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The global steel industry has been going through major changes since 1970. China has emerged as a major producer and consumer, as has India to a lesser extent. Consolidation has been rapid in Europe. According to the 2019 International Energy Agency (IEA) report, the iron and steel industry directly contributed 2.6 Gt ... | 0 | Metallurgy |
While a universally accepted definition of sustainability remains elusive, the Brundtland Commission of the United Nations defined sustainable development as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Sustainability, the long-term main... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Metallurgy is a domain of materials science and engineering that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their inter-metallic compounds, and their mixtures, which are known as alloys.
Metallurgy encompasses both the science and the technology of metals, including the production of metals and th... | 0 | Metallurgy |
*Class I ARE elements, like the c-fos gene, have dispersed AUUUA motifs within or near U-rich regions.
*Class II elements, like the GM-CSF gene, have overlapping AUUUA motifs within or near U-rich regions.
*Class III elements, like the c-jun gene, are a much less well-defined class—they have a U-rich region but no AUUU... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
The visual cycle is a circular enzymatic pathway, which is the front-end of phototransduction. It regenerates 11-cis-retinal. For example, the visual cycle of mammalian rod cells is as follows:
#all-trans-retinyl ester + HO → 11-cis-retinol + fatty acid; RPE65 isomerohydrolases;
#11-cis-retinol + NAD → 11-cis-retinal +... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
The archaeological record in Egypt, Peru and the Caucasus suggests that arsenical bronze was produced for a time alongside tin bronze. At Tepe Yahya its use continued into the Iron Age for the manufacture of trinkets and decorative objects, thus demonstrating that there was not a simple succession of alloys over time, ... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Poly(A)polymerase was first identified in 1960 as an enzymatic activity in extracts made from cell nuclei that could polymerise ATP, but not ADP, into polyadenine. Although identified in many types of cells, this activity had no known function until 1971, when poly(A) sequences were found in mRNAs. The only function of... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
DNA binding trans-acting factors regulate gene expression by interfering with the gene itself or cis-acting elements of the gene, which lead to changes in transcription activities. This can be direct initiation of transcription, promotion, or repression of transcriptional protein activities.
Specific examples include:
... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
The most common mammalian expression systems are Chinese Hamster ovary (CHO) and Human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells.
* Chinese hamster ovary cell
* Mouse myeloma lymphoblstoid (e.g. NS0 cell)
* Fully Human
** Human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293)
** Human embryonic retinal cells (Crucell's Per.C6)
** Human amniocyte c... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
The human TRiC complex is formed by two rings containing 8 similar but non-identical subunits, each with molecular weights of ~60 kDa. The two rings are stacked in an asymmetrical fashion, forming a barrel-like structure with a molecular weight of ~1 MDa.
Molecular weight of human subunits.
Counterclockwise from the ex... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
There are two defects in this category: hot tears and hot spots. Hot tears, also known as , are failures in the casting that occur as the casting cools. This happens because the metal is weak when it is hot and the residual stresses in the material can cause the casting to fail as it cools. Proper mould design prevents... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Casein kinase activity was found to be present in most cell types and to be associated with multiple enzymes. The type 1 casein kinase family of related gene products are now given designations such as "casein kinase 1 alpha" and "casein kinase 1 epsilon". | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
RNA activation (RNAa) is a small RNA-guided and Argonaute (Ago)-dependent gene regulation phenomenon in which promoter-targeted short double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) induce target gene expression at the transcriptional/epigenetic level. RNAa was first reported in a 2006 PNAS paper by Li et al. who also coined the term "R... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
DNA editing proteins edit and permanently change gene sequence, and subsequently the gene expression of the cell. All progenies of the cell will inherit the edited gene sequence. DNA editing proteins often take part in the immune response system of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, providing high variance in gene expres... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
SFRS1 is a proto-oncogene, and thus ASF/SF2 can act as an oncoprotein; it can alter the splicing patterns of crucial cell cycle regulatory genes and suppressor genes. ASF/SF2 controls the splicing of various tumor suppressor genes, kinases, and kinase receptors, all of which have the potential to be alternatively splic... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
In the 19th century, a number of people had employed an electric arc to melt iron. Sir Humphry Davy conducted an experimental demonstration in 1810; welding was investigated by Pepys in 1815; Pinchon attempted to create an electrothermic furnace in 1853; and, in 1878–79, Sir William Siemens took out patents for electr... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The ore to be treated is ground into particles (comminution). In the idealized case, the individual minerals are physically separated, a process known as full liberation. The particle sizes are typically in the range 2–500 micrometers in diameter. For froth flotation, an aqueous slurry of the ground ore is treated with... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The phenomenon of electroluminescence was discovered in 1907 using silicon carbide and the first commercial LEDs were based on SiC. Yellow LEDs made from 3C-SiC were manufactured in the Soviet Union in the 1970s and blue LEDs (6H-SiC) worldwide in the 1980s.
