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SARS-CoV-2 vaccine Adverse events SARS-CoV-2_vaccine > Adverse events Neurological side effects from getting COVID-19 are hundreds of times more likely than from vaccination.Documented rare serious effects include: anaphylaxis, a severe type of allergic reaction. Anaphylaxis affects one person per 250,000 to 400,000 doses administered. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia Treatment Chronic_myelomonocytic_leukemia > Treatment Indications for treatment include the presence of B symptoms, symptomatic organ involvement, increasing blood counts, hyperleukocytosis, leukostasis and/or worsening cytopenias.Blood transfusions and erythropoietin administration are used to raise haemoglobin levels in cases with anemia.Azacitidine is a drug approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of CMML and by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for high risk non-proliferative CMML with 10–19% marrow blasts. It is a cytidine analogue that causes hypomethylation of DNA by inhibition of DNA methyltransferase. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Fickett–Jacobs cycle Thermal Efficiency Fickett–Jacobs_cycle > Mathematical interpretation of the cycle's total work > Thermal Efficiency The thermal efficiency decreases when the initial pressure decreases due to the increasing in dissociation at low pressures. Dissociation is an endothermic process, hence reducing the amount of energy released in a detonation or the maximum amount of work that can be obtained from the FJ cycle. Exothermic reactions are encouraged when increasing the initial pressure of the system, hence, increasing the amount of work generated during the FJ cycle. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Memory leak RAII Memory_leak > RAII The C++ version requires no explicit deallocation; it will always occur automatically as soon as the object array goes out of scope, including if an exception is thrown. This avoids some of the overhead of garbage collection schemes. And because object destructors can free resources other than memory, RAII helps to prevent the leaking of input and output resources accessed through a handle, which mark-and-sweep garbage collection does not handle gracefully. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Refraction (metallurgy) Summary Refraction_(metallurgy) In metallurgy, refraction is a property of metals that indicates their ability to withstand heat. Metals with a high degree of refraction are referred to as refractory. These metals derive their high melting points from their strong intermolecular forces. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Aspect ratio (aeronautics) Mechanism Wing_aspect_ratio > Mechanism As a useful simplification, an airplane in flight can be imagined to affect a circular cylinder of air with a diameter equal to the wingspan. A large wingspan affects a large cylinder of air, and a small wingspan affects a small cylinder of air. A small air cylinder must be pushed down with a greater power (energy change per unit time) than a large cylinder in order to produce an equal upward force (momentum change per unit time). This is because giving the same momentum change to a smaller mass of air requires giving it a greater velocity change, and a much greater energy change because energy is proportional to the square of the velocity while momentum is only linearly proportional to the velocity. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Control reversal Wright Brothers glider Control_reversal > Examples > Wright Brothers glider Warping the wing did what was expected in terms of lift, thereby rolling the plane, but also had an effect on drag. The result was that the upward-moving wing was dragged backwards, yawing the glider. If this yaw was violent enough, the additional speed on the lower wing as it was driven forward would make it generate more lift, and reverse the direction of the roll. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Sexagesimal cycle Summary Sexagesimal_cycle However, the sexagenary cycle is used in the names of many historical events, such as the Chinese Xinhai Revolution, the Japanese Boshin War, the Korean Imjin War and the Vietnamese Famine of Ất Dậu, Tết Mậu Thân. It also continues to have a role in contemporary Chinese astrology and fortune telling. There are some parallels in this with the current 60-year cycle of the Hindu calendar. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Data mapping Summary Data_mapping In computing and data management, data mapping is the process of creating data element mappings between two distinct data models. Data mapping is used as a first step for a wide variety of data integration tasks, including: Data transformation or data mediation between a data source and a destination Identification of data relationships as part of data lineage analysis Discovery of hidden sensitive data such as the last four digits of a social security number hidden in another user id as part of a data masking or de-identification project Consolidation of multiple databases into a single database and identifying redundant columns of data for consolidation or eliminationFor example, a company that would like to transmit and receive purchases and invoices with other companies might use data mapping to create data maps from a company's data to standardized ANSI ASC X12 messages for items such as purchase orders and invoices. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Nonlinear Acoustics Introduction Nonlinear_Acoustics > Introduction In other words, the wave distorts itself. In doing so, other frequency components are introduced, which can be described by the Fourier series. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Sum over histories The propagator Functional_integral_(QFT) > Quantum field theory > The propagator Superposing different values of the initial position x with an arbitrary initial state ψ0(x) constructs the final state: ψ T ( y ) = ∫ x ψ 0 ( x ) K ( x , y ; T ) d x = ∫ x ( T ) = y ψ 0 ( x ( 0 ) ) e i S D x . {\displaystyle \psi _{T}(y)=\int _{x}\psi _{0}(x)K(x,y;T)\,dx=\int ^{x(T)=y}\psi _{0}(x(0))e^{iS}\,Dx.} For a spatially homogeneous system, where K(x, y) is only a function of (x − y), the integral is a convolution, the final state is the initial state convolved with the propagator: ψ T = ψ 0 ∗ K ( ; T ) . | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Quadratic equations Examples and applications Quadratic_equations > Examples and applications The golden ratio is found as the positive solution of the quadratic equation x 2 − x − 1 = 0. {\displaystyle x^{2}-x-1=0.} The equations of the circle and the other conic sections—ellipses, parabolas, and hyperbolas—are quadratic equations in two variables. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
