. The GTP (or GDP) is bound to the G subunit in the traditional view of heterotrimeric GPCR activation. ... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
As seen in the diagram below, impure titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, thorium or protactinium is heated in an evacuated vessel with a halogen at 50–250 °C. The patent specifically involved the intermediacy of TiI and ZrI, which were volatilized (leaving impurities as solid). At atmospheric pressure TiI melts at ... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The Hedgehog Signaling pathway is critical in proper tissue patterning and orientation during normal development of most animals. Hedgehog proteins induce cell proliferation in certain cells and differentiations in others. Aberrant activation of the Hedgehog pathway has been implicated in several types of cancers, Basa... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
As typical for the CMGC kinase group, the catalytic site of MAP kinases has a very loose consensus sequence for substrates. Like all their relatives, they only require the target serine / threonine amino acids to be followed by a small amino acid, preferably proline ("proline-directed kinases"). But as SP/TP sites are ... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
The polypyrimidine tract is a region of pre-messenger RNA (mRNA) that promotes the assembly of the spliceosome, the protein complex specialized for carrying out RNA splicing during the process of post-transcriptional modification. The region is rich with pyrimidine nucleotides, especially uracil, and is usually 15–20 b... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Green rust compounds were identified in green corrosion crusts that form on iron and steel surfaces, in alternating aerobic and anaerobic conditions, by water containing anions such as chloride, sulfate, carbonate, or bicarbonate. They are believed to be intermediates in the oxidative corrosion of iron to form iron(II... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Ribozymes, antisense oligonucleotides, and more recently RNAi have been used to target mRNA molecules involved in asthma. These experiments have suggested that siRNA may be used to combat other respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cystic fibrosis. COPD is characterized by goble... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Initial scientific discoveries towards modern-day laser peening began in the early 1960s as pulsed-laser technology began to proliferate around the world. In an early investigation of the laser interaction with materials by Gurgen Askaryan and E.M. Moroz, they documented pressure measurements on a targeted surface usin... | 0 | Metallurgy |
It was only after this that economically viable means of converting pig iron to bar iron began to be devised. A process known as potting and stamping was devised in the 1760s and improved in the 1770s, and seems to have been widely adopted in the West Midlands from about 1785. However, this was largely replaced by Hen... | 0 | Metallurgy |
MP Materials is 51.8%-owned by US hedge funds JHL Capital Group (and its CEO James Litinsky) and QVT Financial LP, while Shenghe Resources Holding Co. Ltd., a partially state-owned enterprise of the Government of China, holds an 8.0% stake. Apart from institutions, the public owns 18%. | 0 | Metallurgy |
The Petrochemical industry typically encounters aggressive corrosive media. These include sulfides and high temperatures. Corrosion control and solutions are thus necessary for the world economy. Scale formation in injection water presents its own problems with regard to corrosion and thus for the corrosion engineer. | 0 | Metallurgy |
Sulfur concrete was developed and promoted as a building material to get rid of large amounts of stored sulfur produced by hydrodesulfurization of gas and oil (Claus process). As of 2011, sulfur concrete has only been used in small quantities when fast curing or acid resistance is necessary.The material has been sugges... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Tin extraction and use can be dated to the beginning of the Bronze Age around 3000 BC, during which copper objects formed from polymetallic ores had different physical properties. The earliest bronze objects had tin or arsenic content of less than 2% and are therefore believed to be the result of unintentional alloying... | 0 | Metallurgy |
In the US, where the Midrex process was first developed, direct reduction was seen in the 1960s as a way of breathing new life into electric steelmaking. The techno-economic model of the mini-mill, based on flexibility and reduced plant size, was threatened by a shortage of scrap metal, and a consequent rise in its pri... | 0 | Metallurgy |
PT is released from B. pertussis in an inactive form. Following PT binding to a cell membrane receptor, it is taken up in an endosome, after which it undergoes retrograde transport to the trans-Golgi network and endoplasmic reticulum. At some point during this transport, the A subunit (or protomer) becomes activated, p... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Copper and copper-based metals continued to be the major metal in use during the first part of the Iron Age (end of 2nd–beginning of 1st millennium BCE). Bronze scrap re-melting continued (mainly v-shaped clay crucibles, slags, clay tuyères) and structures of open campfires full of metal production remains were found i... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The three TET genes are expressed as different isoforms, including at least two isoforms of TET1, three of TET2 and three of TET3. Different isoforms of the TET genes are expressed in different cells and tissues. The full-length canonical TET1 isoform appears virtually restricted to early embryos, embryonic stem cell... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
(AD 900–1500)
Utilitarian and ceremonial objects; objects of personal adornment
#Coatlán, Oaxaca
#Coixtlahuaca, Oaxaca
#Ejutla, Oaxaca
#Guiengola, Oaxaca
#Huajuapan, Oaxaca
#Huitzo, Oaxaca
#Juquila, Oaxaca
#Mitla, Oaxaca
#Monte Albán Oaxaca
#Sola de Vega, Oaxaca
#Tehuantepec, Oaxaca
#Teotitlán del Camino, Oaxaca
#Teoti... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Imiquimod (cardinally used in dermatology) is a TLR7 agonist, and its successor resiquimod, is a TLR7 and TLR8 agonist. Recently, resiquimod has been explored as an agent for cancer immunotherapy, acting through stimulation of tumor-associated macrophages.
