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Which one of the following is the least commonly cause of uveitis: | Sarcoidosis | Rheumatoid arthritis | Ankylosing spondylitis | Behçet’s disease | Inflammatory bowel disease | b | Rheumatoid arthritis | General Ophthalmology |
Pseudophakic bullous keratopathy occurs due to damage in which layer of the cornea: | Epithelium | Endothelium | Bowman’s membrane | Descemet’s membrane | Stroma | b | Endothelium | General Ophthalmology |
Which one of the following does not cause sensory deprivation amblyopia: | Accommodative esotropia | Corneal opacity | Untreated traumatic cataract in a 3-year-old girl | nan | nan | a | Accommodative esotropia | General Ophthalmology |
What is false about orbital cellulitis: | Orbital cellulitis and periorbital cellulitis patients are both sent home with different | Occurs due to extension of the infection from the ethmoid sinus | Can be complicated by cavernous sinus thrombosis | Is unlikely if eye findings are normal except for eyelid swelling | nan | a | Orbital cellulitis and periorbital cellulitis patients are both sent home with different | General Ophthalmology |
What is false about thyroid eye disease: | Axial proptosis | Stopping smoking can decrease the progression of the disease. | Teprotumumab is effective for the treatment of dysthyroid optic neuropathy | Muscular entrapment and optic nerve damage are indications for surgery | nan | b | Stopping smoking can decrease the progression of the disease. | General Ophthalmology |
What is the treatment for diabetic macular edema: | Intravitreous anti-VEGF | Focal/grid lases | Panretinal photocoagulation | Pars plana vitrectomy | nan | a | Intravitreous anti-VEGF | General Ophthalmology |
Parents brought their 3-year old daughter who is complaining from new esotropia; what is the most important thing to do: | Head CT scan | Slit lamp examination | Red reflex | Cycloplegic refraction | nan | c | Red reflex | General Ophthalmology |
What is characteristic for nuclear cataract: | Index hypermetropia | Improved near vision | Glare | blurry vision | nan | b | Improved near vision | General Ophthalmology |
All the following are related to increased VEGF, except: | Retinopathy of prematurity | Choroidal vascular membrane | Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment | Diabetic retinopathy | nan | c | Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment | General Ophthalmology |
Which is false regarding aqueous humor circulation? | Produced by ciliary processes | Outflow mainly through uveoscleral pathway | Aqueous flows from posterior to anterior chamber through the pupil | Outflow mainly through trabecular meshwork | nan | b | Outflow mainly through uveoscleral pathway | General Ophthalmology |
Which of the following is not one of the extraocular muscles? | Superior rectus | Sphincter pupillae | Superior oblique | Inferior oblique | nan | b | Sphincter pupillae | General Ophthalmology |
All the following are signs of uveitis, except: | Hypopyon | Anterior chamber cells | Ptosis | Keratic precipitates | nan | c | Ptosis | General Ophthalmology |
Which of the following is usually associated with unilateral cataract? | Trauma | Diabetic retinopathy | Steroid use | Metabolic diseases | nan | a | Trauma | General Ophthalmology |
Which one is not a sign of keratoconus? | Kayser-Fleicher ring | Corneal thinning | Blurred or distorted vision | Increased sensitivity to bright light | nan | a | Kayser-Fleicher ring | General Ophthalmology |
Which of the following is false regarding chlamydial infections? | Serotypes d-k cause trachoma | Trachoma is the most common cause of infectious blindness | Inclusion conjunctivitis is a type of STD | Treatment involves topical / systemic azithromycin | nan | a | Serotypes d-k cause trachoma | General Ophthalmology |
Which layer in the cornea does not regenerate: | Epithelium | Endothelium | Bowman's layer | Stroma | nan | b | Endothelium | General Ophthalmology |
Pseudophakic bullous keratopathy occurs due to damage in which layer of the cornea: | Epithelium | Endothelium | Bowman’s membrane | Descemet’s membrane | Stroma | b | Endothelium | General Ophthalmology |
Which of the following is not an important sign for diagnosing of blow out fracture: | Parasthesia on the cheeks | Diplopia | Subcutaneous emphysema | Enophthalmos | nan | d | Enophthalmos | General Ophthalmology |
Which of the following is a sign of congenital cataract: | Corneal opacity | Leukocoria | Buphthalmos | Excessive tearing | nan | b | Leukocoria | General Ophthalmology |
Which muscle is mostly involved in thyroid oculopathy: | Inferior rectus | Medial rectus | Superior rectus | Lateral rectus | nan | a | Inferior rectus | General Ophthalmology |
All the following can be the cause for no improvement in vision after cataract surgery, except: | Diabetic retinopathy | Age related macular degeneration | Optic disc cupping | Corneal scarring | nan | c | Optic disc cupping | General Ophthalmology |
Regarding amblyopia, all the following are false, except: | Can be only unilateral | Patch covering not indicated | Occurs due to abnormal visual experience during adulthood | Strabismus amblyopia is the commonest type | nan | d | Strabismus amblyopia is the commonest type | General Ophthalmology |
30 year-old man develops proptosis on coughing, what is the most likely diagnosis: | Orbital varices | Orbital pseudotumor | Orbital lymphoma | Carotid-cavernous fistula | nan | a | Orbital varices | General Ophthalmology |
Cycloplegic agents can be used in anterior uveitis to: | Prevent anterior synechiae | Prevent posterior synechiae | Relieve ciliary spasm | Last two choices are true | nan | d | Last two choices are true | General Ophthalmology |
All the following are causes for madarosis, except: | Topical prostaglandin analogues | Trichotillomania | Radiotherapy | Myxedema | nan | a | Topical prostaglandin analogues | General Ophthalmology |
Each question below contains suggested responses. Select TRUE responses.
