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Infrared Space Observatory Instruments Infrared_Space_Observatory > Instruments Observations with this instrument provided valuable information about the chemical composition, density and temperature of the universe. Long Wave Spectrometer (LWS) – A spectrometer covering the 45 to 196.8 micrometre wavelength.All four instruments were mounted directly behind the primary mirror of the telescope, in a circular arrangement, with each instrument taking up an 80 degree segment of the cylindrical space. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Euler's equations (rigid body dynamics) Summary Euler's_equations_(rigid_body_dynamics) In orthogonal principal axes of inertia coordinates the equations become I 1 ω ˙ 1 + ( I 3 − I 2 ) ω 2 ω 3 = M 1 I 2 ω ˙ 2 + ( I 1 − I 3 ) ω 3 ω 1 = M 2 I 3 ω ˙ 3 + ( I 2 − I 1 ) ω 1 ω 2 = M 3 {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}I_{1}\,{\dot {\omega }}_{1}+(I_{3}-I_{2})\,\omega _{2}\,\omega _{3}&=M_{1}\\I_{2}\,{\dot {\omega }}_{2}+(I_{1}-I_{3})\,\omega _{3}\,\omega _{1}&=M_{2}\\I_{3}\,{\dot {\omega }}_{3}+(I_{2}-I_{1})\,\omega _{1}\,\omega _{2}&=M_{3}\end{aligned}}} where Mk are the components of the applied torques, Ik are the principal moments of inertia and ωk are the components of the angular velocity. In the absence of applied torques, one obtains the Euler top. When the torques are due to gravity, there are special cases when the motion of the top is integrable. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Polymer adsorption Summary Polymer_adsorption A polymer is a large molecule composed of repeating subunits bound together by covalent bonds. In dilute solution, polymers form globule structures. When a polymer adsorbs to a surface that it interacts favorably with, the globule is essentially squashed, and the polymer has a pancake structure. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Causal modeling History Causal_models > History : 269 In 1983 Cartwright proposed that any factor that is "causally relevant" to an effect be conditioned on, moving beyond simple probability as the only guide. : 48 In 1986 Baron and Kenny introduced principles for detecting and evaluating mediation in a system of linear equations. As of 2014 their paper was the 33rd most-cited of all time. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Stable model semantics Representing incomplete information Stable_model > Strong negation > Representing incomplete information From the perspective of knowledge representation, a set of ground atoms can be thought of as a description of a complete state of knowledge: the atoms that belong to the set are known to be true, and the atoms that do not belong to the set are known to be false. A possibly incomplete state of knowledge can be described using a consistent but possibly incomplete set of literals; if an atom p {\displaystyle p} does not belong to the set and its negation does not belong to the set either then it is not known whether p {\displaystyle p} is true or false. In the context of logic programming, this idea leads to the need to distinguish between two kinds of negation — negation as failure, discussed above, and strong negation, which is denoted here by ∼ {\displaystyle \sim } . The following example, illustrating the difference between the two kinds of negation, belongs to John McCarthy. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Mole (sauce) Popularity Mole_(sauce) > Popularity Despite their success, a number in the village did not like that they were using a religious festival for commercial ends, so a separate mole festival was created for October. Today, 37 restaurants and mole producers participate in the event. The most popular variety is the mole almendrado. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Insect central nervous system Brainstem Central_Nervous_System > Structure > Brain > Brainstem Nuclei in the pons include pontine nuclei which work with the cerebellum and transmit information between the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex. In the dorsal posterior pons lie nuclei that are involved in the functions of breathing, sleep, and taste.The midbrain, or mesencephalon, is situated above and rostral to the pons. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Hydrofluoric Acid Acidity Hydrofluoric_Acid > Acidity Unlike other hydrohalic acids, such as hydrochloric acid, hydrogen fluoride is only a weak acid in dilute aqueous solution. This is in part a result of the strength of the hydrogen–fluorine bond, but also of other factors such as the tendency of HF, H2O, and F− anions to form clusters. At high concentrations, HF molecules undergo homoassociation to form polyatomic ions (such as bifluoride, HF−2) and protons, thus greatly increasing the acidity. This leads to protonation of very strong acids like hydrochloric, sulfuric, or nitric when using concentrated hydrofluoric acid solutions. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Pure shear Summary Pure_shear In mechanics and geology, pure shear is a three-dimensional homogeneous flattening of a body. It is an example of irrotational strain in which body is elongated in one direction while being shortened perpendicularly. For soft materials, such as rubber, a strain state of pure shear is often used for characterizing hyperelastic and fracture mechanical behaviour. Pure shear is differentiated from simple shear in that pure shear involves no rigid body rotation. The deformation gradient for pure shear is given by: F = {\displaystyle F={\begin{bmatrix}1&\gamma &0\\\gamma &1&0\\0&0&1\end{bmatrix}}} Note that this gives a Green-Lagrange strain of: E = 1 2 {\displaystyle E={\frac {1}{2}}{\begin{bmatrix}\gamma ^{2}&2\gamma &0\\2\gamma &\gamma ^{2}&0\\0&0&0\end{bmatrix}}} Here there is no rotation occurring, which can be seen from the equal off-diagonal components of the strain tensor. The linear approximation to the Green-Lagrange strain shows that the small strain tensor is: ϵ = 1 2 {\displaystyle \epsilon ={\frac {1}{2}}{\begin{bmatrix}0&2\gamma &0\\2\gamma &0&0\\0&0&0\end{bmatrix}}} which has only shearing components. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
John von Neumann Fluid dynamics John_von_Neumann > Physics > Fluid dynamics After von Neumann had finished, von Kármán said "Well, Johnny, that's very interesting. Of course you realize Lagrange also used digital models to simulate continuum mechanics." It was evident from von Neumann's face, that he had been unaware of Lagrange's Mécanique analytique. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
2-Norbornyl cation Impact 2-Norbornyl_cation > History > Impact The introduction of the three-centered two-electron delocalized bond invoked in the non-classical picture of the 2-norbornyl cation allowed chemists to explore a whole new realm of chemical bonds. Chemists were eager to apply the characteristics of hypovalent electronic states to new and old systems alike (though several got too carried away). One of the most fundamentally important concepts that emerged from the intense research focused around non-classical ions was the idea that electrons already involved in sigma bonds could be involved with reactivity. Though filled pi orbitals were known to be electron donors, chemists had doubted that sigma orbitals could function in the same capacity. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Bolzano's theorem Converse is false Bolzano's_theorem > Converse is false Another, more complicated example is given by the Conway base 13 function. In fact, Darboux's theorem states that all functions that result from the differentiation of some other function on some interval have the intermediate value property (even though they need not be continuous). Historically, this intermediate value property has been suggested as a definition for continuity of real-valued functions; this definition was not adopted. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