Carbide LED production soon stopped when a different material... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The European Coil Coating Association (ECCA) is an international non-profit association dedicated to the diffusion of the use of coil and/or sheet coated metal. | 0 | Metallurgy |
Wootz is characterized by a pattern caused by bands of clustered particles made by melting of low levels of carbide-forming elements. Wootz contains greater carbonaceous matter than common qualities of cast steel.
The distinct patterns of Wootz steel that can be made through forging are wave, ladder, and rose patterns... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Live cell imaging and proteomic studies have allowed researchers at the centre to gain fresh understanding of protein function and cell behaviour.
The centre is studying many aspects of the cell cycle, including the way in which chromosomes replicate and separate during cell division and how DNA damage is detected. Fai... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
A single conductive wire is used as feedstock for the system. A supersonic plasma jet—formed by a transferred arc between a non-consumable cathode and the wire—melts and atomizes the wire. A stream of air transports the atomized metal onto the substrate. The particles flatten upon striking the surface of the substrate ... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Control of the process of gene transcription affects patterns of gene expression and, thereby, allows a cell to adapt to a changing environment, perform specialized roles within an organism, and maintain basic metabolic processes necessary for survival. Therefore, it is hardly surprising that the activity of RNAP is lo... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
RNA molecules that do not code for any proteins still maintain a function in the cell. The function of the RNA depends on its classification. These roles include:
* aiding protein synthesis
* catalyzing reactions
* regulating various processes.
Protein synthesis is aided by functional RNA molecules such as tRNA, which ... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Cupellation was also being used in parts of Europe to extract gold, silver, zinc, and tin by the late ninth to tenth century AD. Here, one of the earliest examples of an integrated unit process for extracting more than one precious metal was first introduced by Theophilus around the twelfth century. First, the gold-sil... | 0 | Metallurgy |
AR STAT2 deficiency was first time observed in 2 siblings. After routine immunization with measles-mump-rubella, one sibling developed disseminated vaccine-strain measles (MMR) but recovered and second sibling died in infancy from a viral infection due to primary immunodeficiency disorder. Later, the results showed tha... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Abrasive blasting also known as sandblasting, involves using compressed air to fire a steam of clean, sharp, crushed steel grit or aluminum oxide onto the surface of the component. Aluminum is a good option as it is relatively cheap. The fired grit breaks off small chucks of the substrate surface creating an evenly rou... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Ethnoarchaeology has been widely used in conjunction with experimental archaeology using the techniques of modern peoples as analogues to the processes of the past. The attempted use of ethnology in archaeology tries to counteract the cultural distance of the researcher from process by changing the context of experimen... | 0 | Metallurgy |
In molecular genetics, a regulon is a group of genes that are regulated as a unit, generally controlled by the same regulatory gene that expresses a protein acting as a repressor or activator. This terminology is generally, although not exclusively, used in reference to prokaryotes, whose genomes are often organized in... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Heating white cast iron (containing iron carbide, i.e. cementite, but no uncombined carbon) above causes the formation of austenite in crystals of primary cementite. This austenisation of white iron occurs in primary cementite at the interphase boundary with ferrite. When the grains of austenite form in cementite, the... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The test chamber has a set volume of 300L. The construction of the inner housing of the chamber and the devices for arranging the samples must be made of inert and corrosion-resistant materials so that there is no reaction between the sample to be tested and the material of the chamber. The SO injection can be perform... | 0 | Metallurgy |
In the late 1800s, with the large investments financed by northern bankers and southern investors, as well as the technological expertise provided by northern and mid-western engineers, the iron and steel industry began to flourish in Birmingham, Alabama. In addition, the growth of Alabamas iron and steel industry was ... | 0 | Metallurgy |