Merkel cell carcinoma: | Is most common in the bulbar conjunctiva | Is associated with good prognosis | Is an APUD cell tumour | Is associated with ultraviolet exposure | Produces corneal pigmentation | c | Is an APUD cell tumour | General Ophthalmology |
Each question below contains suggested responses. Select TRUE responses.
The following report is associated with increased mortality in an enucleated eye with retinoblastoma: | Involvement of the optic nerve | Presence of calcification within the tumours | Necrosis within the tumours | Exophytic retinoblastoma | Presence of retinal detachment | a | Involvement of the optic nerve | General Ophthalmology |
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Diabetic microangiopathy include: | Endothelial vascular proliferation | Proliferation of pericytes associated with microaneurysms | Deposition of calcium in the intima | Thickening of the basement membrane | Necrosis of the endothelium | d | Thickening of the basement membrane | General Ophthalmology |
Each question below contains suggested responses. Select TRUE responses.
Melanocytoma: | Contains plump black naevus cells | Metastasises to the brain | Is commoner in temperate than tropical countries | Does not cause optic nerve compression | Is associated with renal tumour | a | Contains plump black naevus cells | General Ophthalmology |
Each question below contains suggested responses. Select TRUE responses.
In choroidaemia: | Pigmentary changes occurs in carriers | Carriers may have abnormal EOG | The mode of inheritance is autosomal dominant | Arginine free diet is beneficial | Central vision is lost early | a | Pigmentary changes occurs in carriers | General Ophthalmology |
Each question below contains suggested responses. Select TRUE responses.
Retinal dialysis: | Is associated with posterior vitreous detachment | Is associated with myopia | Has a mobile posterior flap | Can be treated by cryotherapy, encirclement and a local scleral buckle | Is commonest in the superior temporal quadrant | d | Can be treated by cryotherapy, encirclement and a local scleral buckle | General Ophthalmology |
Each question below contains suggested responses. Select TRUE responses.
In central serous retinopathy: | Abnormalities recorded on the Amsler's chart are uncommon | Often shows focal leakage on fluorescein fundus photography | A macular hole is a common end result | The image perceived by the patient on the affected side in unilateral cases is | A dense central scotoma is the most common presentation | b | Often shows focal leakage on fluorescein fundus photography | General Ophthalmology |
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following conditions are inherited in an autosomal recessive patterns: | Protanopia | Congenital retinoschisis | Sturge-Weber's syndrome | Neurofibromatosis type II | Blue cone achromatopsia | e | Blue cone achromatopsia | General Ophthalmology |
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Coat's disease: | Has equal sex incidence | Caused by peripheral neovascularization | Is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern | Causes rhegmatogenous detachment | Can be treated with laser | e | Can be treated with laser | General Ophthalmology |
Each question below contains suggested responses. Select TRUE responses.
