instruction stringlengths 161 2.29k | input stringlengths 80 650 | response stringclasses 6 values |
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<Instruct>: Given the context 'The analyses of the AP sites strongly suggested that B. burgdorferi DNA was not the major target for oxidative damage.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borrelia burgdorferi (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
B: borrelia americana (aka borreliella americana)
C: borreliella burgdorferi b31 (borrelia burgdorferi str. b31) (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
D: borrelia africana (aka candidatus borrelia africana)
E: borrelia burgdorferi group (aka borreliella)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To determine whether ROS can damage B. burgdorferi DNA and cause 8-oxoguanine lesions, strain B31A3 cells grown under microaerobic conditions were treated with H2O2 (5 or 10 mM), t-butyl hydroperoxide (5 or 10 mM) or lipoxidase.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borrelomyces (aka mycoplasma)
B: borrelia burgdorferi (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
C: borrelia africana (aka candidatus borrelia africana)
D: borrelia burgdorferi group (aka borreliella)
E: borreliales bacterium
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In contrast, when a MutM (the specific glycosylase that removes the 8-oxoguanine)-deficient E. coli strain was treated with 100 µM H2O2, the amount of 8-oxoguanine sites increased ∼fivefold over untreated cells.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'e. coli'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: escherichia coli k12 (aka escherichia coli k-12)
B: escherichia
C: bacillus coli (aka escherichia coli)
D: unspecified coliform bacterium
E: escherichia coli (strain b) (aka escherichia coli b)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'It is important to point out that no MutM homologue has been identified in the genome of B. burgdorferi.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borreliella genomospecies 1 (aka borreliella genomosp. 1)
B: borrelia americana (aka borreliella americana)
C: borrelomyces (aka mycoplasma)
D: borrelia
E: borreliella burgdorferi (lyme disease spirochete) (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Taken together, these data suggested that B. burgdorferi DNA was not a major target for oxidative damage under these conditions.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borrelia
B: borrelomyces (aka mycoplasma)
C: borrelia burgdorferi (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
D: borreliales bacterium
E: borrelia genomosp. 1 (aka borreliella genomosp. 1)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The membranes of B. burgdorferi are targeted during oxidative stress
In eukaryotes, membrane lipids are a major target of ROS.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borreliales bacterium
B: borrelia garinii (aka borreliella garinii)
C: candidatus borrelia africana (borrelia africana) (aka candidatus borrelia africana)
D: borreliella (borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato) (aka borreliella)
E: borrelia burgdorferi (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The membranes of B. burgdorferi are targeted during oxidative stress
In eukaryotes, membrane lipids are a major target of ROS.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: candidatus borrelia africana (borrelia africana) (aka candidatus borrelia africana)
B: borrelia genomosp. 1 (aka borreliella genomosp. 1)
C: borrelia
D: borreliella americana (borrelia americana) (aka borreliella americana)
E: borreliales bacterium
F: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'As B. burgdorferi cannot synthesize their own lipids, they must instead scavenge them.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borreliella burgdorferi (lyme disease spirochete) (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
B: borrelia
C: borrelomyces (aka mycoplasma)
D: borrelia genomosp. 1 (aka borreliella genomosp. 1)
E: borreliella burgdorferi b31 (borrelia burgdorferi str. b31) (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To determine if B. burgdorferi contains polyunsaturated lipids, B. burgdorferi strain B31A3 was grown under anaerobic conditions and analysed for fatty acid composition by Lipid Technologies (Austin, MN).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borrelia americana (aka borreliella americana)
B: borrelia burgdorferi group (aka borreliella)
C: borrelia burgdorferi (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
D: borrelia
E: borreliella genomospecies 1 (aka borreliella genomosp. 1)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To determine if B. burgdorferi contains polyunsaturated lipids, B. burgdorferi strain B31A3 was grown under anaerobic conditions and analysed for fatty acid composition by Lipid Technologies (Austin, MN).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: lyme disease borrelia (aka borreliella)
B: borreliella burgdorferi (lyme disease spirochete) (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
C: borrelia africana (aka candidatus borrelia africana)
D: borrelia fainii (aka candidatus borrelia fainii)
E: borrelia garinii (aka borreliella garinii)
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To determine if Borrelia polyunsaturated lipids can undergo lipid peroxidation, B. burgdorferi B31A3 cells grown microaerobically were treated with 1 mM t-butyl hydroperoxide or 250 mg of lipoxidase, and the cell pellets were analysed for fatty acid composition (Industrial Laboratory).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borreliella burgdorferi (lyme disease spirochete) (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
B: lyme disease borrelia (aka borreliella)
C: borrelia americana (aka borreliella americana)
D: borrelia fainii (aka candidatus borrelia fainii)
E: borrelia garinii (aka borreliella garinii)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'These data indicated that the linoleic acid present in B. burgdorferi membranes can be oxidized by ROS.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: candidatus borrelia africana (borrelia africana) (aka candidatus borrelia africana)
B: borrelia burgdorferi group (aka borreliella)
C: borreliella americana (borrelia americana) (aka borreliella americana)
D: borreliella burgdorferi b31 (borrelia burgdorferi str. b31) (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
E: lyme disease spirochete (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'As a control, eukaryotic cells (mouse myeloma cells SP2) were treated with AAPH and MDA measured (Fig.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'mouse'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: mus <genus> (mice (aka mus <genus>))
B: mus musculus musculus (eastern european house mouse) (aka mus musculus musculus)
C: mus musculoides (mus musculoides enclavae) (aka mus musculoides)
D: mus musculus (house mouse) (aka mus musculus)
E: mus cricetus (aka cricetus cricetus)
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Mouse myeloma cells have been used as a model system for the determination of phospholipid hydroperoxides (Chotimarkorn et al., 2005).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'mouse'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: mus musculoides (mus musculoides enclavae) (aka mus musculoides)
B: mus sp. (mice (aka mus sp.))