In the GeneCalling protocol, mRNAs are first isolated from a given sample and processed into fragments for analysis. This usually involves the synthesis and subdivision of double-stranded cDNAs from polyA RNA. Distinct sets of restriction enzymes can then be used to digest sets of the divided cDNAs and resulting frag... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
A splice site mutation is a genetic mutation that inserts, deletes or changes a number of nucleotides in the specific site at which splicing takes place during the processing of precursor messenger RNA into mature messenger RNA. Splice site consensus sequences that drive exon recognition are located at the very termini... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Temperature ratings for insulations may vary based on what the overall thermocouple construction cable consists of.
Note: T300 is a new high-temperature material that was recently approved by UL for 300 °C operating temperatures. | 0 | Metallurgy |
Eshelby was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in March 1974. He was awarded the Timoshenko Medal in 1977.
In 2012, the Eshelby Mechanics Award for Young Faculty and the Eshelby Memorial Bursary was founded in his memory. was launched to commemorate the memory of Eshelby. The award is given annually to rapidly emerg... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The cAMP response element CREB is closely related to the cell decision to proliferate or not. Cells that are forced to overexpress AKT increase the amount of CREB and proliferation compared to wild type cells. These cells also express less glial and neural cell markers such as GFAP or β-tubulin. This is because CREB is... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Al-Si-Cu-Mg alloys form Al5FeSi- plate like intermetallic phases like -Al8Fe2Si, Al2Cu, etc. The size and morphology of these intermetallic phases in these alloys control the mechanical properties of these alloys, especially strength and ductility. The size of these phases depends on the secondary dendrite arm spacing,... | 0 | Metallurgy |
There are 3 types of tumor suppressor genes:
* Genes that affect cell growth
* Genes that limit the cell cycle and induce apoptosis
* Genes that repair damaged DNA
SFRP1 appears to fall in the first category of genes, those that affect cell growth.
The role of SFRP1 as a tumor suppressor has been proposed in many ca... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
*ABCB10 NM_012089
*ABCB7 NM_004299
*ABCD3 NM_002857
*ABCE1 NM_002939
*ABCF1 NM_001090
*ABCF2 NM_005692
*ABCF3 NM_018358
*CALM1 Calmodulin grasps calcium ions
*MFSD11 NM_024311 similar to MSFD10 aka TETRAN or tetracycline transporter-like protein
*MFSD12 NM_174983
*MFSD3 NM_138431
*MFSD5 NM_032889
*SLC15A4 NM_145648
... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Because mechanisms that control the accumulation of damage through the lifetime of a cell are essential to longevity, it is logical that caretaker and gatekeeper genes play a significant role in cellular aging. Increased activity of caretaker genes postpones aging, increasing lifespan. This is because of the regulato... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
The BioBricks assembly standard was described and introduced by Tom Knight in 2003 and it has been constantly updated since then. Currently, the most commonly used BioBricks standard is the assembly standard 10, or BBF . BioBricks defines the prefix and suffix sequences required for a DNA part to be compatible with the... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
The advent of inexpensive microarray experiments created several specific bioinformatics challenges: the multiple levels of replication in experimental design (Experimental design); the number of platforms and independent groups and data format (Standardization); the statistical treatment of the data (Data analysis); m... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
In the coreless type, metal is placed in a crucible surrounded by a water-cooled alternating current solenoid coil. A channel-type induction furnace has a loop of molten metal, which forms a single-turn secondary winding through an iron core. | 0 | Metallurgy |
Several metal objects similar to those in the Kfar Monash hoard were found in this general area of the Levant. They were subject to metallurgical analysis, and generally dated to the Early Bronze Age. For example, objects from Ashkelon-Afridar, and from Tell esh-Shuna (the Jordan Valley) were seen as similar. Also the ... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Slow strain rate testing (SSRT), also called constant extension rate tensile testing (CERT), is a popular test used by research scientists to study stress corrosion cracking. It involves a slow (compared to conventional tensile tests) dynamic strain applied at a constant extension rate in the environment of interest. T... | 0 | Metallurgy |