With regard to laser: | Xanthophll absorb green light | Diode laser penetrate vitreous haemorrhage | Argon blue-green is commonly used for grid laser | YAG laser produces red colour | Ophthalmic laser is classified as type I laser | b | Diode laser penetrate vitreous haemorrhage | General Ophthalmology |
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Regarding the eyelids, all the following are true EXCEPT | the meibomian glands and Zeis glands are both sebaceous | the levator muscle and Muller's muscle are both innervated by the oculomotor nerve | the orbicularis muscle is innervated by the facial nerve | the tarsus is posterior to the orbicularis muscle | the gray line corresponds histologically to the muscle of Riolan | b | the levator muscle and Muller's muscle are both innervated by the oculomotor nerve | General Ophthalmology |
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All the following regarding the lacrimal gland are true EXCEPT | it is composed of salivary type glandular tissue | it has palpebral and orbital lobes | it provides the aqueous portion of the tears | it is innervated by third nerve fibers via the ciliary ganglion | it derives its blood supply from the lacrimal artery, a branch of the ophthalmic artery | d | it is innervated by third nerve fibers via the ciliary ganglion | General Ophthalmology |
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The true measurements for the spiral of Tillaux are | superior rectus 6.5 mm, medial rectus 6.9 mm, lateral rectus 7.7 mm, inferior oblique 5.5 mm | medial rectus 5.5 mm, lateral rectus 6.9 mm, inferior rectus 6.5 mm, superior rectus 7.7 mm | superior oblique 7.7 mm, medial rectus 5.5 mm, lateral rectus 6.9 mm, inferior oblique 6.5 mm | inferior rectus 6.5 mm, superior rectus 7.7 mm, inferior oblique 5.5 mm, lateral rectus 6.9 mm | superior oblique 7.7 mm, medial rectus 6.5 mm, lateral rectus 5.5 mm, inferior rectus 6.5 mm, superior rectus 7.7 mm | b | medial rectus 5.5 mm, lateral rectus 6.9 mm, inferior rectus 6.5 mm, superior rectus 7.7 mm | General Ophthalmology |
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All the following are true regarding the extraocular muscles EXCEPT | they contain two types of muscle cells, Felderstrucktur and Fibrillenstruktur | each of the extraocular muscles receives two arterial branches except the lateral rectus | The inferior oblique arises from the orbital floor near the rim | the superior rectus lies superior to the superior oblique | the lateral rectus arises from the roof of the orbit | e | the lateral rectus arises from the roof of the orbit | General Ophthalmology |
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Each of the following statements regarding the lens is true EXCEPT | zonular fibers are composed of collagen filaments that merge with the lens capsule | the lens epithelium resides beneath the anterior and equatorial capsule | the posterior lens capsule is the thinnest | the lens capsule is composed of basement membrane and stains positively with periodic acid-Schiff(PAS) | the posterior Y suture is upright and the anterior Y suture is inverted | e | the posterior Y suture is upright and the anterior Y suture is inverted | General Ophthalmology |
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Which of the following terms is INCORRECTLY matched with its definition? | Microphthalmus-a small disorganized eye | Metaplasia-the replacement of one normal adult tissue with another normal adult tissue | Anophthalmos-an eye that is abnormally small, but otherwise anatomically normal | Hyperplasia-increase in number of cells | Aplasia-lack of development of an organ | c | Anophthalmos-an eye that is abnormally small, but otherwise anatomically normal | General Ophthalmology |
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Regarding retinal physiology, choose the INCORRECT response. | Rod outer segments shed during the day | The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) maintains the outer blood-retinal barrier | Cone outer segments shed at night | Human rods have one class of visual pigment and cones have three | ll-Cis-retinaldehyde is oriented perpendicular to the plane of the lipid bilayer | e | ll-Cis-retinaldehyde is oriented perpendicular to the plane of the lipid bilayer | General Ophthalmology |
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Each of the following statements regarding the neurosensory retina is correct EXCEPT | rod photoreceptor cilium has a "9+0" configuration | the Miiller cells are specialized glial cells that extend from the external limiting membrane to the internal limiting membrane | the retinal blood vessels maintain the outer blood- retinal barrier | the outer segment-RPE interface is a potential space | the axons of the ganglion cells form the nerve fiber layer (NFL) | c | the retinal blood vessels maintain the outer blood- retinal barrier | General Ophthalmology |
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All the following are true statements regarding the anterior chamber angle EXCEPT | the peripheral tennination of Descemet's membrane is Schwalbe's line | the trabecular meshwork is composed of three portions: juxtacanalicular, uveal, and corneoscleral | the longitudinal muscle of the ciliary body inserts as the scleral spur | the aqueous humor drains from the eye primarily via the uveal outflow tract | the canal of Schlemm drains the aqueous from the trabecular meshwork into the external collector channels | d | the aqueous humor drains from the eye primarily via the uveal outflow tract | General Ophthalmology |