C: mus musculus (house mouse) (aka mus musculus)
D: mus molossinus (aka mus musculus molossinus)
E: mus (aka mus <subgenus>) (aka mus <subgenus>)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To determine if the Borrelia lipids are damaged from growth in an oxygen environment, B. burgdorferi B31A3 cells were grown under anaerobic, microaerobic and aerobic conditions and MDA measured.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borrelia fainii (aka candidatus borrelia fainii)
B: borreliella americana (borrelia americana) (aka borreliella americana)
C: candidatus borrelia africana (borrelia africana) (aka candidatus borrelia africana)
D: borrelomyces (aka mycoplasma)
E: borrelia burgdorferi (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Our High Performance Liquid Chromatography analyses of the MDA present in anaerobically grown B. burgdorferi cells showed a small peak with a retention time similar to that of the MDA standard.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borrelia fainii (aka candidatus borrelia fainii)
B: borrelia burgdorferi b31 (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
C: borrelia garinii (aka borreliella garinii)
D: borreliella burgdorferi (lyme disease spirochete) (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
E: borreliella americana (borrelia americana) (aka borreliella americana)
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To visualize the lipid hydroperoxides, B. burgdorferi B31A3 cells were labelled with DPPP and observed by fluorescence microscopy (Fig. 5B).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borrelomyces (aka mycoplasma)
B: borrelia genomosp. 1 (aka borreliella genomosp. 1)
C: borrelia
D: borreliella burgdorferi b31 (borrelia burgdorferi str. b31) (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
E: borreliella burgdorferi (lyme disease spirochete) (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To visualize the lipid hydroperoxides, B. burgdorferi B31A3 cells were labelled with DPPP and observed by fluorescence microscopy (Fig. 5B).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borrelomyces (aka mycoplasma)
B: borrelia
C: borrelia americana (aka borreliella americana)
D: borreliales bacterium
E: borreliella genomospecies 1 (aka borreliella genomosp. 1)
F: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'E. coli Top10 cells and mouse myeloma SP2 cells were also labelled and visualized to serve as negative and positive controls respectively (Fig.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'e. coli'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: escherichia faecalis ('escherichia faecalis') (aka escherichia faecalis)
B: bacterium coli (aka escherichia coli)
C: escherichia phage
D: prokaryotes (aka bacteria)
E: escherichia
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'E. coli Top10 cells and mouse myeloma SP2 cells were also labelled and visualized to serve as negative and positive controls respectively (Fig.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'mouse'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: western european house mouse (aka mus musculus domesticus)
B: mus molossinus (aka mus musculus molossinus)
C: mouse (aka mus musculus)
D: peromyscus
E: mus musculoides (mus musculoides enclavae) (aka mus musculoides)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context '5B) and for the mouse myeloma cells (Fig. 5C), but not for the E. coli cells (Fig. 5A).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'mouse'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: mus musculus (house mouse) (aka mus musculus)
B: mus musculus musculus (eastern european house mouse) (aka mus musculus musculus)
C: mus domesticus (aka mus musculus domesticus)
D: peromyscus
E: mice (aka mus <genus>) (aka mus <genus>)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context '5B) and for the mouse myeloma cells (Fig. 5C), but not for the E. coli cells (Fig. 5A).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'e. coli'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: bacillus coli (aka escherichia coli)
B: prokaryotes (aka bacteria)
C: enterobacteria (aka enterobacteriaceae)
D: escherichia sp.
E: enterobacterales (enterobacteriaceae and related endosymbionts) (aka enterobacterales)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To further demonstrate Borrelia membrane damage, B. burgdorferi B31A3 cells were grown under anaerobic and microaerobic conditions and visualized by negative stain using an electron microscope.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borrelia burgdorferi b31 (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
B: borrelia fainii (aka candidatus borrelia fainii)
C: lyme disease spirochete (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
D: borreliella (borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato) (aka borreliella)
E: borrelia
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To date, the most definitive work has been done on E. coli.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'e. coli'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: enterobacteriaceae bacterium
B: bacillus coli (aka escherichia coli)
C: enterobacteria (aka enterobacteriaceae)
D: 'escherichia faecalis' (aka escherichia faecalis)
E: escherichia phage
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'It seems clear from several studies that the most physiologically relevant target of ROS in E. coli is DNA.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'e. coli'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: enterococcus coli (aka escherichia coli)
B: enterobacteria (aka enterobacteriaceae)
C: prokaryotes (aka bacteria)
D: escherichia coli k12 (aka escherichia coli k-12)
E: unspecified coliform bacterium
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'These observations are critical in beginning to understand the oxidative damage/targets in B. burgdorferi.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borreliella burgdorferi b31 (borrelia burgdorferi str. b31) (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
B: borrelia africana (aka candidatus borrelia africana)
C: borrelomyces (aka mycoplasma)
D: borreliales bacterium
E: borreliella burgdorferi (lyme disease spirochete) (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'It has been shown in E. coli that the free-iron pool size determines the rate of oxidative DNA damage.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'e. coli'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: prokaryotes (aka bacteria)
B: unspecified coliform bacterium
C: enterococcus coli (aka escherichia coli)
D: enterobacteria (aka enterobacteriaceae)
E: escherichia phage
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'For example, in wild-type E. coli, free iron levels are estimated to be 10 µM, yet H2O2 is only mildly genotoxic (Keyer and Imlay, 1996).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'e. coli'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: escherichia coli (escherichia/shigella coli) (aka escherichia coli)
B: prokaryotes (aka bacteria)
C: 'escherichia faecalis' (aka escherichia faecalis)
D: escherichia phage
E: escherichia coli b (escherichia coli (strain b)) (aka escherichia coli b)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'For example, in wild-type E. coli, free iron levels are estimated to be 10 µM, yet H2O2 is only mildly genotoxic (Keyer and Imlay, 1996).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'e. coli'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: enterobacteria (aka enterobacteriaceae)
B: 'escherichia faecalis' (aka escherichia faecalis)
C: escherichia sp.