CcrM is a type II DNA Methyltransferase, that transfer a methyl group from the methyl donor SAM to the N6 of an adenine in a 5-GANTC-3 recognition sites of hemimethylated DNA. Based on the order of the conserved motifs that form the SAM binding, the active site and the target recognition domain in the sequence of CcrM ... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Tin-silver-copper (Sn-Ag-Cu, also known as SAC), is a lead-free (Pb-free) alloy commonly used for electronic solder. It is the main choice for lead-free surface-mount technology (SMT) assembly in the industry, as it is near eutectic, with adequate thermal fatigue properties, strength, and wettability. Lead-free solder ... | 0 | Metallurgy |
A slippery sequence is a small section of codon nucleotide sequences (usually UUUAAAC) that controls the rate and chance of ribosomal frameshifting. A slippery sequence causes a faster ribosomal transfer which in turn can cause the reading ribosome to "slip." This allows a tRNA to shift by 1 base (−1) after it has pair... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
SPIKE (Signaling Pathways Integrated Knowledge Engine) is a database of highly curated interactions for particular human pathways. | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Nuclear pre-mRNA introns (spliceosomal introns) are characterized by specific intron sequences located at the boundaries between introns and exons. These sequences are recognized by spliceosomal RNA molecules when the splicing reactions are initiated. In addition, they contain a branch point, a particular nucleotide se... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
The orientation of crystallites can be random with no preferred direction, called random texture, or directed, possibly due to growth and processing conditions. While the structure of a single crystal is highly ordered and its lattice is continuous and unbroken, amorphous materials, such as glass and many polymers, are... | 0 | Metallurgy |
RoXaN (Rotavirus X-associated non-structural protein) also known as ZC3H7B (zinc finger CCCH-type containing 7B), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZC3H7B gene. RoXaN is a protein that contains tetratricopeptide repeat and leucine-aspartate repeat as well as zinc finger domains. This protein also interacts... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
DESs are fluids generally composed of two or three cheap and safe components that are capable of self-association, often through hydrogen bond interactions, to form eutectic mixtures with a melting point lower than that of each individual component. DESs are generally liquid at temperatures lower than 100 °C, and they ... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The gal operon of E. coli consists of 4 structural genes: galE (epimerase), galT (galactose transferase), galK (galactokinase), and galM (mutarotase) which are transcribed from two overlapping promoters, PG1 (+1) and PG2 (-5), upstream from galE. GalE encodes for an epimerase that converts UDP-glucose into UDP-galactos... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
References to silicon carbide heating elements exist from the early 20th century when they were produced by Acheson's Carborundum Co. in the U.S. and EKL in Berlin. Silicon carbide offered increased operating temperatures compared with metallic heaters. Silicon carbide elements are used today in the melting of glass an... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Transcription factor 7-like 2 (T-cell specific, HMG-box), also known as TCF7L2 or TCF4, is a protein acting as a transcription factor that, in humans, is encoded by the TCF7L2 gene. The TCF7L2 gene is located on chromosome 10q25.2–q25.3, contains 19 exons. As a member of the TCF family, TCF7L2 can form a bipartite tran... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Originally, the use of laser-induced shock waves on metals to achieve property or functional benefits was referred to as laser shock processing, a broader, more inclusive term. As it happened, laser peening was the first commercial aspect of laser shock processing. However, laser-induced shock waves have found uses in ... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The Jameson Cell has been adopted by Shell Canada and Syncrude for floating bitumen in the oil sands industry (see Bitumen flotation). Syncrude bought an additional eight 500 mm downcomers for its plant in 2012. | 0 | Metallurgy |
Although polyadenylation is seen in almost all organisms, it is not universal. However, the wide distribution of this modification and the fact that it is present in organisms from all three domains of life implies that the last universal common ancestor of all living organisms, it is presumed, had some form of polyade... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Lower pH and lower applied redox potential facilitate the evolution and the enrichment of hydrogen during the process of SCC, thus increasing the SCC intensity.