HIV transmission Summary Acquired_Immunodeficiency_Syndrome Some bodily fluids, such as saliva, sweat, and tears, do not transmit the virus. Oral sex has little to no risk of transmitting the virus.Ways to avoid catching HIV and preventing the spread include safe sex, treatment to prevent infection ("PrEP"), treatment to stop infection in someone who has been recently exposed ("PEP"), treating those who are infected, and needle exchange programs. Disease in a baby can often be prevented by giving both the mother and child antiretroviral medication.Recognized worldwide in the early 1980s, HIV/AIDS has had a large impact on society, both as an illness and as a source of discrimination. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Information processing (psychology) Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence Information_processing_(psychology) > In cognitive psychology > Models and theories > Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence During this process there is simultaneous monitoring of the process, and whether it is producing the desired accomplishment. All these steps fall under the meta component processing, and the performance component is the art. The knowledge-acquisition portion is the learning or improving drawing skills. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Social transition Global demographic shifts Social_transition > Current examples > Global demographic shifts Population growth among developed countries has been slowing since the 1950s and is now at 0.3% annual growth. Population growth among the less developed countries excluding the least developed ones has also been slowing since 1960 and is now at 1.3% annually. Population growth among the least developed countries has slowed relatively little; as of 2022, the annual growth rate is 2.33%. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Inverse reinforcement learning Monte Carlo methods Inverse_reinforcement_learning > Algorithms for control learning > Value function > Monte Carlo methods Monte Carlo methods can be used in an algorithm that mimics policy iteration. Policy iteration consists of two steps: policy evaluation and policy improvement. Monte Carlo is used in the policy evaluation step. In this step, given a stationary, deterministic policy π {\displaystyle \pi } , the goal is to compute the function values Q π ( s , a ) {\displaystyle Q^{\pi }(s,a)} (or a good approximation to them) for all state-action pairs ( s , a ) {\displaystyle (s,a)} . | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Gymnosperm Life cycle Gymnosperm > Life cycle After syngamy (joining of the sperm and egg cell), the zygote develops into an embryo (young sporophyte). More than one embryo is usually initiated in each gymnosperm seed. The mature seed comprises the embryo and the remains of the female gametophyte, which serves as a food supply, and the seed coat. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Global surface temperature Warming oceans Global_surface_temperature > Warming oceans As greenhouse gases absorb more energy from the sun, the ocean absorbs more heat, leading to rising sea surface temperatures and rising sea levels. Changes in ocean temperature and ocean currents brought about by climate change will lead to changes in the global climate pattern. For example, warmer waters may promote the development of stronger storms in the tropics, which may cause property loss and loss of life. Impacts related to sea level rise and severe storms are particularly relevant to coastal communities. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Vehicle simulation Spacecraft simulators Vehicle_simulator > Sub-genres and vehicle types > Spacecraft simulators In general, game developers tend to avoid making realistic space flight simulators because they behave too slowly to interest a wide audience. Thus, spacecraft simulation games are typically science fiction games, such as the Wing Commander series. Two notable counter-examples are Orbiter, and Kerbal Space Program, which have the explicit goal of physically accurate atmospheric- and spaceflight simulation. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Sea Summary Sea Submarine earthquakes arising from tectonic plate movements under the oceans can lead to destructive tsunamis, as can volcanoes, huge landslides, or the impact of large meteorites. A wide variety of organisms, including bacteria, protists, algae, plants, fungi, and animals, lives in the seas, which offers a wide range of marine habitats and ecosystems, ranging vertically from the sunlit surface and shoreline to the great depths and pressures of the cold, dark abyssal zone, and in latitude from the cold waters under polar ice caps to the warm waters of coral reefs in tropical regions. Many of the major groups of organisms evolved in the sea and life may have started there. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
A/B test Overview A/B_Testing > Overview Large social media sites like LinkedIn, Facebook, and Instagram use A/B testing to make user experiences more successful and as a way to streamline their services.Today, A/B tests are being used also for conducting complex experiments on subjects such as network effects when users are offline, how online services affect user actions, and how users influence one another. A/B testing is used by data engineers, marketers, designers, software engineers, and entrepreneurs, among others. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Revolving rifle Summary Revolving_rifle The raised areas of a barrel's rifling are called lands; they make contact with and exert torque on the projectile as it moves down the bore, imparting a spin. When the projectile leaves the barrel, this spin persists and lends gyroscopic stability to the projectile due to conservation of angular momentum, increasing accuracy and hence effective range. Early long rifles were muzzle-loaders firing spherical balls; the introduction of breech-loading allowed the use of elongated and aerodynamically efficient bullets, which did not yaw or tumble significantly in flight due to the spin. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Static temperature Bodies not in a steady state Temperature > Basic theory > Bodies not in a steady state When a body is not in a steady-state, then the notion of temperature becomes even less safe than for a body in a steady state not in thermodynamic equilibrium. This is also a matter for study in non-equilibrium thermodynamics. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Aristotle Motion Aristotle > Natural philosophy > Physics > Motion John Philoponus (in Late antiquity) and Galileo (in Early modern period) are said to have shown by experiment that Aristotle's claim that a heavier object falls faster than a lighter object is incorrect. A contrary opinion is given by Carlo Rovelli, who argues that Aristotle's physics of motion is correct within its domain of validity, that of objects in the Earth's gravitational field immersed in a fluid such as air. In this system, heavy bodies in steady fall indeed travel faster than light ones (whether friction is ignored, or not), and they do fall more slowly in a denser medium.Newton's "forced" motion corresponds to Aristotle's "violent" motion with its external agent, but Aristotle's assumption that the agent's effect stops immediately it stops acting (e.g., the ball leaves the thrower's hand) has awkward consequences: he has to suppose that surrounding fluid helps to push the ball along to make it continue to rise even though the hand is no longer acting on it, resulting in the Medieval theory of impetus. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Functional renormalization group Papers Wetterich_equation > References > Papers (1994), "The Exact renormalization group and approximate solutions", Int. J. Mod. Phys. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Negative energy Summary Negative_energy Negative energy is a concept used in physics to explain the nature of certain fields, including the gravitational field and various quantum field effects. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Text-to-image model Architecture and training Text-to-image_model > Architecture and training Text-to-image models have been built using a variety of architectures. The text encoding step may be performed with a recurrent neural network such as a long short-term memory (LSTM) network, though transformer models have since become a more popular option. For the image generation step, conditional generative adversarial networks have been commonly used, with diffusion models also becoming a popular option in recent years. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Interpersonal deception theory Gaze Interpersonal_deception_theory > Emotion > Micro-expressions and action units > Gaze People use eye contact to indicate threat, intimacy and interest. Eye contact is used to regulate turn-taking in conversation, and indicates how interested the listener (receiver) is in what the speaker is saying. Receivers make eye contact about 70–75 percent of the time, with each contact averaging 7.8 seconds. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Schensted algorithm Insertion Schensted_algorithm > The Schensted algorithm > Insertion Swap the values x and Ti, j. (This inserts the old x into row i, and saves the value it replaces for insertion into the next row.) Increase i by 1 and return to step 2.The shape of T grows by exactly one square, namely s. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Local consistency Relational consistency Local_consistency > Relational consistency Two constraints are relational path consistent with a variable if every consistent assignment to all their variables but the considered one can be extended in such a way the two constraints are satisfied. For more than two constraints, relational m {\displaystyle m} -consistency is defined. Relational m {\displaystyle m} -consistency involves a set of m {\displaystyle m} constraints and a variable that is in the scope of all these constraints. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Category (mathematics) Types of categories Category_(mathematics) > Types of categories A category is called cartesian closed if it has finite direct products and a morphism defined on a finite product can always be represented by a morphism defined on just one of the factors. Examples include Set and CPO, the category of complete partial orders with Scott-continuous functions. A topos is a certain type of cartesian closed category in which all of mathematics can be formulated (just like classically all of mathematics is formulated in the category of sets). A topos can also be used to represent a logical theory. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Upper gastrointestinal bleed Treatment Upper_gastrointestinal_hemorrhage > Treatment There is insufficient evidence to determine if proton pump inhibitors decrease death rates, re-bleeding events, or the need for surgical interventions. After the initial resuscitation has been completed, treatment is instigated to limit the likelihood of re-bleeds and correct any anemia that the bleeding may have caused. Those with a Glasgow Blatchford score less than 2 may not require admission to hospital. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Outer product Properties Outer_product > Properties The outer product of vectors satisfies the following properties: The outer product of tensors satisfies the additional associativity property: | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Regulation of artificial intelligence United States Regulation_of_artificial_intelligence > Regional and national regulation > United States A year later, the administration called for comments on regulation in another draft of its Guidance for Regulation of Artificial Intelligence Applications.Other specific agencies working on the regulation of AI include the Food and Drug Administration, which has created pathways to regulate the incorporation of AI in medical imaging. National Science and Technology Council also published the National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan, which received public scrutiny and recommendations to further improve it towards enabling Trustworthy AI.In March 2021, the National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence released their final report. In the report, they stated that "Advances in AI, including the mastery of more general AI capabilities along one or more dimensions, will likely provide new capabilities and applications. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Digital sculpting Uses Digital_sculpting > Uses Sculpting can often introduce details to meshes that would otherwise have been difficult or impossible to create using traditional 3D modeling techniques. This makes it preferable for achieving photorealistic and hyperrealistic results, though, many stylized results are achieved as well. Sculpting is primarily used in high poly organic modeling (the creation of 3D models which consist mainly of curves or irregular surfaces, as opposed to hard surface modeling). It is also used by auto manufacturers in their design of new cars.It can create the source meshes for low poly game models used in video games. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
History of general relativity Early investigations History_of_general_relativity > Creation of general relativity > Early investigations The reason is that the radius of a circle would be measured with an uncontracted ruler, but, according to special relativity, the circumference would seem to be longer because the ruler would be contracted. Since Einstein believed that the laws of physics were local, described by local fields, he concluded from this that spacetime could be locally curved. This led him to study Riemannian geometry, and to formulate general relativity in this language. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Non-classical analysis Summary Mathematical_Analysis Analysis is the branch of mathematics dealing with continuous functions, limits, and related theories, such as differentiation, integration, measure, infinite sequences, series, and analytic functions.These theories are usually studied in the context of real and complex numbers and functions. Analysis evolved from calculus, which involves the elementary concepts and techniques of analysis. Analysis may be distinguished from geometry; however, it can be applied to any space of mathematical objects that has a definition of nearness (a topological space) or specific distances between objects (a metric space). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Long-acting thyroid stimulator Summary Graves’_disease Often, it starts between the ages of 40 and 60, but can begin at any age. It is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in the United States (about 50 to 80% of cases). The condition is named after Irish surgeon Robert Graves, who described it in 1835. A number of prior descriptions also exist. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Types of capacitors Power film capacitors Stacked_paper_capacitor > Types and styles > Power film capacitors Windings can be filled with an insulating oil or with epoxy resin to reduce air bubbles, thereby preventing short circuits. They find use as converters to change voltage, current or frequency, to store or deliver abruptly electric energy or to improve the power factor. The rated voltage range of these capacitors is from approximately 120 V AC (capacitive lighting ballasts) to 100 kV. Power film capacitors for applications in power systems, electrical installations and plants | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Continuous linear functional Characterizing continuous linear functionals Continuous_functional > Continuous linear functionals > Characterizing continuous linear functionals Let X {\displaystyle X} be a topological vector space (TVS) over the field F {\displaystyle \mathbb {F} } ( X {\displaystyle X} need not be Hausdorff or locally convex) and let f: X → F {\displaystyle f:X\to \mathbb {F} } be a linear functional on X . {\displaystyle X.} The following are equivalent: f {\displaystyle f} is continuous. f {\displaystyle f} is uniformly continuous on X . | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Loop Quantum Gravity Spin foams from BF theory Loop_gravity > Spin foams > Spin foams from BF theory New models have now been put forward, sometimes motivated by imposing the simplicity conditions in a weaker sense. Another difficulty here is that spin foams are defined on a discretization of spacetime. While this presents no problems for a topological field theory as it has no local degrees of freedom, it presents problems for GR. This is known as the problem triangularization dependence. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
String dualities Summary String_dualities String duality is a class of symmetries in physics that link different string theories, theories which assume that the fundamental building blocks of the universe are strings instead of point particles. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Nucleic acid structure determination Summary Nucleic_acid_structure_determination Experimental approaches of determining the structure of nucleic acids, such as RNA and DNA, can be largely classified into biophysical and biochemical methods. Biophysical methods use the fundamental physical properties of molecules for structure determination, including X-ray crystallography, NMR and cryo-EM. Biochemical methods exploit the chemical properties of nucleic acids using specific reagents and conditions to assay the structure of nucleic acids. Such methods may involve chemical probing with specific reagents, or rely on native or analogue chemistry. Different experimental approaches have unique merits and are suitable for different experimental purposes. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Proof of elapsed time Permissioned versus permissionless consensus Consensus_algorithm > Models of computation > Permissioned versus permissionless consensus Consensus algorithms traditionally assume that the set of participating nodes is fixed and given at the outset: that is, that some prior (manual or automatic) configuration process has permissioned a particular known group of participants who can authenticate each other as members of the group. In the absence of such a well-defined, closed group with authenticated members, a Sybil attack against an open consensus group can defeat even a Byzantine consensus algorithm, simply by creating enough virtual participants to overwhelm the fault tolerance threshold. A permissionless consensus protocol, in contrast, allows anyone in the network to join dynamically and participate without prior permission, but instead imposes a different form of artificial cost or barrier to entry to mitigate the Sybil attack threat. Bitcoin introduced the first permissionless consensus protocol using proof of work and a difficulty adjustment function, in which participants compete to solve cryptographic hash puzzles, and probabilistically earn the right to commit blocks and earn associated rewards in proportion to their invested computational effort. Motivated in part by the high energy cost of this approach, subsequent permissionless consensus protocols have proposed or adopted other alternative participation rules for Sybil attack protection, such as proof of stake, proof of space, and proof of authority. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Civilization Complex systems Civilization > Complex systems Systems theorists look at many types of relations between cities, including economic relations, cultural exchanges and political/diplomatic/military relations. These spheres often occur on different scales. For example, trade networks were, until the nineteenth century, much larger than either cultural spheres or political spheres. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Progression Free Survival Background Progression-free_survival > Background PFS is widely used as a surrogate endpoint in oncology. The definition of "progression" generally involves imaging techniques (plain radiograms, CT scans, MRI, PET scans, ultrasounds) or other aspects: biochemical progression may be defined on the basis of an increase in a tumor marker (such as CA125 for epithelial ovarian cancer or PSA for prostate cancer). In clinical trials, what precisely constitutes an "event" in PFS (an event being either disease progression or death) may vary depending on the specific disease and/or the toxicological characteristics of the treatments in the trial; however, this is generally defined in the trial protocol prior to the trial enrolling patients. As of 2019, change in the radiological aspects of a lesion is defined according to RECIST criteria. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Attention schema theory Control of attention Attention_schema_theory > Control of attention Most of the experimental research on AST is therefore focused on the control of attention. In specific, when people are relatively less aware of a visual stimulus, and yet still directing attention to that stimulus, does attention behave as though its controller has a weakened or absent internal model? Initial experiments suggest that this may be true, though many more experiments would be needed to make the case. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
TI-85 Summary TI-85 Each calculator came with a cable to connect calculators (simply a three-conductor cable with 2.5 mm phone connectors on each end). Another cable known as the TI-Graph Link was also sold, along with appropriate software, to connect the calculator to a personal computer. These cables made it possible to save programs and make backups. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Income inequality metrics Proper use Income_inequality_metrics > Proper use Blinder in The Decomposition of Inequality, MIT press) that 30% of measured income inequality is due to the inequality an individual experiences as they go through the various stages of life. Clarify whether real or nominal income distributions should be used. What effect will inflation have on absolute measures? | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Spectrum analyser FFT-based Spectrum_analyzer > Theory of operation > FFT-based With an FFT based spectrum analyzer, the frequency resolution is Δ ν = 1 / T {\displaystyle \Delta \nu =1/T} , the inverse of the time T over which the waveform is measured and Fourier transformed. With Fourier transform analysis in a digital spectrum analyzer, it is necessary to sample the input signal with a sampling frequency ν s {\displaystyle \nu _{s}} that is at least twice the bandwidth of the signal, due to the Nyquist limit. A Fourier transform will then produce a spectrum containing all frequencies from zero to ν s / 2 {\displaystyle \nu _{s}/2} . This can place considerable demands on the required analog-to-digital converter and processing power for the Fourier transform, making FFT based spectrum analyzers limited in frequency range. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Faraday's induction law Faraday's law Faraday's_induction_law > Faraday's law The most widespread version of Faraday's law states: The electromotive force around a closed path is equal to the negative of the time rate of change of the magnetic flux enclosed by the path. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Innate lymphoid cell Asthma LTi_cells > Pathology > Asthma In addition, they also promote proliferation of B cells. It is believed the increase in ILC2s present correlates with the severity of the disease, and evidence confirms some ‘allergen- experienced’ ILC2s persist after the resolution of the initial inflammation, portraying similarities to memory T cells. The presence of the ‘allergen- experienced’ ILC2s may be the reason asthmatic patients are often sensitised to various allergens.This allergic immune response appears to be independent of T and B cells, with evidence confirming that allergic responses that resembling asthma-like symptoms can be induced in mice that lack T and B cells, using IL-33.How other ILCs impact asthma is less clear, however studies show correlation between the number of IL-17 producing ILC3s, and the severity of the disease. It has been shown in mice that NK cells and ILC1s inhibit ILC2 expansion due to the production of IFN-γ, and therefore may help control the disease. Further research in human patients is required to determine how the balance between the different subsets impacts asthma. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Cell cycle protein Phases M_phase > Phases The eukaryotic cell cycle consists of four distinct phases: G1 phase, S phase (synthesis), G2 phase (collectively known as interphase) and M phase (mitosis and cytokinesis). M phase is itself composed of two tightly coupled processes: mitosis, in which the cell's nucleus divides, and cytokinesis, in which the cell's cytoplasm divides forming two daughter cells. Activation of each phase is dependent on the proper progression and completion of the previous one. Cells that have temporarily or reversibly stopped dividing are said to have entered a state of quiescence called G0 phase. After cell division, each of the daughter cells begin the interphase of a new cycle. Although the various stages of interphase are not usually morphologically distinguishable, each phase of the cell cycle has a distinct set of specialized biochemical processes that prepare the cell for initiation of cell division. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Exponential functions Matrices and linear operators Power_Function > Integer powers in algebra > Matrices and linear operators If A is a square matrix, then the product of A with itself n times is called the matrix power. Also A 0 {\displaystyle A^{0}} is defined to be the identity matrix, and if A is invertible, then A − n = ( A − 1 ) n {\displaystyle A^{-n}=\left(A^{-1}\right)^{n}} . Matrix powers appear often in the context of discrete dynamical systems, where the matrix A expresses a transition from a state vector x of some system to the next state Ax of the system. This is the standard interpretation of a Markov chain, for example. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Chronic headaches Primary Chronic_headaches > Causes > Primary Migraines typically present with pulsing head pain, nausea, photophobia (sensitivity to light) and phonophobia (sensitivity to sound). Tension-type headaches usually present with non-pulsing "bandlike" pressure on both sides of the head, not accompanied by other symptoms. Such kind of headaches may be further classified into-episodic and chronic tension type headaches Other very rare types of primary headaches include: cluster headaches: short episodes (15–180 minutes) of severe pain, usually around one eye, with autonomic symptoms (tearing, red eye, nasal congestion) which occur at the same time every day. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Water Summary H₂O The gaseous state of water is steam or water vapor. Water covers about 71% of the Earth's surface, with seas and oceans making up most of the water volume (about 96.5%). Small portions of water occur as groundwater (1.7%), in the glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland (1.7%), and in the air as vapor, clouds (consisting of ice and liquid water suspended in air), and precipitation (0.001%). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Linear Algebra Matrices Linear_Algebra > Matrices Matrices allow explicit manipulation of finite-dimensional vector spaces and linear maps. Their theory is thus an essential part of linear algebra. Let V be a finite-dimensional vector space over a field F, and (v1, v2, ..., vm) be a basis of V (thus m is the dimension of V). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
CP2K Key Papers CP2K > Key Papers Kühne, Thomas D.; Krack, Matthias; Mohamed, Fawzi; Parrinello, Michele (2007). "Efficient and Accurate Car-Parrinello-like Approach to Born-Oppenheimer Molecular Dynamics". Physical Review Letters. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Euler–Bernoulli beam theory Summary Beam_theory Euler–Bernoulli beam theory (also known as engineer's beam theory or classical beam theory) is a simplification of the linear theory of elasticity which provides a means of calculating the load-carrying and deflection characteristics of beams. It covers the case corresponding to small deflections of a beam that is subjected to lateral loads only. By ignoring the effects of shear deformation and rotatory inertia, it is thus a special case of Timoshenko–Ehrenfest beam theory. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Monocarboxylate transporter Lactate and the Cori cycle Monocarboxylate_transporters > Lactate and the Cori cycle There it is reformed into pyruvate and ultimately to glucose, which can travel back to the peripheral tissues, completing the Cori cycle. Thus, lactate has traditionally been considered a toxic metabolic byproduct that could give rise to fatigue and muscle pain during anaerobic respiration. Lactate can be thought of essentially as payment for "oxygen debt", defined by Hill and Lupton as the "total amount of oxygen used, after cessation of exercise in recovery there from". | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Gravitino Summary Gravitino In supergravity theories combining general relativity and supersymmetry, the gravitino (G͂) is the gauge fermion supersymmetric partner of the hypothesized graviton. It has been suggested as a candidate for dark matter. If it exists, it is a fermion of spin 3/2 and therefore obeys the Rarita–Schwinger equation. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Twist knot Summary Twist_knot In knot theory, a branch of mathematics, a twist knot is a knot obtained by repeatedly twisting a closed loop and then linking the ends together. (That is, a twist knot is any Whitehead double of an unknot.) The twist knots are an infinite family of knots, and are considered the simplest type of knots after the torus knots. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Entropy (information theory) Further properties Entropy_(information_theory) > Further properties : 29 The entropy of two simultaneous events is no more than the sum of the entropies of each individual event i.e., H ( X , Y ) ≤ H ( X ) + H ( Y ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {H} (X,Y)\leq \mathrm {H} (X)+\mathrm {H} (Y)} , with equality if and only if the two events are independent. : 28 The entropy H ( p ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {H} (p)} is concave in the probability mass function p {\displaystyle p} , i.e.: 30 H ( λ p 1 + ( 1 − λ ) p 2 ) ≥ λ H ( p 1 ) + ( 1 − λ ) H ( p 2 ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {H} (\lambda p_{1}+(1-\lambda )p_{2})\geq \lambda \mathrm {H} (p_{1})+(1-\lambda )\mathrm {H} (p_{2})} for all probability mass functions p 1 , p 2 {\displaystyle p_{1},p_{2}} and 0 ≤ λ ≤ 1 {\displaystyle 0\leq \lambda \leq 1} . : 32 Accordingly, the negative entropy (negentropy) function is convex, and its convex conjugate is LogSumExp. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