D: enterobacteriaceae bacterium
E: escherichia
F: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'However, in E. coli Fur- mutants, intracellular iron concentration increases eightfold while survival is 10-fold lower when cells are exposed to H2O2.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'e. coli'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: escherichia coli k12 (aka escherichia coli k-12)
B: escherichia sp.
C: escherichia coli (escherichia/shigella coli) (aka escherichia coli)
D: escherichia phage
E: unspecified coliform bacterium
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Because B. burgdorferi cells do not contain detectable levels of intracellular Fe, it seems unlikely that DNA is a major target for damage via the Fenton reaction in this bacterium (Posey and Gherardini, 2000).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borrelia burgdorferi b31 (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
B: borrelia
C: borrelia burgdorferi (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
D: borrelia garinii (aka borreliella garinii)
E: borreliales bacterium
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'When B. burgdorferi cells were exposed to high concentrations of ROS (e.g. H2O2), there was no effect on the spontaneous mutation rate (Fig. 2A) or the number of DNA lesions (AP sites or 8-oxoguanine) (Fig.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: lyme disease spirochete (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
B: borrelia africana (aka candidatus borrelia africana)
C: borreliales bacterium
D: borrelia burgdorferi b31 (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
E: borreliella americana (borrelia americana) (aka borreliella americana)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'It should be noted that in these experiments, a wild-type strain of B. burgdorferi was used and presumably all of the endogenous oxidative stress enzymes were expressed.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borrelia americana (aka borreliella americana)
B: borrelomyces (aka mycoplasma)
C: borrelia burgdorferi (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
D: borreliella burgdorferi b31 (borrelia burgdorferi str. b31) (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
E: lyme disease borrelia (aka borreliella)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'However, we do not believe this to be the case as the concentration of oxidants used in these experiments were significantly higher than concentrations known to cause DNA damage in E. coli and other pathogenic bacteria.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'e. coli'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: escherichia coli b (escherichia coli (strain b)) (aka escherichia coli b)
B: escherichia coli k12 (aka escherichia coli k-12)
C: enterobacteriaceae bacterium
D: bacillus coli (aka escherichia coli)
E: unspecified coliform bacterium
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The lack of detectable DNA damage in B. burgdorferi cells under the conditions tested could be the result of very efficient DNA repair systems.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: lyme disease spirochete (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
B: borrelia africana (aka candidatus borrelia africana)
C: borrelia garinii (aka borreliella garinii)
D: borrelia burgdorferi b31 (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
E: borrelomyces (aka mycoplasma)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Bacteria, such as E. coli, harbour genes encoding repair enzymes (i.e. MutM, MutY, Ung, AlkA, MutS, MutL, ExoIII, EndoVIII, PolI, RecJ).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'e. coli'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: e. coli (aka escherichia coli)
B: unspecified coliform bacterium
C: escherichia phage
D: enterobacteria (aka enterobacteriaceae)
E: escherichia coli k12 (aka escherichia coli k-12)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Interestingly, the B. burgdorferi genome does not contain genes encoding homologues of MutM, MutY or EndoVIII, suggesting that it would be difficult for the cells to efficiently repair 8-oxoguanine sites using this pathway.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borreliella burgdorferi b31 (borrelia burgdorferi str. b31) (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
B: borrelomyces (aka mycoplasma)
C: lyme disease spirochete (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
D: borreliella americana (borrelia americana) (aka borreliella americana)
E: borreliales bacterium
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'B. burgdorferi does harbour the genes encoding the enzymes Ung (monofunctional gylcosylase, BB0053), MutS (BB0797, BB0098), MutL (BB0211), ExoIII (BB0114), PolI (BB0548), LigI (BB0552) and RecJ (BB0254) (Fraser et al., 1997) which are involved in excision and repair, via S-BER or L-BER, of deaminated, alkylated, methylated or mismatched bases.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borrelia
B: borrelia garinii (aka borreliella garinii)
C: borrelia burgdorferi group (aka borreliella)
D: borrelia genomosp. 1 (aka borreliella genomosp. 1)
E: borreliella burgdorferi (lyme disease spirochete) (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Clearly, these repair systems in B. burgdorferi do not seem as robust at defending against oxidation of DNA as those described in E. coli.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borrelia garinii (aka borreliella garinii)
B: borrelomyces (aka mycoplasma)
C: borrelia
D: borrelia burgdorferi (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
E: borreliales bacterium
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Clearly, these repair systems in B. burgdorferi do not seem as robust at defending against oxidation of DNA as those described in E. coli.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borrelomyces (aka mycoplasma)
B: borreliella americana (borrelia americana) (aka borreliella americana)
C: borreliella (borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato) (aka borreliella)
D: borrelia garinii (aka borreliella garinii)
E: borreliales bacterium
F: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Clearly, these repair systems in B. burgdorferi do not seem as robust at defending against oxidation of DNA as those described in E. coli.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'e. coli'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: escherichia coli (strain b) (aka escherichia coli b)
B: enterobacteriaceae bacterium
C: bacillus coli (aka escherichia coli)
D: escherichia sp.