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Regarding lacrimal gland tissue, each of the following is true EXCEPT | the gland of Wolfring is located in the tarsus | the main lacrimal gland receives its blood supply from a branch of the external maxillary artery | the gland of Krause is located in the fornix | the histology of lacrimal tissue resembles that of the salivary gland | lacrimal tissue secretes the aqueous portion of the tears | b | the main lacrimal gland receives its blood supply from a branch of the external maxillary artery | General Ophthalmology |
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From the following, choose the correct statement regarding the eyelids. | The tarsus in the upper lid is 4 mm in height and 35 mm long | The conjunctiva consists of keratinized squamous epithelium | The orbicularis muscle consists of orbital and palpebral portions | The plica semilunaris has vellus hairs protruding from it | The levator muscle forms a complex medially with the superior oblique | c | The orbicularis muscle consists of orbital and palpebral portions | General Ophthalmology |
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Choose the INCORRECT sentence completion: The vitreous | is firmly attached at the vitreous base, optic disk margin, and posterior lens capsule | is composed mostly of collagen fibrils | is approximately 4.0 ml in volume | undergoes syneresis, which results in posterior vitreous detachment | can act as a scaffold for proliferative vitreoretinopathy | b | is composed mostly of collagen fibrils | General Ophthalmology |
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The Muller cells are correctly characterized by which of the following statements? | They extend from the internal limiting membrane (ILM) to Bruch's membrane | They function to supply the rods and cones with vitamin A | They act as a supporting matrix for the retina | They contribute to the inner blood-retinal barrier | Their fused footplates make up the inner elastic component of Bruch's membrane | c | They act as a supporting matrix for the retina | General Ophthalmology |
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All the following statements regarding the corneal endothelium are true EXCEPT | the corneal endothelium is responsible for the production of Descemet's membrane | an ATP-NA+,K+-dependent pump maintains the deturgescence of the corneal stroma | there are tight junctions interlocking adjacent endothelial cells | corneal endothelial cells can respond to stress by active mitosis | corneal endothelial cells receive their nutrition from aqueous flow in the anterior chamber | d | corneal endothelial cells can respond to stress by active mitosis | General Ophthalmology |
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The retinal Pigment epithelium (RPE) | secretes the outer layer of basement lamina of Bruch's membrane | produces melanin granules in the last trimester of gestation | has cells in the foveal region that are flatter and contain smaller, fewer melanosomes than those in the
retinal periphery | has basal surface villi into which the outer segments of the rods and cones are embedded | is responsible for providing nourishment to the outer third to half of the retinal cells | e | is responsible for providing nourishment to the outer third to half of the retinal cells | General Ophthalmology |
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All the following statements regarding colobomas are true EXCEPT that they | are usually located in the supratemporal quadrant | may be unilateral or bilateral | are termed atypical if located outside the region of the embryonic fissure | produce an absolute scotoma if they involve the retina | result from incomplete closure along the embryonic fissure | a | are usually located in the supratemporal quadrant | General Ophthalmology |
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Choose the INCORRECT statement regarding the tear film. | The mucous component is secreted by the goblet cells | The main lacrimal gland has palpebral and orbital lobes | The glands of Wolfring and Krause secrete the aqueous component | The major antibody produced is in the IgD class | The meibomian glands contribute to the sebaceous component | d | The major antibody produced is in the IgD class | General Ophthalmology |
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Ocular features associated with Down's syndrome include all the following EXCEPT | Lisch nodules | Brushfield spots | myopia | strabismus | keratoconus | a | Lisch nodules | General Ophthalmology |
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Each of the following chromosomal abnormalities is correctly matched with one of its ophthalmic manifestations EXCEPT | deletion p I I-aniridia | deletion 13q 14--retinoblastoma | XXY -Brushfield's spots | XO-nystagmus | trisomy 18-congenital glaucoma | c | XXY -Brushfield's spots | General Ophthalmology |
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The zonules develop from | secretion from lens epithelium | secretion from the pigmented epithelium of the ciliary body | secretion from the posterior pigmented epithelium of the iris | secretion from the nonpigmented epithelium of the ciliary body | involution of the hyaloid system | d | secretion from the nonpigmented epithelium of the ciliary body | General Ophthalmology |
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Which tissue is INCORRECTLY matched with its embryonic origin? | Lens-surface ectoderm | Nonpigmented ciliary epithelium-neuroectoderm | Lacrimal gland-surface ectoderm | Cartilage-mesoderm | Extraocular muscle fibers-mesoderm | d | Cartilage-mesoderm | General Ophthalmology |