* Certain austenitic stainless steels and aluminium alloys crack in the presence of chlorides. This limits the usefulness of austenitic stainless steel for con... | 0 | Metallurgy |
In prokaryotes, the term corepressor is used to denote the activating ligand of a repressor protein. For example, the E. coli tryptophan repressor (TrpR) is only able to bind to DNA and repress transcription of the trp operon when its corepressor tryptophan is bound to it. TrpR in the absence of tryptophan is known a... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Many hypotheses about how scaffolds coordinate positive and negative feedback come from engineered scaffolds and mathematical modeling. In three-kinase signaling cascades, scaffolds bind all three kinases, enhancing kinase specificity and restricting signal amplification by limiting kinase phosphorylation to only one ... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Aluminum, copper, molybdenum, cobalt, mercury reserves and most importantly electricity for the smelting process has led to the development of non-ferrous metallurgy. The Zeylik mine in Daskasan district is the main provider of the alunite for aluminum production. The extracted ore here transported through Guschu-Alaba... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Galvanic shock or oral galvanism is a term used for the association of oral symptoms due to electric currents occurring between different types of metal used in amalgam dental fillings and their interactions with the electrolytes in saliva. Other than individual sensitivity to amalgam, which can produce oral lesions, n... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Interfacial energy affects the mechanisms of grain boundary sliding and dislocation transmission. Higher interfacial energy promotes greater resistance to grain boundary sliding, as the higher energy barriers inhibit the relative movement of adjacent grains. Additionally, dislocations that encounter grain boundaries ca... | 0 | Metallurgy |
During DNA damage or cellular stress PARPs are activated, leading to an increase in the amount of poly(ADP-ribose) and a decrease in the amount of NAD. For over a decade it was thought that PARP1 was the only poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase in mammalian cells, therefore this enzyme has been the most studied. Caspases are a ... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Transcription can also be studied at the level of individual cells by single-cell transcriptomics. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is a recently developed technique that allows the analysis of the transcriptome of single cells, including bacteria. With single-cell transcriptomics, subpopulations of cell types th... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Synaptic transmission can be changed by previous activity. These changes are called synaptic plasticity and may result in either a decrease in the efficacy of the synapse, called depression, or an increase in efficacy, called potentiation. These changes can either be long-term or short-term. Forms of short-term plasti... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Another useful imaging mode is differential interference contrast (DIC), which is usually obtained with a system designed by the Polish physicist Georges Nomarski. This system gives the best detail. DIC converts minor height differences on the plane-of-polish, invisible in BF, into visible detail. The detail in some ... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The pits that penetrate the bore are usually covered in a hard pale green nodule of copper sulfate and copper hydroxide salts. If the nodule is removed a hemispherical pit is revealed filled with coarse crystals of red cuprous oxide and green cuprous chloride. The pits are often referred to as Type 1 pits and the form ... | 0 | Metallurgy |
In 1945 there were 38 furnaces worldwide, each with a capacity of 1 Mt/year. The process was favored in Germany due to the autarky policy of the Nazi regime, which prioritized the use of low-quality domestic iron ore. The transfer of technology between Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan led to the Japanese Empire benefiti... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Sulfates in solution in contact with concrete can cause chemical changes to the cement, which can cause significant microstructural effects leading to the weakening of the cement binder (chemical sulfate attack). Sulfate solutions can also cause damage to porous cementitious materials through crystallization and recrys... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Members of the BMP family were originally found to induce bone formation, as their name suggests. However, BMPs are very multifunctional and can also regulate apoptosis, cell migration, cell division, and differentiation. They also specify the anterior/posterior axis, induce growth, and regulate homeostasis.