E: enterobacteriales (aka enterobacterales)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The lack of key repair enzymes in this system may indicate that B. burgdorferi DNA is not subjected to the same challenge from ROS as is E. coli.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borreliales bacterium
B: borreliella burgdorferi (lyme disease spirochete) (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
C: borrelia
D: borreliella burgdorferi b31 (borrelia burgdorferi str. b31) (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
E: borrelomyces (aka mycoplasma)
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The lack of key repair enzymes in this system may indicate that B. burgdorferi DNA is not subjected to the same challenge from ROS as is E. coli.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'e. coli'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: escherichia phage
B: escherichia/shigella coli (aka escherichia coli)
C: enterobacterales (enterobacteriaceae and related endosymbionts) (aka enterobacterales)
D: escherichia sp.
E: enterobacteria (aka enterobacteriaceae)
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In contrast to most bacteria, B. burgdorferi membranes contained significant levels of unsaturated fatty acids, such as linoleic acid and linolenic acid, which were derived from the growth media (Table 1).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borrelia fainii (aka candidatus borrelia fainii)
B: borrelia garinii (aka borreliella garinii)
C: borrelia burgdorferi b31 (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
D: lyme disease spirochete (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
E: borrelomyces (aka mycoplasma)
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Thus, it seemed possible that lipids and/or proteins rather than DNA are the primary targets of ROS in B. burgdorferi.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borreliales bacterium
B: borrelia africana (aka candidatus borrelia africana)
C: borreliella burgdorferi (lyme disease spirochete) (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
D: borrelia genomosp. 1 (aka borreliella genomosp. 1)
E: borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (aka borreliella)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'As B. burgdorferi may be exposed to potentially harmful oxygen species at different stages of the infective cycle, the ability to protect its membrane lipids from ROS should be required for survival in the different host environments.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borrelomyces (aka mycoplasma)
B: borreliella burgdorferi b31 (borrelia burgdorferi str. b31) (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
C: borrelia
D: borreliella (borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato) (aka borreliella)
E: borrelia burgdorferi (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In H. pylori, lipid hydroperoxide levels in ahpC mutants are approximately three times higher than in wild-type cells, suggesting a role for AhpC in reducing organic peroxides (Wang et al., 2006a,b).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'h. pylori'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: helicobacter bilis
B: helicobacter pylori (strain nctc11638) (aka helicobacter pylori nctc 11638)
C: campylobacter pyloridis (aka helicobacter pylori)
D: helicobacter cholecystus
E: helicobacter
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In exponentially growing E. coli, Imlay and Fridovich (1991) have shown that both O2- and H2O2 are generated by the autoxidation of components of the respiratory chain during oxygen metabolism.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'e. coli'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: enterobacteria (aka enterobacteriaceae)
B: enterobacteriaceae bacterium
C: escherichia coli k12 (aka escherichia coli k-12)
D: bacillus coli (aka escherichia coli)
E: escherichia phage
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In contrast, B. burgdorferi is very metabolically limited and has no enzymes for the TCA cycle or respiration.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borrelia fainii (aka candidatus borrelia fainii)
B: borrelia garinii (aka borreliella garinii)
C: borrelia burgdorferi (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
D: borrelia africana (aka candidatus borrelia africana)
E: borrelia burgdorferi b31 (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In addition, the current practice of growing B. burgdorferi under atmospheric oxygen could itself be unintentionally compromising cell integrity during in vitro manipulations.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borrelia burgdorferi (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
B: borrelia
C: borrelia americana (aka borreliella americana)
D: borrelomyces (aka mycoplasma)
E: borreliella genomospecies 1 (aka borreliella genomosp. 1)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In addition, the current practice of growing B. burgdorferi under atmospheric oxygen could itself be unintentionally compromising cell integrity during in vitro manipulations.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borrelomyces (aka mycoplasma)
B: borrelia fainii (aka candidatus borrelia fainii)
C: borreliella americana (borrelia americana) (aka borreliella americana)
D: borreliella genomospecies 1 (aka borreliella genomosp. 1)
E: borreliella burgdorferi b31 (borrelia burgdorferi str. b31) (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
F: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Analyses of the B. burgdorferi genome indicates that only a few genes encoding putative oxidative stress/intracellular redox proteins (SodA, NapA, BosR, CoADR, Trx and TrxR)', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borreliella burgdorferi b31 (borrelia burgdorferi str. b31) (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
B: borreliella americana (borrelia americana) (aka borreliella americana)
C: borreliella burgdorferi (lyme disease spirochete) (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
D: borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (aka borreliella)
E: borrelia
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Despite this apparent ‘deficiency’ in the number of ROS-protective enzymes, B. burgdorferi cells appear to be able to cope with physiologically relevant levels of ROS.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borrelia fainii (aka candidatus borrelia fainii)
B: borrelia burgdorferi b31 (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
C: borrelia burgdorferi (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