C2H5Cl Safety Ethyl_chloride > Safety At >12% concentration, the victim's heart, lungs and kidneys begin to fail. Immediate CPR followed by medical support measures may be required to prevent fatal kidney, lung and heart failure. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Supersymmetric theory of stochastic dynamics Spontaneous supersymmetry breaking and dynamical chaos Supersymmetric_theory_of_stochastic_dynamics > Spontaneous supersymmetry breaking and dynamical chaos At the same time, positive Γ g {\displaystyle \Gamma _{g}} implies that TS is broken spontaneously, that is, the ground state in not supersymmetric because its eigenvalue is not zero. In other words, positive dynamical entropy is a reason to identify spontaneous TS breaking as the stochastic generalization of the concept of dynamical chaos. Noteworthy, Langevin SDEs are never chaotic because the spectrum of their SEO is real non-negative. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Open-loop control Combination with feedback control Open_loop_control > Combination with feedback control For example, in most motion control systems, in order to accelerate a mechanical load under control, more force is required from the actuator. If a velocity loop PID controller is being used to control the speed of the load and command the force being applied by the actuator, then it is beneficial to take the desired instantaneous acceleration, scale that value appropriately and add it to the output of the PID velocity loop controller. This means that whenever the load is being accelerated or decelerated, a proportional amount of force is commanded from the actuator regardless of the feedback value. The PID loop in this situation uses the feedback information to change the combined output to reduce the remaining difference between the process setpoint and the feedback value. Working together, the combined open-loop feed-forward controller and closed-loop PID controller can provide a more responsive control system in some situations. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Hang (computing) Causes Hang_(computing) > Causes If the second process is busy the signal will be forced to wait until the process can get to it. However, if the second process was busy sending a signal to the first process then both processes would wait forever for the other to respond to signals and never see the other’s signal (this event is known as a deadlock). If the processes are uninterruptible they will hang and have to be shut down. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Glossary of genetics (M–Z) R Glossary_of_genetics_(M–Z) > R rescue The restoration of a defective cell or tissue to a healthy or normal condition, or the reversion or recovery of a mutant gene to its normal functionality, especially in the context of experimental genetics, where an experiment (e.g. a drug, cross, or gene transfer) resulting in such a restoration is said to rescue the normal phenotype. residue An individual monomer or subunit of a larger polymeric macromolecule; e.g. a nucleic acid is composed of nucleotide residues, and a peptide or protein is composed of amino acid residues. response element A short sequence of DNA within a promoter region that is able to bind specific transcription factors in order to regulate transcription of specific genes. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Strain gage In practice Strain_Gauge > In practice If these steps are not followed the strain gauge binding to the surface may be unreliable and unpredictable measurement errors may be generated. Strain gauge based technology is used commonly in the manufacture of pressure sensors. The gauges used in pressure sensors themselves are commonly made from silicon, polysilicon, metal film, thick film, and bonded foil. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Modes of convergence (annotated index) ...from a topological space (X) to a uniform space (U) Modes_of_convergence_(annotated_index) > A sequence of functions {fn} from a set (S) to a topological space (Y) > ...from a set (S) to a uniform space (U) > ...from a topological space (X) to a uniform space (U) For many "global" modes of convergence, there are corresponding notions of a) "local" and b) "compact" convergence, which are given by requiring convergence to occur a) on some neighborhood of each point, or b) on all compact subsets of X. Examples: Local uniform convergence (i.e. uniform convergence on a neighborhood of each point) Compact (uniform) convergence (i.e. uniform convergence on all compact subsets) further instances of this pattern below.Implications: - "Global" modes of convergence imply the corresponding "local" and "compact" modes of convergence. E.g.: Uniform convergence ⇒ {\displaystyle \Rightarrow } both local uniform convergence and compact (uniform) convergence. - "Local" modes of convergence tend to imply "compact" modes of convergence. E.g., Local uniform convergence ⇒ {\displaystyle \Rightarrow } compact (uniform) convergence. - If X {\displaystyle X} is locally compact, the converses to such tend to hold: Local uniform convergence ≡ {\displaystyle \equiv } compact (uniform) convergence. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Digital marketing system Privacy issues Digital_marketing_system > Privacy issues Digital marketing is considered a challenge for privacy because consumers' information is searched, collected, and used in the process of digital marketing without consumers' awareness. The privacy of customers is important because that it is related to customers' perceived value, satisfaction, loyalty, their trust in a company and the performance of a company. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Electroweak symmetry Texts Electroweak_interactions > Further reading > Texts D. J. Griffiths (1987). Introduction to Elementary Particles. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-60386-4. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Weird machine Mitigation Weird_machine > Mitigation Two central categories of mitigation to the problems caused by weird machine functionality include input validation within the software and protecting against problems arising from the platform on which the program runs, such as memory errors. Input validation aims to limit the scope and forms of unexpected inputs e.g. through whitelists of allowed inputs, so that the software program itself would not end up in an unexpected state by interpreting the data internally. Equally importantly, secure programming practices such as protecting against buffer overflows make it less likely that input data becomes interpreted in unintended ways by lower layers, such as the hardware on which the program is executed. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Singular spectrum analysis Methodology Singular_spectrum_analysis > Methodology The eigenvalues λ k {\displaystyle \lambda _{k}} of C X {\displaystyle {\textbf {C}}_{X}} account for the partial variance in the direction E k {\displaystyle {\textbf {E}}_{k}} and the sum of the eigenvalues, i.e., the trace of C X {\displaystyle {\textbf {C}}_{X}} , gives the total variance of the original time series X ( t ) {\displaystyle X(t)} . The name of the method derives from the singular values λ k 1 / 2 {\displaystyle \lambda _{k}^{1/2}} of C X . {\displaystyle {\textbf {C}}_{X}.} | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Side reaction Conditions for side reactions Side_reaction > In organic synthesis > Conditions for side reactions In organic synthesis, elevated temperatures usually lead to more side products. Side products are usually undesirable, therefore low temperatures are preferred ("mild conditions"). The ratio between competing reactions may be influenced by a change in temperature because their activation energies are different in most cases. Reactions with high activation energy can be more strongly accelerated by an increase in temperature than those with low activation energy. Also, the state of equilibrium depends on temperature.Detection reactions can be distorted by side reactions. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Digital infinity The computational theory of mind Digital_infinity > The computational theory of mind Neither animals nor machines can think, insisted Descartes, since they lack a God-given soul. Turing was well aware of this traditional theological objection, and explicitly countered it.Today's digital computers are instantiations of Turing's theoretical breakthrough in conceiving the possibility of a man-made universal thinking machine—known nowadays as a 'Turing machine'. No physical mechanism can be intrinsically 'digital', Turing explained, since—examined closely enough—its possible states will vary without limit. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Laplace Transform Region of convergence Partial_fractions_in_Laplace_transforms > Region of convergence Therefore, the region of convergence is a half-plane of the form Re(s) > a, possibly including some points of the boundary line Re(s) = a. In the region of convergence Re(s) > Re(s0), the Laplace transform of f can be expressed by integrating by parts as the integral That is, F(s) can effectively be expressed, in the region of convergence, as the absolutely convergent Laplace transform of some other function. In particular, it is analytic. There are several Paley–Wiener theorems concerning the relationship between the decay properties of f, and the properties of the Laplace transform within the region of convergence. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Castle Bravo Weapon history Castle_Bravo > Weapon history In the Teller–Ulam design, the fission and fusion stages were kept physically separate in a reflective cavity. The radiation from the exploding fission primary brought the fuel in the fusion secondary to critical density and pressure, setting off thermonuclear (fusion) chain reactions, which in turn set off a tertiary fissioning of the bomb's 238U fusion tamper and casing. Consequently, this type of bomb is also known as a "fission-fusion-fission" device. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
RNS formalism Gauge fixing RNS_formalism > Gauge fixing Poincare symmetry.The gauge symmetries of this action are diffeomorphism symmetry, Weyl symmetry, and local supersymmetry. To quantize the action, these symmetries must be gauge fixed, which is usually done through the superconformal gauge in which e a m = e ϕ δ a m {\displaystyle e_{a}^{m}=e^{\phi }\delta _{a}^{m}} and χ a = γ a ξ {\displaystyle \chi _{a}=\gamma _{a}\xi } , where ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } and ξ {\displaystyle \xi } decouple from the action. Performing this gauge fixing through the Faddeev–Popov procedure leaves behind the RNS action and a BRST ghost action S → S RNS + S g {\displaystyle S\rightarrow S_{\text{RNS}}+S_{g}} . | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Ring extension Definition Ring_extension > Definition A subring of a ring (R, +, ∗, 0, 1) is a subset S of R that preserves the structure of the ring, i.e. a ring (S, +, ∗, 0, 1) with S ⊆ R. Equivalently, it is both a subgroup of (R, +, 0) and a submonoid of (R, ∗, 1). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Padmount transformer Summary Pad-mounted_transformer A single transformer may serve one large building or many homes. Pad-mounted transformers are made in power ratings from around 15 to around 5000 kVA and often include built-in fuses and switches. Primary power cables may be connected with elbow connectors, which can be operated when energized using a hot stick and allows for flexibility in repair and maintenance. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Object-oriented code Formal semantics Object-oriented_languages > Formal semantics Objects are the run-time entities in an object-oriented system. They may represent a person, a place, a bank account, a table of data, or any item that the program has to handle. There have been several attempts at formalizing the concepts used in object-oriented programming. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Bone canaliculus Summary Bone_canaliculus The remaining space is known as the periosteocytic space, which is filled with periosteocytic fluid. This fluid contains substances too large to be transported through the gap junctions that connect the osteocytes. In cartilage, the lacunae and hence, the chondrocytes, are isolated from each other. Materials picked up by osteocytes adjacent to blood vessels are distributed throughout the bone matrix via the canaliculi. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Borax method Summary Borax_method The borax method is a technique of artisanal gold mining, which uses borax as a flux to purify gold concentrates. By using borax, no mercury flour is produced, hence gold recovery increases. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Ice Friction properties Ice_phase > Physical properties > Friction properties However, the significance of this hypothesis is disputed by experiments showing a high coefficient of friction for ice using atomic force microscopy.A third theory is "friction heating", which suggests that friction of the material is the cause of the ice layer melting. However, this theory does not sufficiently explain why ice is slippery when standing still even at below-zero temperatures.A comprehensive theory of ice friction takes into account all the above-mentioned friction mechanisms. This model allows quantitative estimation of the friction coefficient of ice against various materials as a function of temperature and sliding speed. In typical conditions related to winter sports and tires of a vehicle on ice, melting of a thin ice layer due to the frictional heating is the primary reason for the slipperiness. The mechanism controlling the frictional properties of ice is still an active area of scientific study. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Tree rearrangement Tree fusion Tree_rearrangement > Tree fusion The simplest type of tree fusion begins with two trees already identified as near-optimal; thus, they most likely have the majority of their nodes correct but may fail to resolve individual tree "leaves" properly; for example, the separation ((A,B),(C,D)) at a branch tip versus ((A,C),(B,D)) may be unresolved. Tree fusion swaps these two solutions between two otherwise near-optimal trees. Variants of the method use standard genetic algorithms with a defined objective function to swap high-scoring subtrees into main trees that are high-scoring overall. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
AFR sensor Benefits of air–fuel ratio metering Air-fuel_ratio_meter > Benefits of air–fuel ratio metering The ideal mixture in this type of operation depends on the individual engine. For example, engines with forced induction such as turbochargers and superchargers typically require a richer mixture under wide open throttle than naturally aspirated engines. Forced induction engines can be catastrophically damaged by burning too lean for too long. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
State transition network Use State_transition_network > Use State transition networks are used in both academic and industrial fields. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Numerical renormalization group Technique Numerical_renormalization_group > Technique The Hamiltonian for a linear chain of finite length is an example of an effective Hamiltonian. It is not the full Hamiltonian of the infinite linear chain system, but in a certain temperature range it gives similar results to the full Hamiltonian. == Notes == | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
The Zero Theorem Filming The_Zero_Theorem > Production > Filming He also commented on the difficulty of producing such a film in the current industry climate, saying: "This was a more modest budget than some of the big effects movies I've worked on but it's going to look so good on the screen. What's happened is the industry has become very much like society – there are the rich and the cheap ones and the middle-budget films have been squeezed out of existence. You've got to get clever and take advantage of your friends who work for scale and work in great places with great crews where you get a bigger bang for your buck." | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