The BMPs b... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Another important regulator of translation is the interaction between 3′ UTR and the 5′ UTR.
The closed-loop structure inhibits translation. This has been observed in Xenopus laevis, in which eIF4E bound to the 5′ cap interacts with Maskin bound to CPEB on the 3′ UTR, creating translationally inactive transcripts. This... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
A significant indentation on the middle section of the pillar, approximately from the current courtyard ground level, has been shown to be the result of a cannonball fired at close range. The impact caused horizontal fissuring of the column in the area diametrically opposite to the indentation site, but the column its... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Rho-related GTPases from plants, otherwise known as ROPs, are involved in cell polarity through the regulation of cytoskeleton components like actin and microtubules. Unlike mammalian cells, plant cells do not contain heterotrimeric G proteins like Cdc42, Rac, and Rho that are known to regulate cellular polarity.
__TOC... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Stays made from puddled iron bar were used as a cheaper alternative to copper for joining the inner and outer firebox plates of steam locomotives. The incorporated stringers gave flexibility akin to stranded wire rope and stays made of the material were therefore resistant to snapping in service. Wrought iron rivets m... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Smelting or the reduction of an ore to its metallic state is the primary source of experimentation in archaeometallurgy. In its simplest form smelting can be accomplished by placing an ore sample between two pieces of combusting charcoal in an oxygen reducing atmosphere with a compressed air source to feed the combust... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The nuclear protein in testis gene (i.e. NUTM1 gene) encodes (i.e. directs the synthesis of) a 1,132-amino acid protein termed NUT that is expressed almost exclusively in the testes, ovaries, and ciliary ganglion (i.e. a parasympathetic ganglion of nerve cells located just behind the eye). NUT protein facilitates the a... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
For emulsions, flocculation describes clustering of individual dispersed droplets together, whereby the individual droplets do not lose their identity. Flocculation is thus the initial step leading to further ageing of the emulsion (droplet coalescence and the ultimate separation of the phases). Flocculation is used in... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Piping corrosion circuit or Corrosion loop
/ Piping Circuitization and Corrosion Modelling, is carried out as part of either a Risk Based Inspection analysis (RBI) or Materials Operating Envelope analysis (MOE). It is the systematization of the piping components versus failure modes analysis into materials operating en... | 0 | Metallurgy |
There are six steps in the mechanism of TFIIB action in the formation of the PIC and transcription initiation:
#RNA polymerase II is recruited to DNA through the TFIIB B core and B ribbon.
#RNA polymerase II unwinds DNA, aided by the TFIIB B linker and B reader (open complex formation).