D: borrelomyces (aka mycoplasma)
E: borreliella americana (borrelia americana) (aka borreliella americana)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'There are several factors that would contribute to this phenomenon: (i) as B. burgdorferi does not harbour the genes encoding respiratory enzymes nor metabolize oxygen, it seems unlikely that significant levels of ROS are generated via the incomplete reduction of O2 during cellular metabolism.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borreliella burgdorferi (lyme disease spirochete) (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
B: borrelia fainii (aka candidatus borrelia fainii)
C: borreliella burgdorferi b31 (borrelia burgdorferi str. b31) (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
D: borrelia africana (aka candidatus borrelia africana)
E: borrelia garinii (aka borreliella garinii)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'This would suggest that potential ROS challenges to B. burgdorferi would come almost completely from extracellular sources with little contribution from intracellularly generated ROS; (ii) owing to a lack of understanding of the physiological conditions in vector and host tissues infected with B. burgdorferi, it is difficult to assess the levels and/or sites of the potential ROS challenge during the infective cycle and (iii) most importantly, analyses of the potential targets for ROS in B. burgdorferi strongly suggested that the major targets of oxidative damage are different and perhaps less extensive in this bacterium than in other bacterial pathogens (e.g. E. coli).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borrelia garinii (aka borreliella garinii)
B: borrelia americana (aka borreliella americana)
C: borreliales bacterium
D: candidatus borrelia africana (borrelia africana) (aka candidatus borrelia africana)
E: borrelia burgdorferi (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'This would suggest that potential ROS challenges to B. burgdorferi would come almost completely from extracellular sources with little contribution from intracellularly generated ROS; (ii) owing to a lack of understanding of the physiological conditions in vector and host tissues infected with B. burgdorferi, it is difficult to assess the levels and/or sites of the potential ROS challenge during the infective cycle and (iii) most importantly, analyses of the potential targets for ROS in B. burgdorferi strongly suggested that the major targets of oxidative damage are different and perhaps less extensive in this bacterium than in other bacterial pathogens (e.g. E. coli).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borrelia garinii (aka borreliella garinii)
B: borrelia americana (aka borreliella americana)
C: borrelia fainii (aka candidatus borrelia fainii)
D: borreliella genomospecies 1 (aka borreliella genomosp. 1)
E: borrelia burgdorferi (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'This would suggest that potential ROS challenges to B. burgdorferi would come almost completely from extracellular sources with little contribution from intracellularly generated ROS; (ii) owing to a lack of understanding of the physiological conditions in vector and host tissues infected with B. burgdorferi, it is difficult to assess the levels and/or sites of the potential ROS challenge during the infective cycle and (iii) most importantly, analyses of the potential targets for ROS in B. burgdorferi strongly suggested that the major targets of oxidative damage are different and perhaps less extensive in this bacterium than in other bacterial pathogens (e.g. E. coli).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borreliella genomospecies 1 (aka borreliella genomosp. 1)
B: borreliella burgdorferi (lyme disease spirochete) (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
C: lyme disease borrelia (aka borreliella)
D: borrelia fainii (aka candidatus borrelia fainii)
E: borrelomyces (aka mycoplasma)
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'This would suggest that potential ROS challenges to B. burgdorferi would come almost completely from extracellular sources with little contribution from intracellularly generated ROS; (ii) owing to a lack of understanding of the physiological conditions in vector and host tissues infected with B. burgdorferi, it is difficult to assess the levels and/or sites of the potential ROS challenge during the infective cycle and (iii) most importantly, analyses of the potential targets for ROS in B. burgdorferi strongly suggested that the major targets of oxidative damage are different and perhaps less extensive in this bacterium than in other bacterial pathogens (e.g. E. coli).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'e. coli'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: escherichia coli k12 (aka escherichia coli k-12)
B: enterobacteriales (aka enterobacterales)
C: prokaryotes (aka bacteria)
D: escherichia sp.
E: escherichia coli (escherichia/shigella coli) (aka escherichia coli)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Taken together, this suggests that B. burgdorferi would be innately more resistant to ROS and require a less extensive repertoire of enzymes to protect the cells from oxidative damage.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borrelia garinii (aka borreliella garinii)
B: borrelia fainii (aka candidatus borrelia fainii)
C: borrelia burgdorferi group (aka borreliella)
D: borreliales bacterium
E: borreliella burgdorferi (lyme disease spirochete) (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Experimental procedures
Strains, growth conditions and reagents
Borrelia burgdorferi strain B31A3 and strain B314 (Sadziene et al., 1993) were grown in modified BSK-II (Barbour, 1984) medium at 34°C under an atmosphere of 0–20% O2 with 5% CO2 and the balance N2.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'borrelia burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borrelia genomosp. 1 (aka borreliella genomosp. 1)
B: borreliella (borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato) (aka borreliella)
C: lyme disease spirochete (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
D: borrelia americana (aka borreliella americana)
E: candidatus borrelia africana (borrelia africana) (aka candidatus borrelia africana)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'E. coli strain Top10, strain TA4315 (ahpCF) (Storz et al., 1989) and CM1319 (mutM) (Bridges et al., 1996) were grown in Luria–Bertani (LB) at 37°C with shaking.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'e. coli'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: unspecified coliform bacterium
B: escherichia sp.