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Select the event INCORRECTLY paired with its gestational time of development. | Development of lens placode-28 days | Fusion of lid folds-third month | Completion of myelination of optic nerve fibers to the level of the lamina cribrosa-ninth month | Start of thinning of the central fovea- third month | Appearance of pigment granules in the RPE-second month | d | Start of thinning of the central fovea- third month | General Ophthalmology |
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Each of the following is a feature associated with persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous EXCEPT | high myopia | unilaterality | microphthalmos | elongated ciliary processes | leukocoria | a | high myopia | General Ophthalmology |
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All the following are causes of pseudopapilledema EXCEPT | Bergmeister's papilla | optic nerve head drusen | hyperopia | diabetic papillopathy | pseudotumor cerebri | e | pseudotumor cerebri | General Ophthalmology |
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From the following, choose the extraocular muscle with the shortest tendon insertion. | Superior oblique | Superior rectus | Inferior oblique | Inferior rectus | Medial rectus | e | Medial rectus | General Ophthalmology |
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Beta-adrenergic antagonists are correctly characterized by which of the following statements? . | They are primarily used to detect defects in sympathetic innervation to the iris dilator muscle | They have long-acting cycloplegic effects on the eye | They are commonly used intracamerally during cataract extraction | They reduce intraocular pressure by reducing the production of aqueous humor | They require cleavage of side chains to penetrate the cornea | d | They reduce intraocular pressure by reducing the production of aqueous humor | General Ophthalmology |
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On the normal pupil, 1 % hydroxyamphetamine (Paredrine) exerts it effect by | blocking the degradation of catechol 0-methyltransferase | direct antagonist action on the iris dilator muscle | blocking the catabolism of norepinephrine by monoamine oxidase | blocking re uptake of norepinephrine into the nerve terminal | stimulating norepinephrine release from the nerve terminal | e | stimulating norepinephrine release from the nerve terminal | General Ophthalmology |
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All the following structures pass through the superior orbital fissure EXCEPT | abducens nerve | lacrimal nerve | nasociliary nerve | pterygoid nerve | superior ophthalmic vein | d | pterygoid nerve | General Ophthalmology |
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Compared with plasma, which of the following has a higher concentration in aqueous? | Sodium | Magnesium | Calcium | Potassium | Lactate | e | Lactate | General Ophthalmology |
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All the following statements regarding malignant hyperthermia are true EXCEPT | it is usually inherited as an X-linked disorder | it is characterized by extreme heat production | it is treated with intravenous dantrolene | it is characterized by muscle contracture and massive acidosis | it is triggered by potent inhalation anesthetics | a | it is usually inherited as an X-linked disorder | General Ophthalmology |
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What is the innervation of the yoke muscle of the left medial rectus? | Left oculomotor nerve, inferior division | Left abducens nerve | Right abducens nerve | Right oculomotor nerve, superior division | Right trochlear nerve | c | Right abducens nerve | General Ophthalmology |
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The corneal epithelium is characterized by which of the following statements ? | It secretes basement membrane material that contributes to the inner portion of Descemet's membrane | It is a nonkeratinized squamous epithelium that is continuous at the limbus with the conjunctival epithelium | It derives its sensory innervation from branches of the facial nerve | It has less refractive power than the lens | It is derived embryologically from the neuroectoderm | b | It is a nonkeratinized squamous epithelium that is continuous at the limbus with the conjunctival epithelium | General Ophthalmology |
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Regarding the corneal stroma, all the following statements are true EXCEPT | it is approximately 500 microns thick | it maintains its clarity by the pumping of the endothelial cells | the ground substance is composed of mucoproteins and glycoproteins | it is composed of collagen lamellae, keratocytes, and ground substance | the collagen fibrils are parallel in the anterior third of the cornea | e | the collagen fibrils are parallel in the anterior third of the cornea | General Ophthalmology |
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All the following statements regarding the lens are true EXCEPT | the equatorial diameter of the lens is approximately 9 to 10 mm | it is surrounded by a PAS-positive basement membrane | relaxation of the tension on the zonules due to contraction of the ciliary muscle causes the lens to | the lens is weaker in refractive power than the cornea | the lens is innervated by the long posterior ciliary nerves | e | the lens is innervated by the long posterior ciliary nerves | General Ophthalmology |
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Each of the following ocular tissues is correctly paired with its embryonic origin EXCEPT | retinal pigment epithelium-neuroectoderm | fibers of extraocular muscles-neural crest | ciliary ganglion-neural crest | temporal sclera-mesoderm | lacrimal gland-surface ectoderm | b | fibers of extraocular muscles-neural crest | General Ophthalmology |