History of units of measurement Summary History_of_units_of_measurement In trade, weights and measures are often a subject of governmental regulation, to ensure fairness and transparency. The International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) is tasked with ensuring worldwide uniformity of measurements and their traceability to the International System of Units (SI). Metrology is the science of developing nationally and internationally accepted units of measurement. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Urinary System Regulation of concentration and volume Urinary_tract > Function > Urine formation > Regulation of concentration and volume Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), is a neurohypophysial hormone found in most mammals. Its two primary functions are to retain water in the body and vasoconstriction. Vasopressin regulates the body's retention of water by increasing water reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the kidney nephron. Vasopressin increases water permeability of the kidney's collecting duct and distal convoluted tubule by inducing translocation of aquaporin-CD water channels in the kidney nephron collecting duct plasma membrane. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Orbital momentum vector Angular momentum in any number of dimensions Relative_angular_momentum > Definition in classical mechanics > Angular momentum in any number of dimensions Angular momentum can be defined in terms of the cross product only in three dimensions. Defining it as the bivector L = r ∧ p {\displaystyle \mathbf {L} =\mathbf {r} \wedge \mathbf {p} } , where ∧ {\displaystyle \wedge } is the exterior product, is valid in any number of dimensions. This exterior product is equivalent to an antisymmetric tensor of degree 2, which also applies in any number of dimensions. Namely, if x i {\displaystyle x_{i}} is a position vector and p i {\displaystyle p_{i}} is the linear momentum vector, then we can define In the general case of summed angular momenta from multiple particles, this antisymmetric tensor has n ( n − 1 ) / 2 {\displaystyle n(n-1)/2} independent components (degrees of freedom), where n {\displaystyle n} is the number of dimensions. In the usual three-dimensional case it has 3 independent components, which allows us to identify it with a 3 dimensional pseudovector M = ( M x , M y , M z ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {M} =(M_{x},M_{y},M_{z})} . The components of this vector relate to the components of the rank 2 tensor as follows: | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Air-conditioning systems Air conditioning energy Central_heating_and_cooling > Energy efficiency > Air conditioning energy The performance of vapor compression refrigeration cycles is limited by thermodynamics. These air conditioning and heat pump devices move heat rather than convert it from one form to another, so thermal efficiencies do not appropriately describe the performance of these devices. The Coefficient of performance (COP) measures performance, but this dimensionless measure has not been adopted. Instead, the Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) has traditionally been used to characterize the performance of many HVAC systems. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Gallery of named graphs Web Gallery_of_named_graphs > Other graphs > Web The web graph Wn,r is a graph consisting of r concentric copies of the cycle graph Cn, with corresponding vertices connected by "spokes". Thus Wn,1 is the same graph as Cn, and Wn,2 is a prism. A web graph has also been defined as a prism graph Yn+1, 3, with the edges of the outer cycle removed. == References == | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Greenhouse Earth Causes Hothouse_Earth > Transitions > Causes The Eocene, which occurred between 56.0 and 33.9 million years ago, was Earth's warmest temperature period for 100 million years. However, the "super-greenhouse" period had eventually become an icehouse period by the late Eocene. It is believed that the decline of CO2 caused the change, but mechanisms of positive feedback may have contributed to the cooling. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Avogadro's Law Mathematical definition Avogadro's_Law > Mathematical definition The law can be written as: V ∝ n {\displaystyle V\propto n} or V n = k {\displaystyle {\frac {V}{n}}=k} where V is the volume of the gas; n is the amount of substance of the gas (measured in moles); k is a constant for a given temperature and pressure.This law describes how, under the same condition of temperature and pressure, equal volumes of all gases contain the same number of molecules. For comparing the same substance under two different sets of conditions, the law can be usefully expressed as follows: V 1 n 1 = V 2 n 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {V_{1}}{n_{1}}}={\frac {V_{2}}{n_{2}}}} The equation shows that, as the number of moles of gas increases, the volume of the gas also increases in proportion. Similarly, if the number of moles of gas is decreased, then the volume also decreases. Thus, the number of molecules or atoms in a specific volume of ideal gas is independent of their size or the molar mass of the gas. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Recursion (computer science) Filesystem traversal Recursive_function_(programming) > Recursive data structures (structural recursion) > Filesystem traversal Since the number of files in a filesystem may vary, recursion is the only practical way to traverse and thus enumerate its contents. Traversing a filesystem is very similar to that of tree traversal, therefore the concepts behind tree traversal are applicable to traversing a filesystem. More specifically, the code below would be an example of a preorder traversal of a filesystem. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Mechanical amplifier Other resonators/oscillators Mechanical_amplifier > Resonating amplifiers > Other resonators/oscillators Other means of signal enhancement, applicable to both mechanical and electrical domains, exist. This include chaos theory, stochastic resonance and many other nonlinear or vibrational phenomena. No new energy is created. However, through mechanical amplification, more of the available power spectrum can be utilised at a more optimal efficiency rather than dissipated. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Refined Gysin homomorphism Summary Refined_Gysin_homomorphism In the field of mathematics known as algebraic topology, the Gysin sequence is a long exact sequence which relates the cohomology classes of the base space, the fiber and the total space of a sphere bundle. The Gysin sequence is a useful tool for calculating the cohomology rings given the Euler class of the sphere bundle and vice versa. It was introduced by Gysin (1942), and is generalized by the Serre spectral sequence. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Instructional Simulation Effectiveness of pedagogy Instructional_Simulation > Effectiveness of pedagogy Level of interactivity of learning environment, to increase motivation and hands-on opportunities for learners. Simulation and animation provide excellent multisensory learning environments. Time management tools for the efficient assimilation of new materials. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Complex societies Summary Complex_societies A complex society is a concept that is shared by a range of disciplines including anthropology, archaeology, history and sociology to describe a stage of social formation. The concept was formulated by scholars attempting to understand how modern states emerged, specifically the transition from small kin-based societies to large hierarchically structured societies.A complex society is characterized by features such as: State with a large population wherein its economy is structured according to specialization and a division of labor. These economic features spawn a bureaucratic class and institutionalize inequality. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Key fingerprint Creating public key fingerprints Key_fingerprint > Creating public key fingerprints The data produced in the previous step is hashed with a cryptographic hash function such as SHA-1 or SHA-2. If desired, the hash function output can be truncated to provide a shorter, more convenient fingerprint.This process produces a short fingerprint which can be used to authenticate a much larger public key. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Transfinite set theory History Axiomatic_Set_Theory > History The work of Zermelo in 1908 and the work of Abraham Fraenkel and Thoralf Skolem in 1922 resulted in the set of axioms ZFC, which became the most commonly used set of axioms for set theory. The work of analysts, such as that of Henri Lebesgue, demonstrated the great mathematical utility of set theory, which has since become woven into the fabric of modern mathematics. Set theory is commonly used as a foundational system, although in some areas—such as algebraic geometry and algebraic topology—category theory is thought to be a preferred foundation. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Stochastic music Physics Stochastic > Physics Perhaps the most famous early use was by Enrico Fermi in 1930, when he used a random method to calculate the properties of the newly discovered neutron. Monte Carlo methods were central to the simulations required for the Manhattan Project, though they were severely limited by the computational tools of the time. Therefore, it was only after electronic computers were first built (from 1945 on) that Monte Carlo methods began to be studied in depth. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Keller Plan Principles Keller_Plan > Principles Presumably, unintended consequences might arise if incorporated into a contemporary implementation of PSI, due to many additional operant behaviors that cannot be controlled by the student or teacher. Units of content—Subject matter material should be broken down into separable, meaningful units. These units could have various kinds of relationships; for example, one could provide prerequisites for understanding a second, or the second could provide deeper elaboration of a proceeding unit. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
General-purpose operating system Memory management General-purpose_operating_system > Components > Kernel > Memory management All methods require some level of hardware support (such as the 80286 MMU), which does not exist in all computers. In both segmentation and paging, certain protected mode registers specify to the CPU what memory address it should allow a running program to access. Attempts to access other addresses trigger an interrupt, which causes the CPU to re-enter supervisor mode, placing the kernel in charge. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Precompiled header Usage Precompiled_header > Usage For example, given a C++ file source.cpp that includes header.hpp: When compiling source.cpp for the first time with the precompiled header feature turned on, the compiler will generate a precompiled header, header.pch. The next time, if the timestamp of this header did not change, the compiler can skip the compilation phase relating to header.hpp and instead use header.pch directly. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Monkey metal Metallurgy Pot_metal > Metallurgy Manufacturers sometimes use it to experiment with molds and ideas (e.g., prototypes) before casting final products in a higher quality alloy. Depending on the exact metals "thrown into the pot," pot metal can become unstable over time, as it has a tendency to bend, distort, crack, shatter, and pit with age. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Horizontal gene transfer Phylogenetic information in HGT Lateral_gene_transfer > Importance in evolution > Phylogenetic information in HGT It has been remarked that, despite the complications, the detection of horizontal gene transfers brings valuable phylogenetic and dating information.The potential of HGT to be used for dating phylogenies has recently been confirmed. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Roald Hoffmann Scientific research Roald_Hoffmann > Scientific research In his Nobel Lecture, Hoffmann introduced the isolobal analogy for predicting the bonding properties of organometallic compounds.Some of Hoffman's most recent work, with Neil Ashcroft and Vanessa Labet, examines bonding in matter under extreme high pressure. What gives me the greatest joy in this work? That as we tease apart what goes on in hydrogen under pressures such as those that one finds at the center of the earth, two explanations subtly contend with each other ... ... Hydrogen under extreme pressure is doing just what an inorganic molecule at 1 atmosphere does! | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Electron pair Summary Electron_pair In chemistry, an electron pair or Lewis pair consists of two electrons that occupy the same molecular orbital but have opposite spins. Gilbert N. Lewis introduced the concepts of both the electron pair and the covalent bond in a landmark paper he published in 1916. Because electrons are fermions, the Pauli exclusion principle forbids these particles from having the same quantum numbers. Therefore, for two electrons to occupy the same orbital, and thereby have the same orbital quantum number, they must have different spin quantum number. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Tissue hypoxia Acute Hypoxic_tissue > Mechanism > Acute By contrast, in the lungs, the response to hypoxia is vasoconstriction. This is known as hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, or "HPV", and has the effect of redirecting blood away from poorly ventilated regions, which helps match perfusion to ventilation, giving a more even oxygenation of blood from different parts of the lungs. In conditions of hypoxic breathing gas, such as at high altitude, HPV is generalized over the entire lung, but with sustained exposure to generalized hypoxia, HPV is suppressed. Hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) is the increase in ventilation induced by hypoxia that allows the body to take in and transport lower concentrations of oxygen at higher rates. It is initially elevated in lowlanders who travel to high altitude, but reduces significantly over time as people acclimatize. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Nervous disorder Panic disorder Anxiety_disorder > Types > Panic disorder In addition to recurrent unexpected panic attacks, a diagnosis of panic disorder requires that said attacks have chronic consequences: either worry over the attacks' potential implications, persistent fear of future attacks, or significant changes in behavior related to the attacks. As such, those with panic disorder experience symptoms even outside specific panic episodes. Often, normal changes in heartbeat are noticed, leading them to think something is wrong with their heart or they are about to have another panic attack. In some cases, a heightened awareness (hypervigilance) of body functioning occurs during panic attacks, wherein any perceived physiological change is interpreted as a possible life-threatening illness (i.e., extreme hypochondriasis). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Antiparallel vectors Generalizations Vector_direction > Overview > Generalizations In general, contravariant vectors are "regular vectors" with units of distance (such as a displacement), or distance times some other unit (such as velocity or acceleration); covariant vectors, on the other hand, have units of one-over-distance such as gradient. If you change units (a special case of a change of basis) from meters to millimeters, a scale factor of 1/1000, a displacement of 1 m becomes 1000 mm—a contravariant change in numerical value. In contrast, a gradient of 1 K/m becomes 0.001 K/mm—a covariant change in value (for more, see covariance and contravariance of vectors). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Insulin Resistance Prevention and management Insulin_Resistance > Prevention and management Maintaining a healthy body weight and being physically active can help reduce the risk of developing insulin resistance.The primary treatment for insulin resistance is exercise and weight loss. Both metformin and thiazolidinediones improve insulin sensitivity. Metformin is approved for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes and has become one of the more commonly prescribed medications for insulin resistance.The Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) showed that exercise and diet were nearly twice as effective as metformin at reducing the risk of progressing to type 2 diabetes. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Trapped ion quantum computing Two qubit entangling gates Trapped_ion_quantum_computing > Requirements for quantum computation > Two qubit entangling gates Besides the controlled-NOT gate proposed by Cirac and Zoller in 1995, many equivalent, but more robust, schemes have been proposed and implemented experimentally since. Recent theoretical work by JJ. Garcia-Ripoll, Cirac, and Zoller have shown that there are no fundamental limitations to the speed of entangling gates, but gates in this impulsive regime (faster than 1 microsecond) have not yet been demonstrated experimentally. The fidelity of these implementations has been greater than 99%. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Dementia with Lewy bodies Pathophysiology Dementia_with_Lewy_bodies > Pathophysiology DLB is characterized by the development of abnormal collections of alpha-synuclein protein within diseased brain neurons, manifesting as Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites. When these clumps of protein form, neurons function less optimally and eventually die. Neuronal loss in DLB leads to profound dopamine dysfunction and marked cholinergic pathology; other neurotransmitters might be affected, but less is known about them. Damage in the brain is widespread, and affects many domains of functioning. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Casimir vacuum Papers, books and lectures Dynamical_Casimir_Effect > Further reading > Papers, books and lectures (1997). "Demonstration of the Casimir Force in the 0.6 to 6 μm Range". Physical Review Letters. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Caleb Gattegno Learning and effort Caleb_Gattegno > Pedagogical approach > Learning and effort It enables us to walk about our town without getting lost, to ski or to read a book. Gattegno proposed that we should base education, not on memorization, which has a high energetic cost and is often unreliable, but on retention. The learning tools and techniques Gattegno proposed rely systematically on retention. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Gizzard (Scala framework) Summary Gizzard_(Scala_framework) The partitioning rules were stored in a forwarding table that maps key ranges to partitions. Each partition managed its own replication through a declarative replication tree. Gizzard handled both physical and logical shards. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Scalar field (quantum field theory) Renormalization Scalar_field_theory > Quantum scalar field theory > Renormalization The fact that the sign in front of the lowest-order term is positive suggests that the coupling constant increases with energy. If this behavior persisted at large couplings, this would indicate the presence of a Landau pole at finite energy, arising from quantum triviality. However, the question can only be answered non-perturbatively, since it involves strong coupling. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Hydrogen potassium ATPase Disease relevance and inhibition Hydrogen_potassium_ATPase > Disease relevance and inhibition Current theories include the non-selective blockade of sodium-potassium pumps in the brain causing osmotic imbalances or swelling in the cells. Interaction of PPIs with other drug affecting the sodium-potassium pump, e.g., digoxin, warfarin etc., has been well documented. Memory has been associated with astrocytes and the alpha3 subunit of adenosine receptor found in hydrogen/Sodium-potassium pumps may be a focal point in dementia. Chronic use of PPIs may cause down regulation of alpha3 subunit increasing damage to astrocytes. Osteopetrosis via TCIRG1 gene has a strong association with pre-senile dementia. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Ivar Mendez Selected scientific publications Ivar_Mendez > Selected scientific publications Mendez I, Sanchez-Pernaute R, Cooper O, et al. (July 2005). "Cell type analysis of functional fetal dopamine cell suspension transplants in the striatum and substantia nigra of patients with Parkinson's disease". Brain. 128 (Pt 7): 1498–510. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Glossary of structural engineering E Glossary_of_structural_engineering > E Earthquake engineering – is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering that designs and analyzes structures, such as buildings and bridges, with earthquakes in mind. Its overall goal is to make such structures more resistant to earthquakes. Earthquake-resistant structures – Earthworks (engineering) – Edge jointing – Endurance time method – Engineering – Engineering brick – Engineering drawing – Engineering economics – Engineering ethics – Engineering physics – Environmental load – Engineering physics – Euler–Bernoulli beam equation – Excavator – Expansion joint – | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Morse homology Related constructions Morse_homology > Related constructions This approach to Morse theory was known in some form to René Thom and Stephen Smale. It is also implicit in John Milnor's book on the h-cobordism theorem. From the fact that the Morse homology is isomorphic to the singular homology, the Morse inequalities follow by considering the number of generators — that is, critical points — necessary to generate the homology groups of the appropriate ranks (and by considering truncations of the Morse complex, to get the stronger inequalities). The existence of Morse homology "explains", in the sense of categorification, the Morse inequalities. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia Arteriovenous malformations Hereditary_haemorrhagic_telangiectasia > Diagnosis > Arteriovenous malformations Echocardiography is also used if there is a suspicion of pulmonary hypertension or high-output cardiac failure due to large liver lesions, sometimes followed by cardiac catheterization to measure the pressures inside the various chambers of the heart. Liver AVMs may be suspected because of abnormal liver function tests in the blood, because the symptoms of heart failure develop, or because of jaundice or other symptoms of liver dysfunction. The most reliable initial screening test is Doppler ultrasonography of the liver; this has a very high sensitivity for identifying vascular lesions in the liver. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Prostate cancer staging Overall staging Prostate_cancer_staging > TNM staging > Overall staging In the AJCC (2018) staging system, the tumor, lymph node, metastasis, gleason grade grouping and Prostate-specific antigen status can be combined into four stages of worsening severity. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Thermal fluids Thermodynamics Thermal_fluids > Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is the science of energy conversion involving heat and other forms of energy, most notably mechanical work. It studies and interrelates the macroscopic variables, such as temperature, volume and pressure, which describe physical, thermodynamic systems. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Energy (physics) Summary Form_of_energy In physics, energy (from Ancient Greek ἐνέργεια (enérgeia) 'activity') is the quantitative property that is transferred to a body or to a physical system, recognizable in the performance of work and in the form of heat and light. Energy is a conserved quantity—the law of conservation of energy states that energy can be converted in form, but not created or destroyed. The unit of measurement for energy in the International System of Units (SI) is the joule (J). Common forms of energy include the kinetic energy of a moving object, the potential energy stored by an object (for instance due to its position in a field), the elastic energy stored in a solid object, chemical energy associated with chemical reactions, the radiant energy carried by electromagnetic radiation, and the internal energy contained within a thermodynamic system. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Position-effect variegation Additional selected references Position-effect_variegation > Additional selected references Genes Dev. 18 (23): 2973–83. doi:10.1101/gad.323004. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Occupational lung disease Smoke Inhalation Occupational_lung_disease > Types of occupational lung diseases > Smoke Inhalation Carbon monoxide is a colorless and odorless gas, which can interfere with and impede respiration. Oxygen's tendency to bind with hemoglobin is 250 times less than carbon monoxide, severely reducing the quantity of circulating oxygen and limiting tissue oxygenation in carbon monoxide poisoning. Exposure can be deliberate (suicidal) or accidental and can come from automobile exhaust pipes, inhaling smoke during a fire accident, and poorly vented gas heaters, generators, and other appliances.Cyanide is inhaled into the lungs in gaseous form – as hydrogen cyanide. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Session Traversal Utilities for NAT Limitations Session_Traversal_Utilities_for_NAT > Limitations In the cases of restricted cone or port restricted cone NATs, the client must send out a packet to the endpoint before the NAT will allow packets from the endpoint through to the client. STUN does not work with symmetric NAT (also known as bi-directional NAT) which is often found in the networks of large companies. Since the IP address of the STUN server is different from that of the endpoint, in the symmetric NAT case, the NAT mapping will be different for the STUN server than for an endpoint. TURN offers better results with symmetric NAT. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Social planner Summary Social_planner In welfare economics, a social planner is a hypothetical decision-maker who attempts to maximize some notion of social welfare. The planner is a fictional entity who chooses allocations for every agent in the economy—for example, levels of consumption and leisure—that maximize a social welfare function subject to certain constraints (e.g., a physical resource constraint, or incentive compatibility constraints). This so-called planner's problem is a mathematical constrained optimization problem. Solving the planner's problem for all possible Pareto weights (i.e., weights on each type of agent in the economy) yields all Pareto efficient allocations. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Asymmetric catalytic oxidation Summary Asymmetric_catalytic_oxidation Asymmetric catalytic oxidation is a technique of oxidizing various substrates to give an enantio-enriched product using a catalyst. Typically, but not necessarily, asymmetry is induced by the chirality of the catalyst. Typically, but again not necessarily, the methodology applies to organic substrates. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Energy charge Summary Energy_charge If ATP synthesis is momentarily insufficient to maintain an adequate energy charge, AMP can be converted by two different pathways to hypoxanthine and ribose-5P, followed by irreversible oxidation of hypoxanthine to uric acid. This helps to buffer the adenylate energy charge by decreasing the total {ATP+ADP+AMP} concentration. == References == | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Post-SSRI sexual dysfunction Emotional blunting Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor > Side effects > Emotional blunting Certain antidepressants may cause emotional blunting, characterized by reduced intensity of both positive and negative emotions as well as symptoms of apathy, indifference, and amotivation. It may be experienced as either beneficial or detrimental depending on the situation. This side effect has been particularly associated with serotonergic antidepressants like SSRIs and SNRIs, but may be less with atypical antidepressants like bupropion, agomelatine, and vortioxetine. Higher doses of antidepressants seem to be more likely to produce emotional blunting than lower doses. It can be decreased by reducing dosage, discontinuing the medication, or switching to a different antidepressant that may have less propensity for causing this side effect. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Discrete rate simulation Compared to discrete-event and continuous simulation Discrete_rate_simulation > Compared to discrete-event and continuous simulation Another difference is that discrete event simulation models are overwhelmingly concerned with the status of system entities (discrete objects moving through the system) while discrete rate simulation models are concerned with the status (quantity and location) of homogeneous flow. For rate-based systems, discrete rate simulation has faster computational times and is more accurate in calculating mass balance compared to discrete event simulation. Discrete rate simulation is also similar to continuous simulation in that it simulates homogeneous flow. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Thermodynamic power cycle State functions and entropy Thermodynamic_power_cycle > State functions and entropy If Z is a state function then the balance of Z remains unchanged during a cyclic process: ∮ d Z = 0 {\displaystyle \oint dZ=0} .Entropy is a state function and is defined in an absolute sense through the Third Law of Thermodynamics as S = ∫ 0 T d Q r e v T {\displaystyle S=\int _{0}^{T}{dQ_{rev} \over T}} where a reversible path is chosen from absolute zero to the final state, so that for an isothermal reversible process Δ S = Q r e v T {\displaystyle \Delta S={Q_{rev} \over T}} .In general, for any cyclic process the state points can be connected by reversible paths, so that ∮ d S = ∮ d Q r e v T = 0 {\displaystyle \oint dS=\oint {dQ_{rev} \over T}=0} meaning that the net entropy change of the working fluid over a cycle is zero. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