C: escherichia coli k12 (aka escherichia coli k-12)
D: bacterium coli (aka escherichia coli)
E: escherichia coli (strain b) (aka escherichia coli b)
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'E. coli strain Top10, strain TA4315 (ahpCF) (Storz et al., 1989) and CM1319 (mutM) (Bridges et al., 1996) were grown in Luria–Bertani (LB) at 37°C with shaking.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'e. coli'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: enterobacteria (aka enterobacteriaceae)
B: unspecified coliform bacterium
C: enterobacteriales (aka enterobacterales)
D: escherichia faecalis ('escherichia faecalis') (aka escherichia faecalis)
E: escherichia phage
F: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Per cent survivability assays
Borrelia burgdorferi strain B31A3 was grown to a cell density of 5 × 107 cells ml−1 in BSK II under microaerobic (3% O2) conditions, the culture split and the cells treated with varying concentrations of oxidants (0–50 mM t-butyl hydroperoxide or H2O2) at 34°C for 4 h. After the incubation, cells were diluted in fresh BSK II, plated on BSK plates and incubated 7–14 days at 34°C.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'borrelia burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borrelia africana (aka candidatus borrelia africana)
B: borrelia genomosp. 1 (aka borreliella genomosp. 1)
C: borreliales bacterium
D: lyme disease spirochete (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
E: borreliella americana (borrelia americana) (aka borreliella americana)
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Determination of the spontaneous mutation rate
To determine spontaneous resistance to coumermycin A1, B. burgdorferi B31A3 cells were grown under microaerobic conditions to a cell density of 5 × 107 cells ml−1 and treated with 5 mM H2O2 for 1 h at 34°C.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borrelia fainii (aka candidatus borrelia fainii)
B: borrelia burgdorferi b31 (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
C: lyme disease spirochete (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
D: borrelomyces (aka mycoplasma)
E: borreliella (borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato) (aka borreliella)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Measurement of DNA base lesions
Borrelia burgdorferi B31A3 cells were grown in BSK-II under microaerobic conditions to a cell density of 5 × 107 cells ml−1, treated with various oxidants (1 or 10 mM t-butyl hydroperoxide, 1 or 10 mM H2O2, 10 mM paraquat or lipoxidase) for 4 h and total DNA was isolated using Wizard Genomic DNA Purification Kit (Promega Corp., Madison, WI).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'borrelia burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borrelia burgdorferi (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
B: borrelia fainii (aka candidatus borrelia fainii)
C: borrelia africana (aka candidatus borrelia africana)
D: borreliella burgdorferi b31 (borrelia burgdorferi str. b31) (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
E: borreliella americana (borrelia americana) (aka borreliella americana)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'As a control, E. coli TA4315 cells were grown in minimal media to OD600 of 0.4, treated with 0 or 100 µM H2O2 for 30 min and DNA isolated.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'e. coli'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: escherichia coli k12 (aka escherichia coli k-12)
B: enterobacteriaceae bacterium
C: prokaryotes (aka bacteria)
D: escherichia sp.
E: escherichia coli (escherichia/shigella coli) (aka escherichia coli)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'B. burgdorferi strain B314 cells were grown under microaerobic conditions and DNA isolated.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borrelia fainii (aka candidatus borrelia fainii)
B: borreliella americana (borrelia americana) (aka borreliella americana)
C: borrelomyces (aka mycoplasma)
D: lyme disease spirochete (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
E: candidatus borrelia africana (borrelia africana) (aka candidatus borrelia africana)
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To determine the amount of 8-oxoguanine in B. burgdorferi DNA, cells were grown and treated as described above and DNA isolated.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borrelomyces (aka mycoplasma)
B: borrelia garinii (aka borreliella garinii)
C: borreliales bacterium
D: borreliella burgdorferi b31 (borrelia burgdorferi str. b31) (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
E: borreliella burgdorferi (lyme disease spirochete) (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'As a control, E. coli CM1319 (mutM) cells were grown in LB to OD600 of 0.4, treated with 0 or 100 µM H2O2 for 1 h and DNA isolated.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'e. coli'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: enterobacteriales (aka enterobacterales)
B: unspecified coliform bacterium
C: enterobacteriaceae bacterium
D: enterococcus coli (aka escherichia coli)
E: enterobacteria (aka enterobacteriaceae)
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Lipid analyses
To determine fatty acid content in B. burgdorferi total membranes, B. burgdorferi strain B31A3 was grown under anaerobic conditions to a cell density of 5 × 107 cells ml−1, harvested by centrifugation (5000 g, 15 min, 4°C) and washed two times with HN (20 mM NaCl, 50 mM Hepes, pH 7.6) buffer.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borrelia burgdorferi (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
B: borrelia americana (aka borreliella americana)
C: borrelia burgdorferi b31 (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
D: borrelia fainii (aka candidatus borrelia fainii)
E: borrelia africana (aka candidatus borrelia africana)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Lipid analyses
To determine fatty acid content in B. burgdorferi total membranes, B. burgdorferi strain B31A3 was grown under anaerobic conditions to a cell density of 5 × 107 cells ml−1, harvested by centrifugation (5000 g, 15 min, 4°C) and washed two times with HN (20 mM NaCl, 50 mM Hepes, pH 7.6) buffer.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borreliella genomospecies 1 (aka borreliella genomosp. 1)
B: borreliella americana (borrelia americana) (aka borreliella americana)
C: lyme disease spirochete (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
D: borreliales bacterium
E: borreliella burgdorferi b31 (borrelia burgdorferi str. b31) (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To determine the effects of oxidants on fatty acid composition, a 1.5 l culture of B. burgdorferi strain B31A3 was grown under microaerobic conditions to a cell density of 5 × 107 cells ml−1.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borrelia africana (aka candidatus borrelia africana)
B: lyme disease spirochete (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
C: borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (aka borreliella)
D: borreliella americana (borrelia americana) (aka borreliella americana)
E: borrelomyces (aka mycoplasma)
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To determine the effects of oxidants on fatty acid composition, a 1.5 l culture of B. burgdorferi strain B31A3 was grown under microaerobic conditions to a cell density of 5 × 107 cells ml−1.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borrelia garinii (aka borreliella garinii)
B: borrelia fainii (aka candidatus borrelia fainii)
C: borreliales bacterium