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Regarding the ocular blood supply, all the following statements are true EXCEPT | the basement membrane of the choriocapillaris corresponds to the innermost layer of Bruch's membrane | retinal capillaries are nonfenestrated | the posterior ciliary artery supplies the choroid | the choriocapillaris has fenestrations | the choriocapillaris is arranged in a lobular pattern | a | the basement membrane of the choriocapillaris corresponds to the innermost layer of Bruch's membrane | General Ophthalmology |
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The olfactory nerve (CN I) is accurately described by which statement? | It has myelinated fibers for the sense of smell | It originates from small receptors in the mucous membranes of the nose | Its fibers pass through the sphenoid sinus | It passes beneath the temporal lobe of the brain | It decussates in the cavernous sinus | b | It originates from small receptors in the mucous membranes of the nose | General Ophthalmology |
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Choose the structure that is INCORRECTLY paired with the fissure or foramen through which it passes. | Nasolacrimal canal-infraorbital nerve (CN V2) | Superior orbital fissure-abducens nerve (CN VI) | Inferior orbital fissure-inferior ophthalmic vein | Anterior ethmoidal foramen-anterior ethmoidal nerve | Optic foramen--ophthalmic artery0 | a | Nasolacrimal canal-infraorbital nerve (CN V2) | General Ophthalmology |
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All the following statements are true regarding the optic nerve (CN II) EXCEPT | it consists of over 1 million axons originating in the ganglion cell layer of the retina | the intraorbital portion is located within the muscle cone | the intracanalicular portion gets its blood supply from the ophthalmic artery | it is myelinated posterior to the lateral geniculate body | Wilbrand's knee contains fibers corre | d | it is myelinated posterior to the lateral geniculate body | General Ophthalmology |
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The right oculomotor nerve (CN Ill) supplies all the following EXCEPT | right medial rectus muscle | right inferior oblique muscle | left superior rectus muscle | right cholinergic innervation of pupillary sphincter | right sympathetic innervation of the ciliary muscle | e | right sympathetic innervation of the ciliary muscle | General Ophthalmology |
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Regarding the oculomotor nerve (CN Ill) and its nucleus, all the following statements are true EXCEPT | the Edinger- Westphal nucleus provides parasympathetic fibers to the pupillary sphincter and ciliary muscle | as it exits the midbrain, the oculomotor nerve passes below the posterior cerebral artery and above the superior cerebellar artery | the oculomotor nerve divides into superior and inferior divisions in the subarachnoid space, just adjacent to the posterior communicating artery | the inferior division of the oculomotor nerve carries the fibers for pupillary constriction | the oculomotor nucleus has subnuclei for each extraocular muscle it innervates | c | the oculomotor nerve divides into superior and inferior divisions in the subarachnoid space, just adjacent to the posterior communicating artery | General Ophthalmology |
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All the following statements regarding the vitreous are true EXCEPT | it is adherent to the pars plicata | it weighs approximately 4 g | it is 99 percent water | its viscosity is due to mucopolysaccharide hyaluronic acid | Cloquet's canal may contain remnants of the hyaloid vascular system | a | it is adherent to the pars plicata | General Ophthalmology |
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Each of the following statements regarding retinal physiology is true EXCEPT | rod photoreceptor membranes have a lipid bilayer in which rhodopsin is present as an integral protein | 11l-cis-retinaldehyde is required for absorption of photons | the chromophore is aligned perpendicular to the plane of the bilayer | vitamin A is stored in the liver and transported to the retinal pigment epithelium via a complex with serum retinol binding protein and prealbumin | bleaching releases all-trans-retinaldehyde from the visual pigment and converts it to all-trans-retinol | c | the chromophore is aligned perpendicular to the plane of the bilayer | General Ophthalmology |
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The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) has all the following functions EXCEPT | selective transport of metabolites to and from the retina | induction of embryologic development of the photoreceptors | isomerization and transport of vitamin A | maintenance of the microenvironment of the outer basement membrane of Bruch | maintenance of the outer blood-retinal barrier | d | maintenance of the microenvironment of the outer basement membrane of Bruch | General Ophthalmology |
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All the following statements are true regarding the trochlear nerve (CN IV) EXCEPT | it is the only cranial nerve that is completely decussated | it is the only cranial nerve to exit dorsally from the brain | it passes between the posterior cerebral artery and the superior cerebellar artery | it enters the orbit via the inferior fissure | it travels within the orbit outside the annulus of Zinn | d | it enters the orbit via the inferior fissure | General Ophthalmology |