#RNA polymerase II selects a tr... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
* Gamma (γ): This phase composes the matrix of Ni-based superalloy. It is a solid solution fcc austenitic phase of the alloying elements. The alloying elements most found in commercial Ni-based alloys are, C, Cr, Mo, W, Nb, Fe, Ti, Al, V, and Ta. During the formation of these materials, as they cool from the melt, carb... | 0 | Metallurgy |
FSP can also be used to fabricate metal matrix composites at the nugget zone where we need the change of properties. Al 5052/SiC and some other composites were successfully fabricated. Even nano composites can also be fabricated by FSP. | 0 | Metallurgy |
Calcium carbide is used in carbide lamps. Water dripping on carbide produces acetylene gas, which burns and produces light. While these lamps gave steadier and brighter light than candles, they were dangerous in coal mines, where flammable methane gas made them a serious hazard. The presence of flammable gases in coal ... | 0 | Metallurgy |
In general, prehistoric extraction of metals, particularly copper, involved two fundamental stages: first, the smelting of copper ore at temperatures exceeding 700 °C is needed to separate the gangue from the copper; second, melting the copper, which requires temperatures exceeding its melting point of 1080 °C. Given t... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Calcineurin is linked to receptors for several brain chemicals including glutamate, dopamine and GABA. An experiment with genetically-altered mice that could not produce calcineurin showed similar symptoms as in humans with schizophrenia: impairment in working memory, attention deficits, aberrant social behavior, and s... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Bound to the 5-untranslated region of messenger RNA (mRNA), Morpholinos can interfere with progression of the ribosomal initiation complex from the 5 cap to the start codon. This prevents translation of the coding region of the targeted transcript (called "knocking down" gene expression). This is useful experimentally ... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Fracturing is a brittle deformation process that creates permanent linear breaks, that are not accompanied by displacement within materials. These linear breaks or openings can be independent or interconnected. For fracturing to occur, the ultimate strength of the materials need to be exceeded to a point where the mat... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The single survivin gene can give rise to four different alternatively spliced transcripts:
# Survivin, which has a three-intron–four-exon structure in both the mouse and human.
# Survivin-2B, which has an insertion of an alternative exon 2.
# Survivin-Delta-Ex-3, which has exon 3 removed. The removal of exon 3 results... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Types B, R, and S thermocouples use platinum or a platinum/rhodium alloy for each conductor. These are among the most stable thermocouples, but have lower sensitivity than other types, approximately 10 μV/°C. Type B, R, and S thermocouples are usually used only for high-temperature measurements due to their high cost a... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Vacuum arc remelting (VAR) is a secondary remelting process for vacuum refining and manufacturing of ingots with improved chemical and mechanical homogeneity.
In critical military and commercial aerospace applications, material engineers commonly specify VIM-VAR steels. VIM means vacuum induction melted and VAR means v... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Fatigue failures of nitinol devices are a constant subject of discussion. Because it is the material of choice for applications requiring enormous flexibility and motion (e.g., peripheral stents, heart valves, smart thermomechanical actuators and electromechanical microactuators), it is necessarily exposed to much gre... | 0 | Metallurgy |
C/EBPβ and δ are transiently induced during the early stages of adipocyte differentiation (adipogenesis), while C/EBPα is upregulated during the terminal stages of adipogenesis. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that each plays an important role in this process. For example, Murine Embryonic Fibroblasts (M... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Though the ropB protein has 7 histidines (H12, H81, H93, H144, H265, H266, and H277) structurally present, the ropB histidine switch primarily operates with a single functionally involved histidine (H144) conveniently placed to associate with ropB sidechains (Y176 and E185) that near each other upon the addition of a h... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
The histidine phosphotransfer function can be carried out by proteins with at least two different architectures, both composed of a four-helix bundle but differing in the way the bundle is assembled. Most structurally characterized HPt proteins, such as the Hpt domain from the Escherichia coli protein ArcB and the Sacc... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
SMA actuators are typically actuated electrically, where an electric current results in Joule heating. Deactivation typically occurs by free convective heat transfer to the ambient environment. Consequently, SMA actuation is typically asymmetric, with a relatively fast actuation time and a slow deactuation time. A numb... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Phosphatidic acid consists of a glycerol backbone, with, in general, a saturated fatty acid bonded to carbon-1, an unsaturated fatty acid bonded to carbon-2, and a phosphate group bonded to carbon-3. | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
In these thermocouples (chromel–gold/iron alloy), the negative wire is gold with a small fraction (0.03–0.15 atom percent) of iron. The impure gold wire gives the thermocouple a high sensitivity at low temperatures (compared to other thermocouples at that temperature), whereas the chromel wire maintains the sensitivity... | 0 | Metallurgy |
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