D: borrelia africana (aka candidatus borrelia africana)
E: borreliella (borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato) (aka borreliella)
F: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Measurement of MDA
Borrelia burgdorferi strain B31A3 was grown aerobically, microaerobically and anaerobically as described above to a cell density of 5 × 107 cells ml−1.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'borrelia burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borrelia garinii (aka borreliella garinii)
B: borreliella burgdorferi (lyme disease spirochete) (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
C: borrelia fainii (aka candidatus borrelia fainii)
D: borrelia
E: borrelia africana (aka candidatus borrelia africana)
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'As a negative control, E. coli Top10 cells were grown to OD600 of 0.4, treated with 0 or 5 mM AAPH for 30 min and MDA measured as above.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'e. coli'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: prokaryotes (aka bacteria)
B: escherichia phage
C: bacillus coli (aka escherichia coli)
D: unspecified coliform bacterium
E: enterobacteria (aka enterobacteriaceae)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'As a positive control, mouse myeloma SP2/O cells were cultured with HYQ-CCM1 (HyClone) medium at 37°C in a humidified 5% CO2 atmosphere, treated with 1 mM AAPH at 37°C for 4 h (Chotimarkorn et al., 2005) and MDA measured as above.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'mouse'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: mus musculus musculus (eastern european house mouse) (aka mus musculus musculus)
B: mus domesticus (aka mus musculus domesticus)
C: mus musculoides (mus musculoides enclavae) (aka mus musculoides)
D: peromyscus
E: mus musculus (house mouse) (aka mus musculus)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Identification of lipid damage using Diphenyl-1-pyrenylphosphine fluorescent stain
Borrelia burgdorferi strain B31A3 cells were grown microaerobically as described above until a cell density of 5 × 107 cells ml−1 was obtained.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'borrelia burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borreliales bacterium
B: borrelia
C: borreliella genomosp. 1 (borreliella genomospecies 1) (aka borreliella genomosp. 1)
D: borreliella americana (borrelia americana) (aka borreliella americana)
E: borreliella burgdorferi (lyme disease spirochete) (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Briefly, after cells were stained with the Red Fluorescent dye, 2 ml of rabbit serum was added to stop the reaction and the mixture incubated for 1 min at RT.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rabbit'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: european hare (aka lepus europaeus)
B: leporidae (rabbits and hares) (aka leporidae)
C: marsh rabbit (aka sylvilagus palustris)
D: lepus europaeus europaeus
E: domestic rabbit (aka oryctolagus cuniculus)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'As a positive control, mouse myeloma SP2/O cells were cultured with HYQ-CCM1 (HyClone) medium at 37°C in a humidified 5% CO2 atmosphere, treated with 1 mM AAPH at 37°C for 4 h (Chotimarkorn et al., 2005) and stained as described above.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'mouse'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: eastern european house mouse (aka mus musculus musculus)
B: mus sp. (mice (aka mus sp.))
C: mus musculoides (mus musculoides enclavae) (aka mus musculoides)
D: mus musculus (house mouse) (aka mus musculus)
E: mus molossinus (aka mus musculus molossinus)
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'As a negative control, E. coli Top10 cells were grown to OD600 of 0.4, treated with 0 or 5 mM AAPH for 30 min and stained as described above.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'e. coli'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: bacterium coli (aka escherichia coli)
B: escherichia
C: prokaryotes (aka bacteria)
D: escherichia coli b (escherichia coli (strain b)) (aka escherichia coli b)
E: enterobacterales (enterobacteriaceae and related endosymbionts) (aka enterobacterales)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Electron microscopy
Borrelia burgdorferi cells were grown under microaerobic or anaerobic conditions to a cell density of 5 × 107 cells ml−1.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'borrelia burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borrelia burgdorferi (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
B: borrelia
C: borrelia fainii (aka candidatus borrelia fainii)
D: lyme disease borrelia (aka borreliella)
E: borreliella burgdorferi b31 (borrelia burgdorferi str. b31) (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In the initial analysis of the autoantibody profile in 39 Chinese BD patients, autoantibodies to cellular proteins were uncovered in 23% as determined by immunoblotting.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'patients'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: mouse (aka mus musculus)
B: circe
C: human (aka homo sapiens)
D: probles
E: genus
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Serum from a BD patient was used as a probe to immunoscreen a λZAP expression cDNA library.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'patient'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: species
B: probles
C: data
D: cancer
E: human (aka homo sapiens)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Serum from a BD patient was used as a probe to immunoscreen a λZAP expression cDNA library.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'patient'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: mouse (aka mus musculus)
B: theraps
C: other (aka unidentified)
D: humans (aka homo)
E: circe
F: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Reactivity was also examined with normal control sera and disease control sera from patients with lupus and Sjögren's syndrome.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'patients'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: this
B: species
C: other (aka unidentified)
D: goes
E: human (aka homo sapiens)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Six independent candidate clones were isolated from the cDNA library screen and were identified as overlapping partial human kinectin cDNAs.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'human'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: genus
B: suborder
C: human (aka homo sapiens)
D: primate (aka primates)
E: mammals (aka mammalia)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The finding that kinectin was an autoantigen was verified in 9 out of 39 (23%) BD patient sera by immunoprecipitation of the in vitro translation products.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'patient'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: circe
B: mouse (aka mus musculus)
C: humans (aka homo)
D: homo sapiens (human) (aka homo sapiens)
E: isolate
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Nevertheless, since the 1960s, there have been reports of autoantibodies against certain unknown components of human oral mucosa in sera of patients with BD.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'human'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: kingdom
B: macrobiotus sapiens
C: birds (aka aves)
D: homo sapiens (human) (aka homo sapiens)
E: humans (aka homo)