G cell Summary G_cell Gastrin-releasing peptide, as well as the presence of amino acids in the stomach, stimulates the release of gastrin from the G cells. Gastrin stimulates enterochromaffin-like cells to secrete histamine. Gastrin also targets parietal cells by increasing the amount of histamine and the direct stimulation by gastrin, causing the parietal cells to increase HCl secretion in the stomach. G-cells frequently express PD-L1 during homeostasis which protects them from Helicobacter pylori-induced immune destruction | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Weak boson Decay W_boson > Decay The W and Z bosons decay to fermion pairs but neither the W nor the Z bosons have sufficient energy to decay into the highest-mass top quark. Neglecting phase space effects and higher order corrections, simple estimates of their branching fractions can be calculated from the coupling constants. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Pfizer vaccine Sequence Pfizer_vaccine > Pharmacology > Sequence The modRNA sequence of the vaccine is 4,284 nucleotides long. It consists of a five-prime cap; a five prime untranslated region derived from the sequence of human alpha globin; a signal peptide (bases 55–102) and two proline substitutions (K986P and V987P, designated "2P") that cause the spike to adopt a prefusion-stabilized conformation reducing the membrane fusion ability, increasing expression and stimulating neutralizing antibodies; a codon-optimized gene of the full-length spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 (bases 103–3879); followed by a three prime untranslated region (bases 3880–4174) combined from AES and mtRNR1 selected for increased protein expression and mRNA stability and a poly(A) tail comprising 30 adenosine residues, a 10-nucleotide linker sequence, and 70 other adenosine residues (bases 4175–4284). The sequence contains no uridine residues; they are replaced by 1-methyl-3'-pseudouridylyl. The 2P proline substitutions in the spike proteins were originally developed for a Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) vaccine by researchers at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases' Vaccine Research Center, Scripps Research, and Jason McLellan's team (at the University of Texas at Austin, previously at Dartmouth College). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Fraunhofer diffraction (mathematics) Intensity Fraunhofer_diffraction_equation > Gratings > Narrow slit grating > Intensity The intensity is given by: This function has a series of maxima and minima. There are regularly spaced "principal maxima", and a number of much smaller maxima in between the principal maxima. The principal maxima occur when and the main diffracted beams therefore occur at angles: This is the grating equation for normally incident light. The number of small intermediate maxima is equal to the number of slits, N − 1 and their size and shape is also determined by N. The form of the pattern for N=50 is shown in the first figure . The detailed structure for 20 and 50 slits gratings are illustrated in the second diagram. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Entropy and life Early views Entropy_and_life > Early views : p. 267 McCulloh gives a few of what he calls the "more interesting examples" of the application of these laws in extent and utility. His first example is physiology, wherein he states that "the body of an animal, not less than a steamer, or a locomotive, is truly a heat engine, and the consumption of food in the one is precisely analogous to the burning of fuel in the other; in both, the chemical process is the same: that called combustion." | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Electric radiator Heat pumps Electrical_resistance_heater > Space heating > Heat pumps A heat pump uses an electrically driven compressor to operate a refrigeration cycle that extracts heat energy from outdoor air, the ground or ground water, and moves that heat to the space to be warmed. A liquid contained within the evaporator section of the heat pump boils at low pressure, absorbing heat energy from the outdoor air or the ground. The vapor is then compressed by a compressor and piped into a condenser coil within the building to be heated. The heat from the hot dense gas is absorbed by the air in the building (and sometimes also used for domestic hot water) causing the hot working fluid to condense back into a liquid. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Reproducing kernel Hilbert space Moore–Aronszajn theorem Reproducing_kernel_Hilbert_space > Moore–Aronszajn theorem We have seen how a reproducing kernel Hilbert space defines a reproducing kernel function that is both symmetric and positive definite. The Moore–Aronszajn theorem goes in the other direction; it states that every symmetric, positive definite kernel defines a unique reproducing kernel Hilbert space. The theorem first appeared in Aronszajn's Theory of Reproducing Kernels, although he attributes it to E. H. Moore. Theorem. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Timeline of manifolds Summary Timeline_of_manifolds This is a timeline of manifolds, one of the major geometric concepts of mathematics. For further background see history of manifolds and varieties. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Force-sensing resistor Quantum tunneling in FSRs Force-sensing_resistor > Operation principle of FSRs > Quantum tunneling in FSRs Quantum tunneling is the most common operation mode of force-sensing resistors. A conductive polymer operating on the basis of quantum tunneling exhibits a resistance decrement for incremental values of stress σ {\displaystyle \sigma } . Commercial FSRs such as the FlexiForce, Interlink and Peratech sensors operate based on quantum tunneling. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Search engine optimization History Search_engine_optimization_copywriting > History By 1997, search engine designers recognized that webmasters were making efforts to rank well in their search engine and that some webmasters were even manipulating their rankings in search results by stuffing pages with excessive or irrelevant keywords. Early search engines, such as Altavista and Infoseek, adjusted their algorithms to prevent webmasters from manipulating rankings.By heavily relying on factors such as keyword density, which were exclusively within a webmaster's control, early search engines suffered from abuse and ranking manipulation. To provide better results to their users, search engines had to adapt to ensure their results pages showed the most relevant search results, rather than unrelated pages stuffed with numerous keywords by unscrupulous webmasters. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Fat link Anchor links Fat_link > Links > Anchor links For example, in XML, the element " provides anchoring capability (as long as the DTD or schema defines it), and in wiki markup, {{anchor|name}} is a typical example of implementing it. In word processor apps, anchors can be inserted where desired and may be called bookmarks. In URLs, the hash character (#) precedes the name of the anchor for the fragment. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Fracture Mechanics Crack tip plastic zone Plastic_zone > Linear elastic fracture mechanics > Crack tip plastic zone This equation gives the approximate ideal radius of the plastic zone deformation beyond the crack tip, which is useful to many structural scientists because it gives a good estimate of how the material behaves when subjected to stress. In the above equation, the parameters of the stress intensity factor and indicator of material toughness, K C {\displaystyle K_{C}} , and the yield stress, σ Y {\displaystyle \sigma _{Y}} , are of importance because they illustrate many things about the material and its properties, as well as about the plastic zone size. For example, if K c {\displaystyle K_{c}} is high, then it can be deduced that the material is tough, and if σ Y {\displaystyle \sigma _{Y}} is low, one knows that the material is more ductile. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Sugar cube Monosaccharides Sugar > Types > Monosaccharides Starch is converted into glucose during digestion, and glucose is the form of sugar that is transported around the bodies of animals in the bloodstream. Although in principle there are two enantiomers of glucose (mirror images one of the other), naturally occurring glucose is D-glucose. This is also called dextrose, or grape sugar because drying grape juice produces crystals of dextrose that can be sieved from the other components. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Hand washing Accessibility Hand_washing > Technologies and design aspects > Accessibility Making hand washing facilities accessible (inclusive) to everyone is crucial to maintain hand washing behavior. : 27 Considerations for accessibility include age, disability, seasonality (with rains and muddiness), location and more. Important aspects for good accessibility include: Placement of the technology, paths, ramps, steps, type of tap, soap placement. : 27 | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Attention schema theory Control of attention Attention_schema_theory > Control of attention An air and temperature controller for a building works better if it incorporates a rich, predictive model of the building's airflow and temperature dynamics. The brain's controller of attention works better by constructing a rich, internal model of what attention is, how it changes over time, what its consequences are, and what state it is in at any moment. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis Treatment Extensively_drug_resistant_tuberculosis > Treatment The principles of treatment for MDR-TB and for XDR-TB are the same. Second-line drugs are more toxic than the standard anti-TB regimen and can cause a range of serious side-effects including hepatitis, depression, hallucinations, and deafness. Patients are often hospitalized for long periods, in isolation. In addition, second-line drugs are extremely expensive compared with the cost of drugs for standard TB treatment.XDR-TB is associated with a much higher mortality rate than MDR-TB, because of a reduced number of effective treatment options. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Algorithm aversion Proposed methods to overcome algorithm aversion Algorithm_aversion > Proposed methods to overcome algorithm aversion Algorithms are often capable of outperforming humans or performing tasks much more cost-effectively. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Resource sustainability Environmental and economic dimensions Ecological_sustainability > Interactions between dimensions > Environmental and economic dimensions Biodiversity, along with pollination and fertile soils, are examples. Others are clean air, clean water, and regulation of climate systems. Weak sustainability has come under criticism. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Linus Pauling Ionic crystal structures Linus_Pauling > Career > Ionic crystal structures In 1929, Pauling published five rules which help to predict and explain crystal structures of ionic compounds. These rules concern (1) the ratio of cation radius to anion radius, (2) the electrostatic bond strength, (3) the sharing of polyhedron corners, edges and faces, (4) crystals containing different cations, and (5) the rule of parsimony. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Logarithmic quantity Semi-logarithmic plots Logarithmic_scale > Graphic representation > Semi-logarithmic plots If only the ordinate or abscissa is scaled logarithmically, the plot is referred to as a semi-logarithmic plot. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Molecular paleontology Mitochondrial DNA vs. nuclear DNA Molecular_paleontology > Research and technology > Mitochondrial DNA vs. nuclear DNA All eukaryotes, a group which includes all plants, animals, and fungi, have mtDNA. A disadvantage of mtDNA is that only the maternal line is represented. For example, a child will inherit 1/8 of its DNA from each of its eight great-grandparents, however it will inherit an exact clone of its maternal great-grandmother's mtDNA. This is analogous to a child inheriting only his paternal great-grandfather's last name, and not a mix of all of the eight surnames. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Classical Mechanics (Taylor) Summary Classical_Mechanics_(Taylor) Taylor has written several college-level physics textbooks. His bestselling book is An Introduction to Error Analysis, which has been translated into nine languages. His intermediate-level undergraduate textbook, Classical Mechanics, was well-reviewed. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Wafer bond characterization Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy Bond_characterization > Infrared (IR) transmission microscopy > Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy The Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy is a non-destructive hermeticity characterization method. The radiation absorption enables the analysis with a specific wavelength for gases. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Profilograph Profilograph Road_texture > Measurement > Profilograph Modern profilographs are fully computerized instruments. The data collected by a profilograph is used to calculate the International Roughness Index (IRI), which is expressed in units of inches/mile or mm/m. IRI values range from 0 (equivalent to driving on a plate of glass) upwards to several hundred in/mile (a very rough road). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Reverse genetics Influenza vaccine Reverse_genetics > Vaccine synthesis > Influenza vaccine The cDNA and pol I sequence is then, in turn, surrounded by an RNA polymerase II (Pol II) promoter and a polyadenylation site. This entire sequence is then inserted into a plasmid. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Darcy–Weisbach equation Advantages Darcy_friction_factor > Advantages It can be derived analytically in the laminar flow region. It is useful in the transition region between laminar flow and fully developed turbulent flow. The friction factor variation is well documented. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Database scalability Clustered computers Database_scalability > Techniques > Clustered computers Updates generally happen very quickly so that a "popular" page can be updated by multiple transactions with little delay. This approach is claimed to support clusters containing up to 100 servers.Some researchers question the inherent limitations of relational database management systems. GigaSpaces, for example, contends that space-based architecture is required to achieve performance and scalability. Base One makes the case for extreme scalability within mainstream relational database technology. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