BRST symmetry The BRST operator and asymptotic Fock space BRST_quantization > The BRST operator and asymptotic Fock space In sum, no field introduced as part of a BRST gauge fixing procedure will appear in asymptotic states of the gauge-fixed theory. However, this does not imply that we can do without these "unphysical" fields in the intermediate states of a perturbative calculation! This is because perturbative calculations are done in the interaction picture. They implicitly involve initial and final states of the non-interaction Hamiltonian H 0 {\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}_{0}} , gradually transformed into states of the full Hamiltonian in accordance with the adiabatic theorem by "turning on" the interaction Hamiltonian (the gauge coupling). The expansion of the Dyson series in terms of Feynman diagrams will include vertices that couple "physical" particles (those that can appear in asymptotic states of the free Hamiltonian) to "unphysical" particles (states of fields that live outside the kernel of sB or inside the image of sB) and vertices that couple "unphysical" particles to one another. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Chemical reaction kinetics History Reaction_kinetics > History The activation energy for a reaction is experimentally determined through the Arrhenius equation and the Eyring equation. The main factors that influence the reaction rate include: the physical state of the reactants, the concentrations of the reactants, the temperature at which the reaction occurs, and whether or not any catalysts are present in the reaction. Gorban and Yablonsky have suggested that the history of chemical dynamics can be divided into three eras. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Organisational development The holistic and futuristic view of organization Organisational_development > Overview > The holistic and futuristic view of organization OD deals with a total system—the organization as a whole, including its relevant environment—or with a subsystem or systems—departments or workgroups—in the context of the total system. Parts of systems—for example, individuals, cliques, structures, norms, values, and products—are not considered in isolation; the principle of interdependency—that change in one part of a system affects the other parts—is fully recognized. Thus OD interventions focus on the total cultures and cultural processes of organizations. The focus is also on groups, since the relevant behavior of individuals in organizations and groups is generally a product of the influences of groups rather than of personalities. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Water capacitor Theory of operation Water_capacitor > Theory of operation A capacitor is a device in which electrical energy is introduced and can be stored for a later time. A capacitor consists of two conductors separated by a non-conductive region. The non-conductive region is called the dielectric or electrical insulator. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Glossary of genetics (0–L) I Glossary_of_gene_expression_terms > I intergenic spacer (IGS) See spacer. interkinesis Also interphase II. The abbreviated pause in activities related to cell division that occurs during meiosis in some species, between the first and second meiotic divisions (i.e. meiosis I and meiosis II). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Spectrophotometer Design Spectrophotometer > Design Additionally, most modern mid-infrared spectrophotometers use a Fourier transform technique to acquire the spectral information. This technique is called Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. When making transmission measurements, the spectrophotometer quantitatively compares the fraction of light that passes through a reference solution and a test solution, then electronically compares the intensities of the two signals and computes the percentage of transmission of the sample compared to the reference standard. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Experimental system Summary Experimental_system In many cases, a well-understood experimental system can be "black-boxed" as a standard technique, which can then be a component of other experimental systems. Rheinberger divides experimental systems into two parts: the part under investigation ("epistemic things") and the well-understood part that provides a stable context for experimentation ("technical objects").The development of experimental systems in biology often requires the "domestication" of a particular organism for the laboratory environment, including the creation of relatively homogeneous lines or strains and the tailoring of conditions to highlight the variable aspects that scientists are interested in. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Constructive set theory Regularity implies PEM Constructive_set_theory > Subtheories of ZF > Choice functions > Regularity implies PEM The axiom of regularity states that for every inhabited set s {\displaystyle s} , there exists an element t {\displaystyle t} in s {\displaystyle s} , which shares no elements with s {\displaystyle s} . As opposed to the axiom of choice, this existence claim reaches for an element of every inhabited set, i.e. the "domain" are all inhabited sets. Its formulation does not involve a unique existence claim but instead guarantees a set with a specific property. As the axiom correlates membership claims at different rank, the axiom also ends up implying P E M {\displaystyle {\mathrm {PEM} }}: The proof from choice above had used a particular set { a , b } {\displaystyle \{a,b\}} . | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
William Houlder Zachariasen Influence on the science of glass William_Houlder_Zachariasen > Influence on the science of glass The four rules for the formation of a glass from an oxide A m O n {\displaystyle A_{m}O_{n}} are: An oxygen atom is linked to no more than two glass-forming atoms A. The number of oxygen atoms around each glass-forming atom A is small, perhaps 3 or 4. Among the oxygen-containing polyhedra, a polyhedron cation A shares corners, but no sides or faces. For three-dimensional networks of oxygen-containing polyhedra, at least three corners must be shared. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Torquetum Components Torquetum > Components The torquetum is a complex medieval analog computer that measures three sets of astronomical coordinates: the horizon, equatorial, and ecliptic. One of the defining attributes of the torquetum is its ability to interconvert between these three sets of coordinate dimensions without the use of calculations, as well as to demonstrate the relationship between the same coordinate sets. However, it is a device that requires a thorough understanding of the components and how they work together to make relative positional measurements of certain celestial objects. The anatomy of the torquetum involves many different components, which can be grouped into subdivisions of the torquetum structure, those being: the base, the midframe, and the upperframe. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Thermoelectric materials Conductivity Thermoelectric_figure_of_merit > Thermoelectric figure of merit > Aspects of materials choice > Conductivity In the efficiency equations above, thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity compete. The thermal conductivity κ in crystalline solids has mainly two components: κ = κ electron + κ phononAccording to the Wiedemann–Franz law, the higher the electrical conductivity, the higher κ electron becomes. Thus in metals the ratio of thermal to electrical conductivity is about fixed, as the electron part dominates. In semiconductors, the phonon part is important and cannot be neglected. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Factorial number system Fractional values Factorial_number_system > Fractional values sin ( 1 ) = 0.0 1 2 0 0 5 6 0 0 9 A 0 0 D E . . . | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
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