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The bones of the orbit are | frontal, zygoma, palatine, maxilla, parietal, sphenoid, and lacrimal | frontal, zygoma, maxilla, ethmoid, temporal, lacrimal, and sphenoid | frontal, zygoma, maxilla, sphenoid, mandible, lacrimal, and ethmoid | frontal, zygoma, palatine, maxilla, ethmoid, sphenoid, and lacrimal | frontal, palatine, maxilla, ethmoid, nasal, sphenoid, and lacrimal | d | frontal, zygoma, palatine, maxilla, ethmoid, sphenoid, and lacrimal | General Ophthalmology |
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Each condition is correctly matched with its change in the vitreous EXCEPT | diabetes mellitus-increased collagen content | hemorrhage-depolymerization of hyaluronic acid | aphakia-decreased hyaluronic acid | high myopia-decreased collagen and hyaluronic acid | aging--coalescence of collagen fibers | a | diabetes mellitus-increased collagen content | General Ophthalmology |
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Choose the true statement regarding the trigeminal nerve (CN V). | The gasserian ganglion resides in Dorello's canal | The ophthalmic division has lacrimal and nasociliary branches | The maxillary division provides sensation for the lower lid, upper lid, roof of the mouth, and soft palate | The mandibular division exits the skull via the foramen rotundum | The trigeminal nerve has sensory function only | c | The maxillary division provides sensation for the lower lid, upper lid, roof of the mouth, and soft palate | General Ophthalmology |
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Ocular absorption of medications is improved by each of the following EXCEPT | digitally compressing the nasolacrimal duct | decreasing the lipid solubility of the drug | waiting at least 10 minutes between eye drops | increasing the viscosity of the vehicle | administering the drug as a sub-Tenon's injection | b | decreasing the lipid solubility of the drug | General Ophthalmology |
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True statements regarding the abducens nerve (CN VI) include that it | has the longest intracranial course | passes through Dorello's canal | innervates the inferior oblique muscle | has its nucleus at the level of the inferior colliculus | passes through the inferior orbital fissure | b | passes through Dorello's canal | General Ophthalmology |
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The ciliary ganglion is correctly characterized by which of the following statements? | It is located anterior and inferomedial to the annulus of Zinn | It has a short motor root, which synapses and carries sympathetic fibers to the iris sphincter | It gives rise to the nasociliary branch of CN V, which contains sensory fibers from the cornea | It has a parasympathetic root derived from the carotid plexus, which innervates the blood vessels of the eye | It gives rise to two short ciliary nerves, which pierce the sclera, travel anteriorly, and supply the cornea, ciliary body, and iris in a plexus | c | It gives rise to the nasociliary branch of CN V, which contains sensory fibers from the cornea | General Ophthalmology |
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Which of the following occurs in cyclopia? | There is a midline single eye formed by fusion during embryologic life | The brain has bilateral symmetric structures | The child has a normal life expectancy | There are associated deformities of the nose and skull | The eye usually has a well-developed midline optic nerve | d | There are associated deformities of the nose and skull | General Ophthalmology |
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Cocaine exerts its effect on the normal pupil by | blocking the catabolism of norepinephrine by monoamine oxidase | direct antagonist action on the iris dilator muscle | stimulating norepinephrine release from the nerve terminal | blocking reuptake of norepinephrine into the nerve terminal | blocking the degradation of catechol 0-methyltransferase | d | blocking reuptake of norepinephrine into the nerve terminal | General Ophthalmology |
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Each of the following developmental events is correctly matched with the time at which it occurs EXCEPT: | cavity of lens vesicle obliterated-28 days | optic vesicle evaginates-25 days | pigment granules develop in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)-second month | hyaloid system starts to regress-fourth month | lid separation begins-fifth month | a | cavity of lens vesicle obliterated-28 days | General Ophthalmology |
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All the following statements regarding aqueous humor dynamics are true EXCEPT | aqueous is produced by diffusion, ultrafiltration, and active secretion | active secretion depends on an Na+, -K+-ATPase energy consuming pump | diffusion is a passive process | the blood-aqueous barrier keeps the concentration of protein in the aqueous low compared with that in serum | ultrafiltration is dependent on an ATPase-driven pump | e | ultrafiltration is dependent on an ATPase-driven pump | General Ophthalmology |
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Select the correct statement regarding the facial nerve (CN VII). | Its only function is the innervation of the muscles of facial expression, hence its name | Its nucleus is at the level of the superior colliculus | It loops over the abducens nerve nucleus at the level of the facial colliculus | Its sensory nucleus supplies the sensation of taste to the posterior one-third of the tongue | It passes through the cavernous sinus just inferior to the abducens nerve | c | It loops over the abducens nerve nucleus at the level of the facial colliculus | General Ophthalmology |