IQ test Reliability IQ_test > Reliability and validity > Reliability On aggregate, IQ tests exhibit high reliability, although test-takers may have varying scores when taking the same test on differing occasions, and may have varying scores when taking different IQ tests at the same age. Like all statistical quantities, any particular estimate of IQ has an associated standard error that measures uncertainty about the estimate. For modern tests, the confidence interval can be approximately 10 points and reported standard error of measurement can be as low as about three points. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Conversion of units of energy Summary Conversion_of_units_of_energy Exceptions are made if the unit is commonly known by another name (for example, 1 micron = 10−6 metre). Within each table, the units are listed alphabetically, and the SI units (base or derived) are highlighted. The following quantities are considered: length, area, volume, plane angle, solid angle, mass, density, time, frequency, velocity, volumetric flow rate, acceleration, force, pressure (or mechanical stress), torque (or moment of force), energy, power (or heat flow rate), action, dynamic viscosity, kinematic viscosity, electric current, electric charge, electric dipole, electromotive force (or electric potential difference), electrical resistance, capacitance, magnetic flux, magnetic flux density, inductance, temperature, information entropy, luminous intensity, luminance, luminous flux, illuminance, radiation. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Pro-inflammatory cytokine Summary Proinflammatory_cytokines An inflammatory cytokine or proinflammatory cytokine is a type of signaling molecule (a cytokine) that is secreted from immune cells like helper T cells (Th) and macrophages, and certain other cell types that promote inflammation. They include interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, IL-12, and IL-18, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interferon gamma (IFNγ), and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and play an important role in mediating the innate immune response. Inflammatory cytokines are predominantly produced by and involved in the upregulation of inflammatory reactions. Excessive chronic production of inflammatory cytokines contribute to inflammatory diseases, that have been linked to different diseases, such as atherosclerosis and cancer. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Stoichiometric coefficient Reaction types Chemical_equation > Structure > Reaction types Different variants of the arrow symbol are used to denote the type of a reaction: | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Chemical storage Principles Chemical_storage > Principles The United Nations Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS) is an international system created by the United Nations to classify chemicals. The Safety Data Sheet (SDS) or Material Safety Data sheet (MSDS) identifies and classifies the properties and hazards of chemicals.Unnecessary storage of large amounts of chemicals can pose a hazard if the amount exceeds the limits permitted by laboratory guidelines, and is avoided by accredited workplaces and laboratories. Chemicals are usually stored in cool areas, away from direct heat sources, moisture, or light and should be regularly checked for degradation or damage. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Crossed homomorphism Group homology Cohomology_of_groups > Group homology The covariant functor which assigns MG to M is isomorphic to the functor which sends M to Z ⊗ Z M , {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} \otimes _{\mathbb {Z} }M,} where Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} } is endowed with the trivial G-action. Hence one also gets an expression for group homology in terms of the Tor functors, H n ( G , M ) = Tor n Z ( Z , M ) {\displaystyle H_{n}(G,M)=\operatorname {Tor} _{n}^{\mathbb {Z} }(\mathbb {Z} ,M)} Note that the superscript/subscript convention for cohomology/homology agrees with the convention for group invariants/coinvariants, while which is denoted "co-" switches: superscripts correspond to cohomology H* and invariants XG while subscripts correspond to homology H∗ and coinvariants XG := X/G.Specifically, the homology groups Hn(G, M) can be computed as follows. Start with a projective resolution F of the trivial Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} } -module Z , {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} ,} as in the previous section. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Quantum fiction Emerging genre Quantum_fiction > Emerging genre In Fiction in the Quantum Universe (June 2002), Susan Strehle argues that new fiction has developed from the influence of modern physics. This book explores and advances a pluralistic view of the meaning of contemporary fiction as it relates to the quantum-defined view of "reality." While quantum fiction novels diverge markedly from a previously held view of reality, Strehle argues that they do so in order to reflect more acutely that aspect of reality which, only the advent of quantum mechanics evidenced as real, or actual; i.e., Reality is no longer "realistic." In the new physical or quantum universe, reality is discontinuous, energetic, relative, statistical, subjectively seen, and uncertainly known — all terms taken from new physics. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
GW approximation Theory GW_approximation > Theory Therefore, loosely speaking, the GWA represents a type of dynamically screened Hartree–Fock self-energy. In a solid state system, the series for the self-energy in terms of W should converge much faster than the traditional series in the bare Coulomb interaction. This is because the screening of the medium reduces the effective strength of the Coulomb interaction: for example, if one places an electron at some position in a material and asks what the potential is at some other position in the material, the value is smaller than given by the bare Coulomb interaction (inverse distance between the points) because the other electrons in the medium polarize (move or distort their electronic states) so as to screen the electric field. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Representation ring Summary Representation_ring In mathematics, especially in the area of algebra known as representation theory, the representation ring (or Green ring after J. A. Green) of a group is a ring formed from all the (isomorphism classes of the) finite-dimensional linear representations of the group. Elements of the representation ring are sometimes called virtual representations. For a given group, the ring will depend on the base field of the representations. The case of complex coefficients is the most developed, but the case of algebraically closed fields of characteristic p where the Sylow p-subgroups are cyclic is also theoretically approachable. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Transition metal dinitrogen complex Bridging, end-on Transition_metal_dinitrogen_complex > Bonding modes > Bridging, end-on Increasing the coordination number of iron by modifying the chelating ligands and adding another ligand per iron atom showed an increase in the strength of the N–N bond in the resulting complex. It is thus suspected that Fe in a low-coordination environment is a key factor to the fixation of nitrogen by the nitrogenase enzyme, since its Fe–Mo cofactor also features Fe with low coordination numbers.The average bond length of those bridging-end-on dinitrogen complexes is about 1.2 Å. In some cases, the bond length can be as long as 1.4 Å, which is similar to those of N-N single bonds. Hasanayn and co-workers have shown that the Lewis structures of end-on bridging complexes can be assigned based on π-molecular-orbital occupancy, in analogy with simple tetratomic organic molecules. For example the cores of N2-bridged complexes with 8, 10, or 12 π-electrons can generally be formulated, respectively, as M≡N-N≡M, M=N=N=M, and M-N≡N-M, in analogy with the 8-, 10-, and 12-π-electron organic molecules HC≡C-C≡CH, O=C=C=O, and F-C≡C-F. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
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