Several TLR ligands are in clinical development or being tested... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Non-pathogenic species of the gram-positive Corynebacterium are used for the commercial production of various amino acids. The C. glutamicum species is widely used for producing glutamate and lysine, components of human food, animal feed and pharmaceutical products.
Expression of functionally active human epidermal gro... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
This method of deoxidization involves adding specific metals into the steel. These metals will react with the unwanted oxygen, forming a strong oxide that, compared to pure oxygen, will reduce the steel's strength and qualities by a lesser amount.
The chemical equation for deoxidization is represented by:
where n and ... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Chromatin relaxation is one of the earliest cellular responses to DNA damage. Several experiments have been performed on the recruitment kinetics of proteins involved in the response to DNA damage. The relaxation appears to be initiated by PARP1, whose accumulation at DNA damage is half complete by 1.6 seconds after DN... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Fulmer Research Institute was founded in 1945 by Col W C (Dev) Devereux and incorporated in 1946. He had been a pioneer in the use of light metal alloys in aero engines and, in the Second World War, he had an important role in the UK Ministry of Aircraft Production, organizing the assembly in Britain of American aircra... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The discovery of TOR and mTOR stemmed from independent studies of the natural product rapamycin by Joseph Heitman, Rao Movva, and Michael N. Hall in 1991; by David M. Sabatini, Hediye Erdjument-Bromage, Mary Lui, Paul Tempst, and Solomon H. Snyder in 1994; and by Candace J. Sabers, Mary M. Martin, Gregory J. Brunn, Jos... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
As mentioned, Gram-negative bacteria primarily use acylated homoserine lactones (AHLs) as autoinducer molecules. The minimum quorum sensing circuit in Gram-negative bacteria consists of a protein that synthesizes an AHL and a second, different protein that detects it and causes a change in gene expression. First iden... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Cancer-based research into co-receptors includes the investigation of growth factor activated co-receptors, such as Transforming Growth Factor (TGF-β) co-receptors. Expression of the co-receptor endoglin, which is expressed on the surface of tumor cells, is correlated with cell plasticity and the development of tumors.... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
A number of adhesion GPCRs may have important roles within the immune system. In particular, members the EGF-TM7 subfamily which possess N-terminal EGF-like domains are predominantly restricted to leukocytes suggesting a putative role in immune function. The human EGF‑TM7 family is composed of CD97, EMR1 (F4/80 recept... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
In oxidizing environment, green rust generally turns into oxyhydroxides, namely α- (goethite) and γ- (lepidocrocite).
Oxidation of the carbonate variety can be retarded by wetting the material with hydroxyl-containing compounds such as glycerol or glucose, even though they do not penetrate the structure. Some variet... | 0 | Metallurgy |
As mentioned above, MAPKs typically form multi-tiered pathways, receiving input several levels above the actual MAP kinase. In contrast to the relatively simple, phosphorylation-dependent activation mechanism of MAPKs and MAP2Ks, MAP3Ks have stunningly complex regulation. Many of the better-known MAP3Ks, such as c-Raf,... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Inert anodes are non-carbon based alternatives to traditional anodes used during aluminum reduction. These anodes do not chemically react with the electrolyte, and are therefore not consumed during the reduction process. Because the anode does not contain carbon, carbon dioxide is not produced. Through a review of lite... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Wood pellets made by compressing sawdust or other ground woody materials are used in a variety of energy and non-energy applications. In the energy sector, wood pellets are often used to replace coal with power plants such as Drax, in England, replacing most of their coal use with woody pellet. As sustainably harvested... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The N-terminal domain of restriction endonuclease EcoRII; the C-terminal domain of restriction endonuclease BfiI possess a similar DNA-binding pseudobarrel protein fold. | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
PI3K inhibitors may overcome drug resistance and improve advanced breast cancer (ABC) outcomes. Different PI3K inhibitors exhibit different effect against various PI3K types. Class IA pan-PI3K inhibitors have been more extensively studied than isoform specific inhibitors; Pictilisib is another pan-PI3K inhibitor with g... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
While the sequence that constitutes the 3′-UTR contributes greatly to gene expression, the structural characteristics of the 3′-UTR also play a large role. In general, longer 3′-UTRs correspond to lower expression rates since they often contain more miRNA and protein binding sites that are involved in inhibiting transl... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerases (PARPs) are found mostly in eukaryotes and catalyze the transfer of multiple ADP-ribose molecules to target proteins. As with mono(ADP-ribosyl)ation, the source of ADP-ribose is NAD. PARPs use a catalytic triad of His-Tyr-Glu to facilitate binding of NAD and positioning of the end of the exi... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
The addition of certain alloying elements, such as manganese and nickel, can stabilize the austenitic structure, facilitating heat-treatment of low-alloy steels. In the extreme case of austenitic stainless steel, much higher alloy content makes this structure stable even at room temperature.
On the other hand, such el... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Friedrich Deusch used the impressed mark "Deusch 1000 / 1000" on the early items. This mark was punched directly into the silver. Very often one may also find a red three-digit number on the bottom of the porcelain or glass which indicates this early production. Later, it was replaced by a red stamp which shows a coffe... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The erosive effect of electrical discharges was first noted in 1770 by English physicist Joseph Priestley. | 0 | Metallurgy |
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