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Each of the following statements correctly matches an antibiotic with its mechanism of action EXCEPT | tetracyclines inhibit protein synthesis at the 30S ribosomal subunit | fluoroquinolones inhibit DNA gyrase | polyene binds sterols in fungi cell membranes, resulting in membrane damage | trifluridine competes as a thymidine analogue to be incorporated into viral DNA | cephalosporins inhibit protein synthesis at the 50S ribosomal subunit | e | cephalosporins inhibit protein synthesis at the 50S ribosomal subunit | General Ophthalmology |
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The Pulfrich phenomenon refers to | an acquired color deficit in toxic retinopathy | an acquired stereo-illusion in optic neuropathy | palinopsia due to temporal-parietal-occipital junction lesions | metamorphopsia caused by multiple evanescent white dot syndrome | visual hallucinations due to retinal photoreceptor deformation | b | an acquired stereo-illusion in optic neuropathy | General Ophthalmology |
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All the following statements regarding anesthetics are true EXCEPT | local anesthetics block unmyelinated fibers faster than myelinated fibers | amide anesthetics have a shorter duration of action than ester anesthetics | topical anesthetics interfere with epithelial repair capabilities | toxicity of local anesthetics is usually dose-related and includes cardiovascular depression | topical anesthetics with higher lipid solubility work faster than those with lower lipid solubility | b | amide anesthetics have a shorter duration of action than ester anesthetics | General Ophthalmology |
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All the following statements regarding eicosanoids and their activity are correct EXCEPT | thromboxane A2 is a potent vasoconstrictor produced mainly by platelets | prostaglandins are synthesized from | high levels of prostaglandin E cause | indomethacin and aspirin block the synthesis of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid | leukotrienes are formed from arachidonic acid via the lipoxygenase pathway | c | high levels of prostaglandin E cause | General Ophthalmology |
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Each of the following statements regarding the crystalline lens is true EXCEPT | β crystallin comprises approximately 55 percent of the water-soluble protein found in the lens | the osmotic gradient in the lens is maintained by an energy dependent ATPase pump in the epithelium | the water-insoluble proteins are α, β, y, and HM crystallins | the water-soluble protein is main intrinsic polypeptide | most of the glucose in the lens is generated by the hexose monophosphate shunt (pentose phosphate pathway) | e | most of the glucose in the lens is generated by the hexose monophosphate shunt (pentose phosphate pathway) | General Ophthalmology |
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Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are accurately described by which of the following? | They suppress aqueous production by directly preventing potassium (K+) influx into the pigmented ciliary epithelium | They produce metabolic alkalosis due to the renal receptors and compensatory respiratory acidosis | They may produce dangerously low potassium (K+) levels, especially if used concurrently with thiazide diuretics | They can be effectively given once daily because of their long metabolic half-life | They commonly produce blood dyscrasias as a side effect, necessitating monthly blood counts | c | They may produce dangerously low potassium (K+) levels, especially if used concurrently with thiazide diuretics | General Ophthalmology |
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Each of the following medications is correctly paired with its mechanism of action EXCEPT | apraclonidine-direct -acting alpha-antagonist | scopolamine-antimuscarinic | edrophonium-indirect-acting nicotinic agonist | phenylephrine-direct-acting alpha-adrenergic agonist | levobunolol-beta-adrenergic antagonist | a | apraclonidine-direct -acting alpha-antagonist | General Ophthalmology |
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True statements regarding osmotic agents include all the following EXCEPT | sodium ascorbate crosses the blood-brain barrier | urea is administered intravenously, but is used rarely because its extravasation causes tissue necrosis | isosorbide is preferred over glycerol for treatment in diabetics because its sugar is not metabolized | mannitol may be given by mouth, which decreases its potential cardiovascular effects | oral ethanol is infrequently used because it suppresses antidiuretic hormone and makes patients intoxicated | d | mannitol may be given by mouth, which decreases its potential cardiovascular effects | General Ophthalmology |
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Each of the following terms is correctly matched with its definition EXCEPT | congenital condition-a characteristic present at birth | heterogeneity-the occurrence of one phenotype due to different genetic entities | phenocopy-the occurrence of multiple genes resulting in a clinical syndrome | genocopy-the genetic make-up of an organism | phenotype-the net result of genotype and the environment, producing all of an organisms observable characteristics | c | phenocopy-the occurrence of multiple genes resulting in a clinical syndrome | General Ophthalmology |
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