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Nevertheless, since the 1960s, there have been reports of autoantibodies against certain unknown components of human oral mucosa in sera of patients with BD.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'patients'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: human (aka homo sapiens)
B: subsection
C: mus <genus> (mice (aka mus <genus>))
D: circe
E: kingdom
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Since then, sporadic reports on findings of autoantibodies in this disease have been described, such as antibodies to retinal antigen(s), heat shock protein (HSP) of some strains of Streptococcus sanguis cross-reactive with human HSP polypeptide', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'streptococcus sanguis'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: streptococcus caprinus (aka streptococcus gallolyticus)
B: streptococcus
C: streptococcus sanguinis
D: streptococcus gordonii
E: streptococcus bovis (aka streptococcus equinus)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Since then, sporadic reports on findings of autoantibodies in this disease have been described, such as antibodies to retinal antigen(s), heat shock protein (HSP) of some strains of Streptococcus sanguis cross-reactive with human HSP polypeptide', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'human'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: suborder
B: eutherian mammals (aka eutheria)
C: genus
D: homo sapiens (human) (aka homo sapiens)
E: species
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Materials and methods
Patients and sera
The currently used empirical criteria for the diagnosis of BD in this study were the criteria proposed by the International Study Group for BD (abbreviated as 'International Criteria')', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'patients'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: human (aka homo sapiens)
B: species
C: circe
D: kingdom
E: genus
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The study subjects of 39 Chinese BD patients comprised 17 males and 22 females, mean age 37 ± 11.3 years old, who were divided into two subgroups: 25 typical BD patients (Group I, satisfying the International Criteria) and 14 clinically diagnosed BD patients who had recurrent oral ulcers and one of the symptoms of genital ulcers, eye symptoms or skin lesions as defined by the International Criteria, as well as additional symptom(s) closely related to BD as listed in the International Criteria, that is, gastrointestinal ulcerations, deep vein thrombosis or arthralgia/arthritis without evidence that the latter symptoms might be related to any other disease (Group II, defined as 'probable BD' in this study).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'patients'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: human (aka homo sapiens)
B: aides
C: cancer
D: theraps
E: circe
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The study subjects of 39 Chinese BD patients comprised 17 males and 22 females, mean age 37 ± 11.3 years old, who were divided into two subgroups: 25 typical BD patients (Group I, satisfying the International Criteria) and 14 clinically diagnosed BD patients who had recurrent oral ulcers and one of the symptoms of genital ulcers, eye symptoms or skin lesions as defined by the International Criteria, as well as additional symptom(s) closely related to BD as listed in the International Criteria, that is, gastrointestinal ulcerations, deep vein thrombosis or arthralgia/arthritis without evidence that the latter symptoms might be related to any other disease (Group II, defined as 'probable BD' in this study).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'patients'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: homo (humans) (aka homo)
B: kingdom
C: homo sapiens (human) (aka homo sapiens)
D: mus musculus (house mouse) (aka mus musculus)
E: genus
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The study subjects of 39 Chinese BD patients comprised 17 males and 22 females, mean age 37 ± 11.3 years old, who were divided into two subgroups: 25 typical BD patients (Group I, satisfying the International Criteria) and 14 clinically diagnosed BD patients who had recurrent oral ulcers and one of the symptoms of genital ulcers, eye symptoms or skin lesions as defined by the International Criteria, as well as additional symptom(s) closely related to BD as listed in the International Criteria, that is, gastrointestinal ulcerations, deep vein thrombosis or arthralgia/arthritis without evidence that the latter symptoms might be related to any other disease (Group II, defined as 'probable BD' in this study).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'patients'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: kingdom
B: genus
C: humans (aka homo)
D: theraps
E: suborder
F: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The study subjects of 39 Chinese BD patients comprised 17 males and 22 females, mean age 37 ± 11.3 years old, who were divided into two subgroups: 25 typical BD patients (Group I, satisfying the International Criteria) and 14 clinically diagnosed BD patients who had recurrent oral ulcers and one of the symptoms of genital ulcers, eye symptoms or skin lesions as defined by the International Criteria, as well as additional symptom(s) closely related to BD as listed in the International Criteria, that is, gastrointestinal ulcerations, deep vein thrombosis or arthralgia/arthritis without evidence that the latter symptoms might be related to any other disease (Group II, defined as 'probable BD' in this study).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'patients'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: mus <genus> (mice (aka mus <genus>))
B: homo sapiens (human) (aka homo sapiens)
C: species
D: genus
E: cancer
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Disease controls included 10 patients with SLE and 10 with SjS, all satisfying corresponding international classification criteria.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'patients'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: mus musculus (house mouse) (aka mus musculus)
B: homo sapiens (human) (aka homo sapiens)
C: subsection
D: goes
E: other (aka unidentified)
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'All BD patients and disease controls involved in the study were patients treated at the Rheumatology Department of Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai, China, where their clinical data and serum samples were collected.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'patients'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: suborder
B: aides
C: species
D: human (aka homo sapiens)
E: other (aka unidentified)
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'All BD patients and disease controls involved in the study were patients treated at the Rheumatology Department of Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai, China, where their clinical data and serum samples were collected.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'patients'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: species
B: suborder
C: homo sapiens (human) (aka homo sapiens)
D: this
E: circe
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'This study was approved by the institution review board of Ren Ji Hospital which is affiliated with Shanghai Second Medical University, and each patient involved gave informed consent.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'patient'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: circe
B: human (aka homo sapiens)
C: humans (aka homo)
D: goes
E: suborder
F: None of the above. | B |
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